北方煤系高岭岩矿床中高岭岩的有序度研究

高岭岩的结晶有序度除了受物源和成岩强度的影响外,还与显微结构和高岭岩的纯度有关。高岭岩有4种显微结构：同一剖面的高岭岩中,假象结构高岭岩的结晶有序度最高;隐晶高岭岩、隐晶团块状高岭岩的结晶有序及相差不大;蠕晶高岭岩的结晶有序度最低。高岭岩中混入的其他矿物越多,其结晶有序度越低。高岭岩中高岭石的结晶有序度有不同的表示方法,不同表示方法所表示的结晶有序度有不同的物理意义,且相互间存在着一定的对应关系。     

贵州绿豆岩中粘土矿物特征及其成因探讨

本文应用Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱、差热分析，电子显微镜、化学分析、沉积相分析等方法，详细研究了贵州早、中三叠世间绿豆岩及其粘土矿物组成，确定了贵州绿豆岩中主要粘土矿物为伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭和伊利石／蒙脱石混层矿物。由于各地沉积环境和成岩条件的差异，分别形成伊利石粘土岩、蒙脱石粘土岩和高岭石粘土岩。探讨了绿豆及其粘土矿物的形成机理，为绿豆岩的开发利用提供了系统的新资料。     

吉林省硬质高岭(土)岩的开发及利用

吉林省地矿信息中心与白山市八道江区煤管局合作 ,对白山市砟子煤矿竖井矿区石炭、二叠系煤系地层中的硬质高岭 (土 )岩进行了详查及评价。该类型矿石过去人们称其为“夹矸”、“黑砂石” ,日本人称其“焦宝石”。岩石学术语为高岭石粘土岩 ,由于这类矿石大多产自煤系夹层或煤系顶、底板 ,故我们称其为硬质高岭 (土 )岩。白山地区石炭、二叠系煤系地层中硬质高岭 (土 )岩资源极其丰富 ,矿物组分与我国北方地区硬质高岭 (土 )岩相当 ,高岭石含量在 90 %以上。有益化学组发ＳｉＯ2 含量为 4 0 %左右 ,Ａｌ2 Ｏ3含量在 36 %左右 ,有害组分Ｆｅ2…     

淮南下石盒子组球粒状高岭岩结构及成因探讨

淮南下石盒子组球粒状高岭岩形成于三角洲平原上的湖泊环境。球粒是有机质与高岭石组成的复合集合体,可划分出6种结构类型。矿床中高岭石矿物主要有两种来源,一种是由陆源粘土搬运再沉积而成;另一种是由硅铝胶体沉淀并经重结晶作用而来。有机质对高岭石及球粒集合体的形成起重要作用。     

福建郭山高岭土矿床中高岭矿物的研究

本文运用X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱、分析电子显微术和化学分析等多种方法对福建郭山高岭土矿床中的高岭矿物(高岭石和埃洛石)的矿物学性质、分布及矿物形成的阶段性变化进行了系统研究。结果表明,根据高岭石和埃洛石相对含量的多少,花岗岩风化剖面全风化带划分的4个矿物段可以反映这两种矿物的分布特点。埃洛石为具有管状和多面体球状的7?型以及10?—7?、7?-高岭石过渡型。高岭石晶体形态和结晶有序度在风化剖面垂直方向上的规律性变化与高岭石的形成经历了初始结晶——强烈高岭土化——风化作用后期的阶段性变化有关。     

高岭石矿物学研究现状及其发展方向

高岭石矿物学研究现状及其发展方向朱如凯（北京大学地质学系，１００８７１）高岭矿物包括高岭石、迪开石、珍珠陶石，为典型的１：１型二八面体矿物。自从本世纪４０年代第一个高岭石结构建立以来（Ｂｒｉｎｄｌｅｙ，１９４６），相继围绕高岭石矿物的工业应用开展了一...     

甘肃山丹平坡矿区太原组中段地层中的高岭岩

平坡矿区太原组中段地层中的两层高岭岩主要由鳞片状微晶高岭石组成，含少量粗晶高岭石。高岭石有序度较高，但自形程度较差。伴生矿物主要有石英、黄铁矿及菱铁矿。由于有害杂质含量偏高，限制了高岭岩的应用范围。     

准格尔煤田官板乌素6号煤层中煤矸石的矿物学特征研究

运用X射线衍射、红外光谱、热重-热流和扫描电镜等手段对准格尔矿区官板乌素煤矿主采6号煤层下部层位中煤矸石的矿物组成和微观形貌进行了系统研究。结果表明,煤矸石在官板乌素煤矿6号煤层下部层位中分布广泛,呈薄层状产出,主要矿物组成为高岭石,其次含有极少量的勃姆石等矿物。样品中SiO_2/Al_2O_3(摩尔比值)在2.00~2.10之间,接近高岭石族矿物理论比值,有害组分铁、钛含量相对较低。在扫描电镜下,可见煤矸石样品中高岭石单晶形态主要为六方片状,叠片状聚晶,晶片的片径多在5μm以下。该矿区煤矸石中的高岭石为结晶度较高的优质高岭岩,可用于生产陶瓷。     

陕西渭北、陕北石炭二叠纪煤系共伴生高岭岩赋存规律及利用方向

陕西省渭北、陕北石炭二叠纪煤系共伴生高岭岩资源极其丰富。渭北高岭岩质纯，矿石中高岭石自形程度差，但结晶有序；府谷高岭岩质量纯，杂质少，粒度细、结晶好，是一种优质高岭土矿。渭北高岭岩可用作“双90”、莫来石、4A沸石等的原料，广泛用于陶瓷工业、造纸工业；府谷高岭岩可用作生产纸张涂布、高级日用细瓷原料。高岭岩的赋存具有平面和剖面上的规律性，这些规律又受区域构造背景、古气候、母岩、沉积环境、成煤植物、成岩后生作用等控制。针对不同的资源特征，可以合理利用，节省投资，化资源优势为经济优势。     

福建龙岩风化型高岭土矿床中粘土矿物的研究

福建龙岩高岭土矿床风化剖面各风化带有特征的粘士矿物组合。高岭矿物在风化剖面中由下而上逐渐增多,反映出花岗岩中原生矿物高岭土化程度逐渐加强的阶段性变化。高岭石结晶较差,以薄片状或具长石、云母假象的大于2um粒级出现。埃洛石为7或10型,多富集在小于2um粒级中。埃洛石结晶形态的多样性及多变性与矿物形成时的物质来源及水化状态有关。长石蚀变为高岭矿物,可以经由水铝英石向球状或管状埃洛石直到高岭石的转变、长石的固态转变和从溶液中直接结晶等几个途径。白云母的高岭土化能直接转变为具云母假象的高岭石。     

Lateritization cycles and their relation to the formation and quality of kaolin deposits in south Kerala, India

Laterite occurs extensively over the crystalline and sedimentary rocks in the midland and lowland areas of south Kerala, India. Two lateritization cycles are identified in this area. Large, good-quality kaolin deposits, composed mostly of kaolinite, are characteristic of the sedimentary sequence in south Kerala. These deposits were formed on deposition of the weathering materials of the khondalites towards the first cycle of lateritization. After deposition and uplift of the sedimentary rocks, another lateritization cycle affected these, as well as the khondalites during pre-Quaternary times with the formation of a planation surface at 25–125 m above sea level having thick laterite profiles. The laterite profiles over the kaolin deposits show higher concentration of Fe-oxides (mostly in the form of hematite) and titania, compared to their concentration in the kaolins. Higher contents of Cr and Ni are also characteristic of the laterite over kaolin deposits. Recrystallization of the kaolinite, appearance of Al, Fe and Si amorphous phases in the kaolin clays and partial removal of Fe and Ti from them are attributed to the second lateritization cycle.     

Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of kaolins from the Amazon region

The kaolin deposits of the Amazon region of Brazil are of lateritic origin, modified by subsequent reduced lacustrine and/or swamp environment. They are contemporaneous with lateritic bauxites found in the same region, all formed from aluminium silicate rocks. These are principally sedimentary rocks from the Cretaceous period (Itapecuru and Alter do Chão), but also include metamorphic and felsic volcanic rocks. After erosion of the upper part of these profiles they became locally a substratum for swampy and/or lacustrine environments mostly developed over the clayey saprolitic horizon where kaolin occurs. The saprolitic horizon is made up mainly of iron-mottled kaolinite which has been subject to an intense deferrification, which has increased the kaolin brightness and thickness. The kaolins are basically made up of well-crystallized kaolinite, quartz, sometimes illite-muscovite, anatase and hematite. In certain locations, crandallite-goyazite is also present. The deposits studied differ from each other in the mineral content levels, concentration of principal elements and in trace element distribution. The greatest quantity of quartz and, consequently SiO₂, is intrinsically related to the type of parent rock. Small sedimentary deposits occur in alluvial flood plains located not very far from the lateritic source.     

Resources of Kaolinite Rocks in China Coal Measures

The kaolinite rocks are very abundant in China coal mea-sures,most of which are very pure,excellent and in goodquality for industrial use.The geological feature,occurrence,origin and processing techniques are largely different fromthose of the traditional kaolins.The kaolinite rocks in Chinacoal measures are marvelous,but a large-scale kaolinite de-posit is rare in the world.The origin of kaolinite rocks in thecoal measures is under debate for a long time(Liu and Zhang,1 997;Liang,1 995;Boho…     

The contribution of lateritization processes to the formation of the kaolin deposits from eastern Amazon

The eastern region of the Amazon is home to the most important kaolin bauxite producing district in Brazil, referred to as the Paragominas-Capim kaolin bauxite district, which has a reserve of at least 1.0 billion tons of high-quality kaolin used in the paper coating industry. The kaolin deposits are closely related to sedimentary rocks of the Parnaíba basin and their lateritic cover. Two large deposits are already being mined: IRCC (Ipixuna) and PPSA (Paragominas). The geology of the IRCC mine is comprised of the kaolin-bearing lower unit (truncated mature laterite succession derived from the Ipixuna/Itapecuru formation) and the upper unit (immature lateritized Barreiras formation). The lower kaolin unit is characterized by a sandy facies at the bottom and a soft (ore) with flint facies at the top. It is formed by kaolinite, quartz, some iron oxi-hydroxides, mica and several accessories and heavy minerals. The <2 μm kaolinite crystallites only correspond to 41.3–58.3% of the soft kaolin, and large booklets of 15–300 μm are common. The degree of structure order of kaolinite decreases towards the flint kaolin. The chemical composition of the soft kaolin is similar to the theoretical chemical composition of kaolinite, with low iron content, and can be well correlated to most kaolin deposits in the region. The distribution pattern of chemical elements from sandy to flint kaolin (lower unit) suggests a lateritic evolution and erosive truncation. This is quite distinct from the upper unit, which has a mineralogical and chemical pathway relating it to a complete immature lateritic profile. The geological evolution of the IRCC kaolin is similar to that of other deposits in the eastern Amazon region, being comprised of: parent rocks formed in an estuarine marine and fluvio-laccustrine environment during the early Cretaceous; establishment of mature lateritization with the formation of kaolin in the Eocene; marine transgression and regression – (Pirabas and Barreiras formation) with kaolin profile erosion and forward movement of deferruginization and flintization during the Miocene after partial mangrove covering; and immature lateritization – partial kaolin ferruginization during the Pleistocene.     

Kaolin deposits in the lower cretaceous Baqueró formation (Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina)

Sedimentary kaolin deposits in the Lote 18 area (Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina) have been mined since 1951. They constitute 30% of the country's production and are mainly used in the ceramic whiteware industry. The deposits belong to the Baqueró Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and unconfomably overlie either the ash-flow tuffs of the Chon-Aike Formation (Middle Jurassic), which are altered to kaolinite and minor illite, or the ash-fall tuffs of Bajo Grande Formation (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous), which are altered mainly to smectites. The presence of illite or smectite, as well as the kaolinite crystallinity, depends on the stratigraphic position of the kaolin horizons within the Lower Member of the Baqueró Formation and on the lithology of the underlying rocks. Kaolin beds composed of well-crystallized kaolinite at the base of the sequence overlaying Chon-Aike rocks are the purest. Kaolinite becomes less well cystallized with transport. Edge-to-face and swirl SEM textural patterns indicate the compaction of flocculated clays and clay movement during drainage and compaction. Mineralogical, petrological, and physico-structural evidence (i.e., form, extent, thickness) indicates that the kaolin deposits are sedimentary, formed by the transportation and deposition of previously formed kaolinite. Kaolin beds are ovoidal in plan and lenticular in profile, with thickness ranging from centimeters to 11 meters, and the culmination of fining-upward clastic sequences. Sedimentary facies analysis indicates that the kaolin deposits were formed in a fluvial environment from currents with a high suspended-load/bed-load ratio, as would result from deposition in ox-bow lakes.     

Kaolin deposits at Melthonnakkal and Pallipuram within Trivandrum block, southern India

The kaolin deposits at Melthonnakkal and Pallipuram mines form part of the Warkalli Formation belonging to the Tertiary sequence in southern Kerala and occur at the boundary between the Tertiary sequence and Precambrian granulite facies metapelites (khondalites). The sedimentary clays are composed mainly of kaolinite, quartz and gibbsite. XRD and SEM studies have revealed that kaolinite is well-crystallized variety and the platy crystals are scarcely broken in the sedimentary clays. These sedimentary kaolins are considered to have been formed by intense tropical weathering of the khondalites, and subsequently transported and deposited with high organic input into lakes near the weathering crust over the basement rock. Besides, the surficial parts of the sedimentary deposits are extensively lateritized with the formation of goethite and hematite by Quaternary tropical weathering processes.     

风化型和含煤建沉积型高岭土的物质组成对比研究

我国高岭土资源丰富,矿床类型多,其中风化和含煤建造沉积型是两类比较重要的高岭土矿床,对这两类高岭土矿床化学组成,矿物组成及高岭石矿物学特征的异同点进行研究和探讨,其结果表明,风化高岭土的化学成分一般属硅高铝低型,钾含量偏高,钛含量低,铁含量则随成矿线岩和风化条件的不同波动范围大,矿物组成主要为结晶度较差的高岭石、水云线和石英,以及极少量的管状埃洛石,含煤建造沉积型高岭土一般属铝高硅低型,钾含量低,钛含量明显偏高,矿物组成简单,高岭石含量〉９５％,结晶度较好。     

Structural-morphological features of kaolinite from clayey rocks subjected to different stages of lithogenesis: Evidence from the Voronezh anteclise

This paper reports the results of precision structural-morphological study of kaolinite from clayey rocks taken in various areas of the Voronezh anteclise subjected to different stages of lithogenesis: primary kaolins of the weathering crust, proluvial-talus and lacustrine secondary kaolins, as well as lacustrine-swampy fireproof and deltaic-lagoonal refractory clays. The clayey material was transported over more than 300 km. The formation of the fireproof and refractory kaolin deposits in the Voronezh anteclise was related to the Devonian and Early Cretaceous stages of the geological evolution of the region. In terms of spatiotemporal and facies features, the studied genetic series of the kaolin clay deposits is unique. It was established that the sequential structural-morphological evolution o kaolinite in the considered deposits was caused by its mechanical disintegration during transport and redeposition. Interrelation between organic and mineral matters in the fireproof clays was revealed for the first time. Experimental studies of the behavior of kaolinite during sequential grinding and heating confirmed the main reasons for its natural degradation. The formation of virtually monomineral kaolin clays was provoked by the “flow-through” diagenesis, which is similar to weathering in trend. Evolution of mineral matter of the considered genetic series in kaolinite clay deposits was accompanied by the increase of δ¹⁸O values and their dispersion. Peculiarities identified in the behavior of kaolinite and related oxygen isotope characteristics of different-aged denudation and redeposition products of the Devonian weathering crust can play an indicator role in studying different stages of the lithogenesis of clayey rocks.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型高岭土矿特征及成因机制

东胜砂岩型高岭土矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部,含矿层为延安组。经薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X-衍射、全岩主要元素分析（XRF）以及稀土元素地球化学分析,对矿层白色砂岩与红色原岩的岩石地球化学特征进行了对比。结果表明,原岩为基质被铁质浸染的以碎屑片状高岭石和伊利石为主的红色砂岩,而矿层则为褪色的以粒度粗细不一的高岭石胶结为主的白色砂岩。矿层砂岩的分布与盆地北部油苗位置具有很好的对应关系。综合区域地质特征、岩石学、岩石化学以及天然气运散的信息,认为砂岩型高岭土矿层的形成是由于研究区以南气田中的上古生界天然气向北运移散失过程中,将红色原岩中的氧化铁胶结物还原成易于运移的Fe²⁺,从而使其褪色变白;同时酸性流体使长石溶蚀形成高岭石,后期的风化淋滤作用使砂岩中的高岭石含量进一步提高,进而形成目前较大规模的高岭土矿床。     

高岭石矿物结晶有序化程度与成因关系研究新进展

粘土矿物高岭石的有序化程度与其成因关系密切，而又受诸因素的作用和影响，通过对我国沉积岩中高岭石的大量研究和资料收集，获得新的发现和认识。无序高岭石一般在常温常压下通过结晶八面体中离子交换而形成，并可在较稳定的地质条件下长期保存，或因相领晶层错动而无序等。但总的说，在地热与高温热水作用或水岩作用中它常由无序向有序化固相发展。过去国内一般认为高度有序化高岭石系受成脉岩或喷出岩热液蚀变而成。这种情况在国内外都是存在的。然而研究后发现大范围更高度有序化高岭石则是煤系紫压（高岭石软质粘土）受后生阶段区域岩浆上升热水进入粒间空隙叠加于地温等作用之上而形成的。