GPS精密卫星钟差估计研究

随着精密单点定位技术的发展,对于精确的卫星坐标以及卫星钟差改正精度的要求越来越高,精密卫星星历以及精密卫星钟差的求解成为制约精密单点定位技术发展的瓶颈。本文基于修复周跳的载波相位观测值与相位平滑伪距观测值,采用无电离层延迟星间单差精密卫星钟差估计模型,在先估计出整周模糊度后,进行了精密卫星钟差的估计,并采用与IGS事后精密钟差作二次差的方法进行精度分析,这对于提高精密单点定位精度具有一定的意义。     

顾及卫星钟差插值误差的GPS精密单点定位观测值随机模型

针对GPS精密单点定位中观测值随机模型中没有考虑卫星钟差插值误差,提出了一种顾及卫星钟差插值误差的观测值随机模型。实验结果表明,对于精密单点定位中使用的卫星钟差节点时间间隔较大的产品(如5 min),考虑钟差插值误差的观测值随机模型能够显著地削弱卫星钟差插值引起的误差,而对于使用卫星钟差节点时间间隔较小的产品(如30 s),效果就不明显,符合GPS卫星钟差插值误差的特性。     

一种基于广播星历的实时高精度单点定位方法

针对远洋测量无法实时获取精密星历钟差或位置差分改正信息、导航定位精度不高的问题,提出一种基于广播星历的实时高精度单点定位方法。通过广播星历实时获取卫星三维位置和卫星钟差,使用扩展卡尔曼滤波进行数据处理,利用载波相位观测量来实现高精度单点定位。实测数据结果分析表明,该方法的静态和动态定位精度与SPP相比,均有50%左右的提高。可实现在没有精密星历钟差和外部改正信息情况下的较高精度单点定位,满足高精度远洋测绘的要求。     

基于广播星历的单站载波相位授时算法

针对传统单站授时算法的局限性,提出了一种基于广播星历的单站载波相位授时算法。该算法在标准单点定位授时算法仅采用伪距观测量的基础上,增加了载波相位观测量,授时精度得到了显著改善;该算法与精密单点定位授时算法相比,不需要精密轨道和钟差,摆脱了IGS等外部事后精密星历产品的依赖,能够广泛应用于实时授时。并利用IGS站观测数据进行实验分析,结果表明,单站载波相位授时精度明显优于标准单点定位授时算法,授时精度可达1~2 ns。     

基于GPS非差观测值进行精密单点定位研究

介绍了精密单点定位所用的数学模型及解算方案，着重分析了基于GPS非差双频观测值进行精密单点定位的误差模型、数据质量控制方法、卫星钟差的估算和内插、数据和解的一致性及精密单点定位能达到的精度等问题，并和双差结果作了比较。结果表明，利用精密星历及卫星钟改正参数的精密单点定位可达到cm级精度。     

单频GPS精密单点定位的逐次滤波法模型及其精度分析

单频GPS精密单点定位的逐次滤波法,将载波相位观测值在相邻历元间求差以消除电离层延迟误差的影响,并辅助伪距观测值进行高精度定位。本文详细分析该方法的随机模型和函数模型,讨论观测值先验方差的确定方法,包括指数函数经验模型、观测残差向量的开窗估计法等,并采用自编软件计算实测数据分析该模型的精度。     

历元差分模型在北斗卫星钟差实时解算中的应用

卫星钟差是影响卫星定位精度的重要误差源之一,而实时精密单点定位又要求卫星钟差实时更新。卫星钟差的解算可通过非差模型或历元差分模型实现,但非差模型涵盖较多的载波相位模糊度参数,相比消掉模糊度参数的历元差分模型,计算效率要慢许多。历元差分模型仅利用载波相位观测量就可获得高精度卫星钟差历元间差,恢复后的卫星钟差仍可达到一定精度水平。利用历元差分模型可实现北斗卫星钟差的实时解算,试验结果表明:通过滤波得到的卫星钟差历元间差精度优于0.02 ns,恢复后的卫星钟差精度优于0.25 ns.      

多模GNSS精密卫星钟差估计与分析

对基于历元间差分相位和非差伪距观测值的混合差分卫星钟差估计方法进行了改进,实现了多模全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）卫星钟差联合快速估计。选择了全球分布的50个跟踪站进行实验,对卫星钟差精度进行了分析和精密单点定位（Precise Point Positioning,PPP）验证。结果表明:多模卫星钟差与武汉大学提供的最终精密卫星钟差互差优于0.2 ns,精密单点定位结果与武汉大学发布的最终精密卫星轨道和钟差产品的定位精度相当。     

北斗三号卫星钟差分析与星载原子钟评价

针对北斗卫星三号(BDS-3)卫星钟的表现情况的问题，该文选取了全球均匀分布的120个国际GNSS服务(IGS)跟踪站的北斗三号卫星观测数据进行北斗卫星钟差估计，利用评价卫星钟差产品的方法分析北斗新一代卫星钟的精度水平。得到结果如下：北斗卫星钟中圆地球轨道(MEO)精度在0.1 ns以内、倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)精度在0.15 ns以内，地球静止轨道(GEO)精度在0.2～0.9 ns水平；BDS-3卫星的频率的万秒稳定度已经处于1×10^-14水平；GPS与BDS精密单点定位解算结果的均方根误差(RMS)均在厘米级。基于卫星钟差实验结果表明，MEO比IGSO卫星钟差精度高，稳定性强；BDS-3搭载的铷钟(Rb-Ⅱ)和氢钟(PHM)比BDS-2的铷钟(Rb)更稳定，这是因为发射较早的卫星钟普遍受到硬件老化影响，相位与频率的波动较大；BDS在U方向上的精度与收敛速度略有不足，可通过GPS+BDS组合定位提升U方向单点定位性能。北斗卫星钟的精度、稳定性已达到钟差预报及实时精密单点定位应用的需求。     

北斗卫星精密轨道与钟差精度分析

针对北斗卫星导航系统的卫星姿态模型、天线相位中心改正及卫星定轨数据处理策略未统一的现状,该文对比分析了武汉大学和德国地学研究中心提供的北斗事后精密轨道和钟差产品的差异及精度,结合实测数据,通过分析精密单点定位的定位精度来比较两中心精密轨道和钟差的差异。实验结果表明:北斗卫星的精密轨道精度与轨道类型有关,地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星的轨道精度为米级,倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星的轨道精度为分米级,中地球轨道(MEO)卫星切向、法向和径向的精度分别为10.81、5.41和3.37cm;GEO卫星钟差精度优于0.38ns,IGSO卫星钟差优于0.25ns,MEO卫星钟差优于0.15ns;两家分析中心产品的北斗静态精密单点定位的平面精度相当;北斗静态精密单点定位的RMS统计值平面精度优于3cm,三维精度优于7cm。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。