东营凹陷沙四下亚段砂砾岩致密化过程与油气成藏

正东营凹陷北部陡坡带沙四下亚段砂砾岩中富含油气(刘华,2012),但由于砂砾岩沉积成因复杂,又经历了漫长的成岩演化过程,烃源岩经历了正常原油、凝析油气、湿气多次生烃,多期生烃与致密砂砾岩储层致密化之间形成了复杂的匹配关系,使研究区致密砂砾岩成藏过程复杂化。明确砂砾岩致密化过程及其与油气充注的关系,是正确认识油气藏类型、查清油气成藏控制因素的关键。     

车西洼陷西北陡坡沙三下亚段地震相控反演砂砾岩储层预测

胜利油田的油气勘探方向逐渐由构造油藏向隐蔽油藏转变,砂砾岩油气藏成为非常重要的勘探目标,随着勘探程度的不断提高和新技术的不断应用,断陷湖盆的陡坡带成为重要的关注目标。地震相控反演充分利用了地震相界面对宏观地质体或岩性体的控制作用,将目标地层分成具有不同沉积特征的沉积单元,根据低频背景约束地震道外推反演中每个采样点的初值范围,同时控制反演时窗的大小,使反演结果具有明确的地质意义。针对车西洼陷陡坡带砂砾岩储层成因多、储层相变快、砂体描述困难等问题,在沉积相精细划分、储层物性分析、测井信息约束下,应用地震相控反演,预测古近系沙河街组三段下(沙三下)亚段陡坡带低孔低渗砂砾岩储层“甜点”分布,在扇辫状水道中、远端最有利的优质储层发育相带划分出4个“甜点区”。预测结果表明：砂砾岩体识别在垂向上达砂组级别,局部可达小层级别;横向上,不同成因类型砂体区分明显,可较好地识别出近岸水下扇、滑塌扇等砂砾岩储层,明显提高了断陷盆地陡坡带砂砾岩储层“甜点区”预测精度。     

东营凹陷北部陡坡带丰1扇背斜的特征、成因及其与油气的关系

东营凹陷北部陡坡带在沙河街组三-四段沉积时期堆积了很厚的砂砾质碎屑沉积物,发育扇背斜,成为油气聚集的重要场所,近期的油气勘探证明了这一点。扇背斜有别于一般意义上的构造背斜、滚动背斜和披覆背斜,它是一种由低位沉积扇体(包括坡积扇、洪积扇和冲积扇)形成的主体,尔后被高位体系域形成的细碎屑沉积物覆盖而形成的背斜;是砂砾岩体堆积后,其上又由盖层覆盖而成的背斜。虽同为沉积背斜,扇背斜与披覆背斜有很多不同之处。扇背斜油藏本质上是一种岩性油藏,其成藏条件受控于砂砾岩扇体的特性、距油源的距离、砂砾岩扇体和油源之间的连通性以及砂砾岩扇体上覆盖层的封堵能力。该类型的油气藏大多发育在断陷湖盆的陡坡带区域。     

云南喜山期断陷盆地特征与油气勘探方向——以保山盆地和曲靖盆地为例

在喜山期构造运动影响下,云南地区形成众多断陷盆地和拉分盆地。保山盆地和曲靖盆地是已经取得油气勘探突破的两个断陷盆地。两个盆地形态相似,均为受控盆断裂拉张、坳陷形成的一侧陡坡、一侧缓坡的箕状盆地。盆地演化均经历了拉张期、断陷期、坳陷期和抬升消亡期4个阶段。曲靖盆地受喜山运动二幕影响,缺失中新统地层沉积。烃源岩主要由盆地断陷和坳陷期半深湖-深湖相暗色泥岩和沼泽平原相煤系地层组成,有机碳含量1%~2%,有机质成熟度低。储层主要由盆地陡坡带冲洪积砂砾岩、三角洲前缘砂岩和三角洲平原水下分支河道砂体组成,具有高孔隙度低渗透率特点。鉴于断陷盆地烃源岩和储集层分布规律,在油气勘探过程中除了寻找有利的构造气藏外,应注重生烃坳陷内寻找有利的岩性气藏,有利相带为靠近陡坡带的冲洪积相和缓坡带的三角洲前缘相。     

河南泌阳凹陷南部陡坡带油气藏特征及勘探技术

河南泌阳凹陷南部陡坡带平行于边界断裂,北边紧邻深凹生油区,油源丰富。该带发育有岩性侧缘尖灭圈闭、扇内小型岩性圈闭、断层＋岩性圈闭以及基岩内幕圈闭;实钻在砂砾岩体、基岩层发现油气显示,并试获工业油流,砂砾岩层厚度大、有效厚度薄、物性差、油层产量低;从北向南油层埋藏深度逐渐变浅,原油性质相应变差,南边有稠油油藏。准确落实圈闭分布,综合研究砂砾岩体、基岩层油气聚集规律是勘探成功的关键。不断完善的三维地震构造解释、测井、现场录井、井筒及油气层保护等技术,提高了南部陡坡带油气勘探效益。     

东营凹陷王庄地区沙河街组砂砾岩扇体特征

随着东营凹陷北部陡坡带王庄一宁海地区亿吨级稠油藏的发现，稠油成藏类型的砂砾岩扇体隐蔽油气藏勘探已经成为现阶段的油气勘探的重点目标和储量增长点之一。利用现代沉积学、测井学和地震勘探等手段，通过对王庄地区砂砾岩扇体特征研究后认为：王庄地区在早第三纪以形成沙三、沙四段的较高水动力能砂砾岩扇体(冲积扇、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇)沉积体为主，其中扇三角洲砂砾岩体是本区最主要的砂砾岩扇体类型，并具有较好的储集性能，是本区最主要的油气储集体；王庄地区砂砾岩扇体沉积，强烈地受制于边界构造条件；本区的砂砾岩扇体沉积及其形态均受沉积相的控制，并具有复杂多变的特征，从而直接导致了本区油气藏的聚集和分布具有复杂多变的特点。     

断陷湖盆陡坡带碎屑流沉积单元的沉积序列和储集特征——以东营凹陷永安地区为例

碎屑流沉积是中国东部中、新生代陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带冲积扇砂砾岩扇体油气藏中最重要的油气储层。本文在济阳坳陷东营凹陷北部陡坡带永安冲积扇砂砾岩体大量岩心观察基础上,论述了断陷湖盆陡坡带碎屑流沉积物的沉积特征,提出了碎屑流沉积单元垂向序列的三种形式,探讨了单期冲积扇层序完整序列模式和储集特征,对陆相盆地冲积扇沉积学和冲积扇油藏研究具有一定理论和实践意义。     

断陷湖盆陡坡带碎屑流沉积单元的沉积序列和储集特征--以东营凹陷永安地区为例

碎屑流沉积是中国东部中、新生代陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带冲积扇砂砾岩扇体油气藏中最重要的油气储层。本文在济阳坳陷东营凹陷北部陡坡带永安冲积扇砂砾岩体大量岩心观察基础上,论述了断陷湖盆陡坡带碎屑流沉积物的沉积特征,提出了碎屑流沉积单元垂向序列的三种形式,探讨了单期冲积扇层序完整序列模式和储集特征,对陆相盆地冲积扇沉积学和冲积扇油藏研究具有一定理论和实践意义。     

渤海海域砂砾岩体沉积响应进展及热点

随着全球能源需求日益增长，砂砾岩油气藏研究逐步深入，新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖大型砾岩油藏与渤海海域渤中19-6大型整装凝析气田获重大发现，使得砂砾岩体成为油气勘探新领域.当前，砂砾岩体沉积响应研究集中于陡坡背景或造山带背景，重点解析冲积扇、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇与湖底扇体系的结构样式、控制因素、沉积模式及其差异性，但机制成因方面存在多解性.渤海海域内砂砾岩体主要发育于始新世陡坡背景与中新世初期缓坡背景，其中始新世砂砾岩沿断裂陡坡带呈裙带状近源堆积，热点集中于其结构识别及期次刻画，以期准确预测地下砂砾岩体储层时空分布；而中新世初期转换界面处砂砾岩广泛分布且伴随岩浆活动，难点在于明确砂砾岩体沉积学信息、年代学信息同重大板块构造变革间响应关系，厘定大面积砂砾岩体分布的成因机制及发育模式.砂砾岩体沉积响应的研究方向将立足于完善岩相划分标准、依据，深化其与区域构造事件关联性，定量化解析沉积充填响应过程及工业化刻画其圈闭目标，系统研究对揭示渤海海域新生代盆地形成演化有重大理论意义，同时可服务大中型砂砾岩油气田的勘探需求.      

关于间歇性涨缩湖盆沉积作用的几点认识(主要以柴达木盆地早第三纪沉积为例)

以柴达木盆地第三系为例,介绍了形成间歇性涨缩湖盆的构造、地形和气候条件。论述了盆地的沉积作用和沉积体系,着重指出陡坡以交互进积作用和洪积-潮积体系为特征,次陡坡以过速加积作用和非常规三角洲为特征,也简述了缓坡正常侧向加积作用及常规三角洲体系。笔者认为,陡坡洪积-湖积体系中的砂砾岩和次陡坡非常规三角洲相砂岩体是油气勘探的主要目标。     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Distribution of copper,cobalt and nickel in ores and host-rocks,Ingladhal, Karnataka,India

Stratiform quartz-sulphide lodes in Ingladhal occur in a typical Precambrian green-stone-belt environment comprising metabasalts, tuff, chert and cherty iron-sulphide formation. Unusually high cobalt contents of metavolcanics and of sulphide minerals in orebodies suggest a consanguinity between ores and rocks. 90% of total nickel, 70% of total cobalt but only 30% of total copper in rocks occur in silicate phases and thus indicate an early separation of copper from cobalt and nickel. Unusually high non-sulphide copper in barren bedded cherts implies availability of Cu-rich solution prior to their lithification. Pyrite in sediments, in volcanics, and in orebodies is characterized by a distinctive pattern of Co-Ni distribution in each case. Partitioning of Co and Ni between coexisting sulphide pairs is complex, but gross equilibrium is indicated. Very high trace metal content of orebody pyrite sharply contrasts with very low such values in pyrite from adjacent sediments and points to a higher temperature of formation of orebodies.     

Partitioning of Hf,Lu, Ti,and Mn between olivine,clinopyroxene and basaltic liquid

The crystal/liquid partition coefficients of Lu, Hf, Ti, Mn and Ca have been measured between olivine, clinopyroxene and basaltic melt. The Ti, Mn, and Ca partition coefficients were determined at natural abundance levels. The Lu and Hf partition coefficients were determined at doping levels ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 wt% “trace element” as oxide in order to allow analysis by electron microprobe. Olivine/liquid partition coefficients for Lu, Hf, Ti, Mn, and Ca were determined at 1 bar and temperatures from 1150 to 1177° C. Clinopyroxene/liquid partition coefficients were determined for Lu, Hf, Ti, and Mn at pressures of 10, 15, and 20 kbars and temperatures from 1250 to 1290° C. The olivine/liquid partition coefficients of Hf, Lu, Ti, and Ca are small. D(Hf-ol) is zero within the analytical uncertainty. Both D(Lu-ol) and D(Mn-ol) decrease with increasing temperature, but D(Ti-ol) and D(Ca-ol) are constant over the narrow temperature range studied. The partition coefficient results are summarized below.