Ia型超新星的消光改正

Ia型超新星因其在宇宙学上起着标准烛光的作用而备受关注,正确的消光改正才能还原其本征亮度和颜色,然后才能在宇宙学中恰当地应用。综述了不同环境中的尘埃对Ia型超新星消光的影响,并讨论Ia型超新星绝对星等的校正和Rv值偏小的原因。Ia型超新星绝对星等的弥散主要受两个方面的影响,一是由前身星状态所导致的固有弥散,二是寄主星系内尘埃的消光。利用与距离无关的参数对绝对星等校正后,可以将弥散降低到0.1 mag以下。Ia型超新星的内禀色指数呈现出随时间演化的一致性,使得其红化比较容易计算。大量的观测和分析表明,Ia型超新星在寄主星系中的Rv值在低红化时,其情形比较接近银河系;而在红化严重时偏小,多在2.0以下,低于银河系的平均值3.1。一种可能的解释是Ia型超新星的星周尘埃对星光的多重散射,另一种可能是Ia型超新星寄主星系的尘埃与典型的银河系内星际尘埃的差异。     

中德6cm银道面偏振巡天第2天区以及大尺度超新星遗迹的研究

射电偏振观测是研究星际介质性质的有力工具.一方面偏振巡天可以直接指示大尺度磁场的取向,有助于我们理解银河系的大尺度磁场结构和超新星遗迹的演化及其与星际介质的相互作用.另一方面通过结合其他波段偏振数据可以分析星际介质以及偏振源超新星遗迹里面的法拉第旋转,从而得到里面热电子密度、填充因子、规则磁场强度和扰动磁场的性质.之前的偏振巡天主要是在低频波段进行,受法拉第效应的影响很严重,探测到偏振辐射的距离(偏振视界)很近.在6 cm波段,偏振观测受法拉第效应影响很小,我们能够探测到更远的偏振辐射,更好地研究银河系星际介质整体的性质.通过对天区内法拉第屏的研究,可以揭示银河系同步辐射的空间分布以及这些屏本身的物理性质;另外6 cm波段的总强度数据是研究弥漫结构或者大尺度超新星遗迹(其它的大望远镜很难观测到这样大的超新星遗迹)在高频波段谱偏折行为的重要数据,这可以帮助我们理解银河系相对论电子能量分布、盘和晕的相互作用以及大尺度超新星遗迹晚期的演化.     

超亮超新星ASASSN-15lh爆炸过程所需~(56)Ni的估算

超新星ASASSN-15lh是近期发现的一颗光变曲线类似于Ia型超新星(SN Ia)的超亮超新星(Super Luminous Super Novae,SLSNe).~(56)Ni的衰变状况与SN Ia爆炸过程中的光度直接相关,考虑生成核的退激发能,详细计算了超新星ASASSN-15lh爆炸环境中~(56)Ni衰变产生的热量,估算出所需的~(56)Ni的质量为31.32 M_⊙,与观测所得的光变曲线给出的ASASSN-15lh所需~(56)Ni≥30 M_⊙的估计相符.超新星ASASSN-15lh的爆发机制至今还在争论之中,计算结果为进一步研究该超新星的前身星和爆发机制提供参考.     

天体物理环境中的硅酸盐尘粒

硅酸盐尘粒是宇宙尘埃的主要成分之一,它广泛存在于许多天体物理环境中,其特性随环境而变化。由于近年来观测数据的不断增加和红外光谱质量的逐步提高,宇宙空间中的硅酸盐尘粒正受到越来越多的关注．该文详细地介绍了在各种天体环境(星际空间、演化晚期恒星的星周尘埃包层、绕年轻恒星和主序星的星周尘埃盘、彗星的彗发和行星际空间)中的硅酸盐尘粒的观测特征,并分别对其物理和化学性质进行了综合比较．观测已经证实在星际尘埃演化的前身(演化晚期恒星的星周尘埃包层)和其遗迹(彗星)均有可观数量的结晶硅酸盐存在。但是至今还没有在其中间态(弥散星际介质)找到结晶硅酸盐存在的证据。这一尚未解决的难题突出了结晶态硅酸盐在天体物理研究中的重要意义。     

Ia型超新星多样性的观测研究

正通常认为Ia型超新星来自碳氧白矮星的热核爆炸,利用其光度可标准化的特性进行宇宙学距离测量,发现宇宙处于加速膨胀状态.然而Ia型超新星的研究仍存在一些基本问题没有解决.这些问题和Ia型超新星观测上的多样性密切相关.通过对处于爆发极早期的Ia型超新星进行观测,获得前身星系统的残留信息,是研究观测多样性起源、提高测距精度的关键环节.我们利用丽江2.4 m望远镜,从国     

当前超新星遗迹研究中的若干热点问题

对银河系内历史性超新星"回光"(light echoes)的观测是研究年轻超新星遗迹的重要手段。通过对"回光"进行观测,可以确认其前身星的物理特性,揭示恒星晚期演化过程和其星周介质的三维空间分布。历史性超新星直接"回光"极其暗弱,对其探测最近几年才因新技术的应用而得以实现。综述了河内超新星遗迹包括仅有的已探测到回光现象的两颗年轻超新星遗迹——第谷(SN1572)和仙后座A(CasA)的最新研究进展。研究结果有利于更好地理解Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型超新星的性质,区别两类超新星的爆发机制,加深对超新星的核合成、重元素合成、星系形成和演化、暗能量等的了解。讨论了利用回光观测可以进一步深入开展的研究课题。     

超新星1994I的光球相光谱

本文给出用北京天文台２．１６ｍ光学望远镜观测的超新星１９９４Ｉ的光球相光谱。这些光谱表现出类似于Ｉｃ型超新星１９８７Ｍ的特征。我们用蒙特卡罗光谱合成模型对４月１０日的光谱做了拟合。采用Ｎｏｍｏｔｏ等人Ｃ＋Ｏ模型的元素丰度及修改过的Ｗ７密度结构，计算的光谱与观测的光谱符合得相当好。计算得到４月１０日，超新星的光球速度约为１０００ｋｍ／ｓ，其黑体温度约为８０００Ｋ。另外，我们的光谱拟合可以为Ｃ＋Ｏ星作为Ｉｃ型超新星的前身星提供证据。     

NGC 4321中超新星1979_c的照相研究

1979年4月23日—12月27日,我们用北京天文台40/200cm双筒天体照相仪对旋涡星系M100(NGC 4321)中的亮超新星SN1979c进行了照相观测.本文简述了观测情况,并结合前人的观测,分析讨论了我们的结果. 它的光变曲线可以`划分为四个阶段.5月8日—6月5日间光变曲线有驼峰状突起.其光度变化既不同于Ⅰ型超新星,也与典型的Ⅱ型超新星不完全吻合. 计算得到超新星亮度极大时的绝对照相星等为M_(pg)(max)=-19~(m)78;极大光度L_SN(max)=1.076×10~(10)L⊙. 我们利用Balinskaya和Carney等人1980年发表的三色测光资料计算了这颗超新星在不同时刻的色温度变化,推算出它极大时刻的色温度约为T_c(max)≈9.0×10~3K. 爆发期间超新星辐射的总能量E_t=4.2×10~(16)L⊙. 根据这颗超新星的光变曲线、在星系中的位置及爆发期间辐射的总能量等主要特征,我们认为SN1979c是某些性质比较特殊的II型超新星.     

Ⅰa型超新星前身星模型及其相关天体研究

Ia型超新星具有可校准的光度,可当作标准烛光,用来测定宇宙学距离,从而探索宇宙的形状.然而,Ia型超新星的前身星仍不清楚,这将直接影响当前宇宙学结果的可靠性.本文在Ia型超新星前身星模型及其相关天体方面做了系统性的工作,下面是我们取得的一些主要的研究结果:(1)近年来人们观测发现,约有一半的Ia型超新星的延迟时标小于100 Myr(Ia型超新星的延迟时标是指从恒星形成后到发生超新星爆炸的时间间隔).这些超新星是怎么来的?为解决这一难题,我     

Ia型超新星前身星模型及其相关天体研究

Ia型超新星具有可校准的光度,可当作标准烛光,用来测定宇宙学距离,从而探索宇宙的形状.然而,Ia型超新星的前身星仍不清楚,这将直接影响当前宇宙学结果的可靠性.本文在Ia型超新星前身星模型及其相关天体方面做了系统性的工作,下面是我们取得的一些主要的研究结果:(1)近年来人们观测发现,约有一半的Ia型超新星的延迟时标小于100 Myr(Ia型超新星的延迟时标是指从恒星形成后到发生超新星爆炸的时间间隔).这些超新星是怎么来的?为解决这一难题,我     

Optical and infrared observations of SN 2002dj: some possible common properties of fast-expanding Type Ia supernovae

As part of the European Supernova Collaboration, we obtained extensive photometry and spectroscopy of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2002dj covering epochs from 11 d before to nearly two years after maximum. Detailed optical and near-infrared observations show that this object belongs to the class of the high-velocity gradient events as indicated by Si, S and Ca lines. The light curve shape and velocity evolution of SN 2002dj appear to be nearly identical to SN 2002bo. The only significant difference is observed in the optical to near-infrared colours and a reduced spectral emission beyond 6500 Å. For high-velocity gradient SNe Ia, we tentatively identify a faster rise to maximum, a more pronounced inflection in the V and R light curves after maximum and a brighter, slower declining late-time B light curve as common photometric properties of this class of objects. They also seem to be characterized by a different colour and colour evolution with respect to 'normal' SNe Ia. The usual light curve shape parameters do not distinguish these events. Stronger, more blueshifted absorption features of intermediate-mass elements and lower temperatures are the most prominent spectroscopic features of SNe Ia displaying high-velocity gradients. It appears that these events burn more intermediate-mass elements in the outer layers. Possible connections to the metallicity of the progenitor star are explored.     

Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium – III. SN 2006jc: infrared echoes from new and old dust in the progenitor CSM

We present near- (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) photometric data of the Type Ibn supernova (SN) 2006jc obtained with the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), the Gemini North Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope between days 86 and 493 post-explosion. We find that the IR behaviour of SN 2006jc can be explained as a combination of IR echoes from two manifestations of circumstellar material. The bulk of the NIR emission arises from an IR echo from newly condensed dust in a cool dense shell (CDS) produced by the interaction of the ejecta outward shock with a dense shell of circumstellar material ejected by the progenitor in a luminous blue variable (LBV)-like outburst about two years prior to the SN explosion. The CDS dust mass reaches a modest  3.0 × 10⁻⁴ M_⊙  by day 230. While dust condensation within a CDS formed behind the ejecta inward shock has been proposed before for one event (SN 1998S), SN 2006jc is the first one showing evidence for dust condensation in a CDS formed behind the ejecta outward shock in the circumstellar material. At later epochs, a substantial and growing contribution to the IR fluxes arises from an IR echo from pre-existing dust in the progenitor wind. The mass of the pre-existing circumstellar medium (CSM) dust is at least  ∼8 × 10⁻³ M_⊙  . This paper therefore adds to the evidence that mass-loss from the progenitors of core-collapse SNe could be a major source of dust in the Universe. However, yet again, we see no direct evidence that the explosion of an SN produces anything other than a very modest amount of dust.     

Ia超新星的几个问题

首先利用Ａｓｉａｇｏ 超新星星表对Ｉａ 超新星作了统计分析。其次用具有精确测光的Ｉａ 超新星对其均匀性及多样性进行了研究。旋涡星系中Ｉａ 超新星的产生率比椭圆星系的要高。最亮的Ｉａ 超新星只出现于晚型旋涡星系中;而旋涡星系及早型的椭圆星系都是暗Ｉａ 超新星的寄主星系。离星系中心越近Ｉａ 超新星的光度弥散有增加的趋势,但这一趋势对蓝Ｉａ 超新星不明显。利用色指数可将Ｉａ 超新星划分为蓝超新星及红超新星。蓝Ｉａ 超新星构成了相对均匀的Ｉａ 超新星样本,是较好的距离指示器;而红Ｉａ 超新星的存在则表明了Ｉａ 超新星整体多样性的特点。最后,我们还探讨了Ｉａ 超新星中碳点火的非线性问题。     

Improving the calibration of Type Ia supernovae using late-time light curves

The use of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) as cosmological standard candles is a key to solving the mystery of dark energy. Improving the calibration of SNe Ia increases their power as cosmological standard candles. We find tentative evidence for a correlation between the late-time light-curve slope and the peak luminosity of SNe Ia in the B band; brighter SNe Ia seem to have shallower light-curve slopes between 100 and 150 d from maximum light. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis in calibrating SNe Ia, we are able to simultaneously take into consideration the effect of dust extinction, the luminosity and light-curve width correlation (parametrized by  Δ m ₁₅  ), and the luminosity and late-time light-curve slope correlation. For the available sample of 11 SNe Ia with well-measured late-time light curves, we find that correcting for the correlation between luminosity and late-time light-curve slope of the SNe Ia leads to an intrinsic dispersion of 0.12 mag in the Hubble diagram. Our results have significant implications for future supernova surveys aimed to illuminate the nature of dark energy.     

超新星在宇宙学中的应用

对Ｉａ超新星在宇宙学中的应用作了述评。蓝Ｉａ超新星具有相对均匀的光谱、光变曲线及峰值光度,是较好的相对距离指示器。利用峰值光度同光变曲线形状或其它与距离无关的可观测量的关系可进一步将Ｉａ超新星校准成精确的距离指示器。一旦它们的绝对光度得到标定,就可以定出哈勃常数Ｈ０。基于对邻近星系Ｉａ超新星的理解,高红移Ｉａ超新星的数据可对宇宙密度参数ΩＭ、ΩＶ及减速因子ｑ０作出限制,并对膨胀宇宙的最终命运作出判     

Reflections on reflexions – II. Effects of light echoes on the luminosity and spectra of Type Ia supernovae

In this paper, we present and discuss the effects of scattered light echoes (LEs) on the luminosity and spectral appearance of Type Ia supernovae (SNe). After introducing the basic concept of LE spectral synthesis by means of LE models and real observations, we investigate the deviations from pure SN spectra, light and colour curves, the signatures that witness the presence of an LE and the possible inferences on the extinction law. The effects on the photometric parameters and spectral features are also discussed. In particular, for the case of circumstellar dust, LEs are found to introduce an apparent relation between the post-maximum decline rate and the absolute luminosity, which is most likely going to affect the well-known Pskowski–Phillips relation.     

WD+MS systems as the progenitor of SNe Ia

The single-degenerate (SD) channel for the progenitors of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is one of the most popular channels, in which a carbon–oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) accretes hydrogen-rich material from its companion, increases its mass to the Chandrasekhar mass limit, and then explodes as a SN Ia. We show the initial and final parameter space for SNe Ia in a ( $\log P^{\mathrm{i}},M_{2}^{\mathrm{i}}$ ) plane and find that the positions of some famous recurrent novae, as well as a supersoft X-ray source (SSS), RX J0513.9-6951, are well explained by our model. The model can also explain the space velocity and mass of Tycho G, which is now suggested to be the companion star of Tycho’s supernova. Our study indicates that the SSS, V Sge, might be the potential progenitor of supernovae like SN 2002ic if the delayed dynamical-instability model due to Han and Podsiadlowski (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368:1095, 2006) is appropriate. Following the work of Meng et al. (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395:2103, 2009a), we found that the SD model (WD+MS) with an optically thick wind can explain the birth rate of supernovae like SN 2006X and reproduce the distribution of the color excess of SNe Ia. The model also predicts that at least 75% of all SNe Ia may show a polarization signal in their spectra.     

The influence of host galaxy morphology on the properties of Type Ia supernovae from the JLA compilation

The observational cosmology with distant Type Ia supernovae (SNe) as standard candles claims that the Universe is in accelerated expansion, caused by a large fraction of dark energy. In this paper we investigate the SN Ia environment, studying the impact of the nature of their host galaxies on the Hubble diagram fitting. The supernovae (192 SNe) used in the analysis were extracted from Joint-Light-curves-Analysis (JLA) compilation of high-redshift and nearby supernovae which is the best one to date. The analysis is based on the empirical fact that SN Ia luminosities depend on their light curve shapes and colors. We confirm that the stretch parameter of Type Ia supernovae is correlated with the host galaxy type. The supernovae with lower stretch are hosted mainly in elliptical and lenticular galaxies. No significant correlation between SN Ia colour and host morphology was found. We also examine how the luminosities of SNe Ia change depending on host galaxy morphology after stretch and colour corrections. Our results show that in old stellar populations and low dust environments, the supernovae are slightly fainter. SNe Ia in elliptical and lenticular galaxies have a higher α (slope in luminosity-stretch) and β (slope in luminosity-colour) parameter than in spirals. However, the observed shift is at the 1-σ uncertainty level and, therefore, can not be considered as significant. We confirm that the supernova properties depend on their environment and that the incorporation of a host galaxy term into the Hubble diagram fit is expected to be crucial for future cosmological analyses.     

Quark-Novae Ia in the Hubble diagram: implications for dark energy

The accelerated expansion of the Universe was proposed through the use of Type-Ia supernovae （SNe） as standard candles. The standardization depends on an empirical correlation between the stretch/color and peak luminosity of the light curves. The use of Type-Ia SNe as standard candles rests on the assumption that their properties （and this correlation） do not vary with redshift. We consider the possibility that the majority of Type-Ia SNe are in fact caused by a Quark-Nova detonation in a tight neutron-star-CO-white-dwarf binary system, which forms a Quark-Nova Ia （QN-Ia）. The spin-down energy injected by the Quark-Nova remnant （the quark star） contributes to the post-peak light curve and neatly explains the observed correlation between peak luminosity and light curve shape. We demonstrate that the parameters describing QN-Ia are NOT constant in redshift. Simulated QN-Ia light curves provide a test of the stretch/color correlation by comparing the true distance modulus with that determined using SN light curve fitters. We determine a correction between the true and fitted distance moduli, which when applied to Type-Ia SNe in the Hubble diagram recovers the ΩM = 1 cosmology. We conclude that Type-Ia SNe observations do not necessitate the need for an accelerating expansion of the Universe （if the observed SNe Ia are dominated by QNe Ia） and by association the need for dark energy.     

WD+RG systems as the progenitors of type Ia supernovae

Type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia)play an important role in the study of cosmic evolution,especially in cosmology.There are several progenitor models for SNe Ia proposed in the past years.By considering the effect of accretion disk instability on the evolution of white dwarf(WD)binaries,we performed detailed binary evolution calculations for the WD+red-giant(RG)channel of SNe Ia,in which a carbon-oxygen WD accretes material from a RG star to increase its mass to the Chandrasekhar mass limit.According to these calcu...