阿尔泰造山带古生代地层的地球化学特征及其对沉积环境的制约

对阿尔泰造山带古生代地层的地球化学研究表明,浅变质碎屑岩的原岩多为泥砂质沉积岩,包含少量来自火成岩或火山岩物质。样品的成分变异指数(ICV)值分布于0.83~1.61之间,绝大部分大于1.0,表明碎屑岩的成熟度较差,代表活动大陆边缘的首次沉积的产物。化学蚀变指数(CIA)值分布于50~82之间,其中石炭纪库马苏组以高CIA值(71~79)为特征,指示源区物质可能经历了温暖-炎热、湿润-潮湿条件下的中等-强烈化学风化作用,而哈巴河群、库鲁姆提群、康布铁堡组、阿勒泰组和红山嘴组显示低的CIA值(50~70),指示源区物质经历了相对寒冷、干燥的条件下的弱的化学风化作用。古生代地层中(Fe2O3T+MgO)、TiO2含量以及Al2O3/SiO2、K2O/Na2O、Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O)值,稀土元素La、Ce含量以及微量元素Th/Sc、La/Sc值显示,哈巴河群、库鲁姆提群、康布铁堡组、阿勒泰组碎屑沉积岩主体形成于大陆岛弧背景,库马苏组、红山嘴组沉积与大陆岛弧-活动大陆边缘具有成因联系。以上地球化学特征表明,阿尔泰古生代碎屑岩可能沉积于活动大陆边缘的大陆岛弧相关环境,为阿尔泰古生代多块体增生构造演化模式提供依据。     

江南造山带中段冷家溪群沉积物源及构造背景:以岳阳地区黄浒洞组为例

为揭示江南造山带中段冷家溪群沉积物源与构造背景,选取湖南东北部岳阳地区黄浒洞组为研究对象,开展岩石学、沉积学、地球化学及锆石年代学研究工作.结果显示,黄浒洞组杂砂岩杂基含量高（常>25%）,碎屑颗粒贫石英（25%~40%）,富含长石（15%~25%）与岩屑（15%~30%）,分选差,磨圆差-中等.全岩SiO₂含量（63.39%~72.88%,平均70.14%）中等,（Fe₂O₃T+MgO）*（6.04%~8.29%,平均6.81%）与TiO₂*（0.67%~0.92%,平均0.74%）含量较高,K₂O/Na₂O（0.84~2.35,平均1.43）比值高,Al₂O₃/SiO₂（0.17~0.28,平均0.20）比值低,最接近形成于大陆岛弧环境杂砂岩的特征值.样品具有中等ICV值（平均0.86）与CIA值（70~80）,指示物源包含再循环的古老沉积物与第1次循环物质,且源区经历了中等化学风化作用.杂砂岩样品稀土元素含量较高（ΣREE平均173.02×10-6）,具有与上地壳及PAAS相似的球粒陨石标准化配分型式,呈现轻稀土富集（（La/Yb）_N平均7.32）、重稀土平坦、中度Eu负异常（Eu/Eu*0.58~0.70,平均0.66）特征,但与上地壳相比,明显富集重稀土（（La/Yb）_ucc平均0.70）.1件凝灰岩夹层样品的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为824 ±3.1 Ma,指示黄浒洞组沉积于新元古代.结合前人研究成果,黄浒洞组杂砂岩低的结构与成分成熟度,北东东-南东向的古水流,特征元素含量、比值及各类物源与构造环境判别图解,综合表明江南造山带中段岳阳地区冷家溪群沉积于弧后盆地,接受来自北侧构造相对稳定、物源成熟度较高的扬子陆块内部与南侧构造活动较强烈、物源成熟度较低的大陆岛弧的双向物源供给.      

上扬子南缘五峰组—龙马溪组页岩地球化学特征及其对风化、物源与构造背景的指示

为深入探讨上扬子地区南缘晚奥陶世—早志留世黑色页岩的物质来源、风化作用和源区构造背景,本文选取典型野外剖面,对五峰组—龙马溪组页岩主量、微量和稀土元素地球化学特征进行系统研究并探讨其地质意义。结果显示：上扬子南缘五峰组—龙马溪组黑色富有机质页岩具有与上地壳相似的贫高场强元素、富集大离子亲石元素特征,∑REE值（103.66×10-6~295.98×10-6,平均180.57×10-6）整体较高,稀土元素标准化配分模式与上地壳极为相似,呈现“V”型向右倾斜、轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素平坦、轻重稀土分异明显、Eu负异常明显的特征;特征微量、稀土元素含量及比值,如：La、Ce、La/Yb、Sc/Cr,均表现出与被动大陆边缘特征值相接近;样品成分变异指数ICV值（0.55~14.1,平均2.28）和Zr/Sc—Th/Sc图解指示物源为构造带首次快速沉积产物,不具备沉积再循环特征;较低的CIA值（54.89~71.61,平均65.27）、A—CN—K图解和K2O/Al2O3—Ga/Rb图解表明物源受化学风化作用较小,沉积环境为寒冷、干燥环境;K2O、Rb、Al2O3/TiO2含量较高及Eu负异常指示其源岩以长英质火成岩及花岗岩类的偏酸性地质体为主;综合物源、构造背景判别图解,推断上扬子南缘五峰组—龙马溪组页岩主体形成于被动大陆边缘,物源主要来自于西侧康滇古陆新元古代早期地台盖层,黔中隆起次之,伴随扬子板块东南部中酸性火山物质涌入沉积。     

胶北新太古代—古元古代副片麻岩的成因:来自全岩地球化学及锆石U-Pb和Hf同位素研究的证据

碎屑沉积岩可以为陆壳演化提供重要信息。本文对位于华北克拉通胶北地体内的副片麻岩进行了全岩主微量元素、锆石U-Pb和Hf同位素的研究,以限定它们的原岩、源区和形成的构造环境。这些副片麻岩以富集Al2O3和Ti O2,具有负的DF值以及出现富铝矿物为特征。结合矿物组合和锆石特征,可以推断这些岩石的原岩是沉积成因的。K-A图和log(Fe2O3/K2O)-log(Si O2/Al2O3)图指示,它们主要属于泥质-粉砂质岩石,有部分杂砂岩的贡献。一系列地球化学参数(CIA和ICV值)和A-CN-K图解指示了源区相对较弱的风化。另外,它们的REE模式特征、低的Cr/Zr(0.61~1.99),高的Zr/Y(4.81~23.59)和Th/U(3.21~40.67)比值、低到中等的Cr(197×10-6~362×10-6)和Ni(6.68×10-6~233×10-6)质量分数以及源区判别图解共同说明,这些副片麻岩的沉积物来自的源区主要是中酸性物质组成,很可能是花岗质-英云闪长质岩石。结合以前对胶北基底岩石年代学和同位素的研究,我们认为胶北新太古代—古元古代的花岗岩可能提供了最重要的源区物质。这些副片麻岩表现出高且不均一的ICV值,指示了不成熟的源区以及这些碎屑沉积物是在活动的构造背景下沉积的。很多地球化学指标,比如REE模式、高的La/Sc(0.61~7.85)、La/Y(0.58~6.24)、Ti/Zr(7.58~40.53)比值和低的Sc/Cr(0.04~0.15)比值以及构造判别图解,比如K2O/Na2O-Si O2、Si O2/Al2O3-K2O/Na2O、Th-La-Sc、Th-Co-Zr/10和Th-Sc-Zr/10图解,共同说明这些副片麻岩的原岩的沉积环境为岛弧或活动大陆边缘环境。结合同沉积的岩浆岩数据,可以推断,胶北在新太古代—古元古代转折时期发育了汇聚边缘的构造环境。     

豫西济源盆地中生代泥岩地球化学特征对物源区的指示

秦岭造山带印支期造山作用控制着济源盆地的形成与演化,对盆地中沉积物物源进行研究,有利于恢复造山带造山-隆升的细节.通过对济源盆地中生代泥岩地球化学的系统分析,发现样品的CIA(化学风化指数)校正值在早-中三叠世、晚三叠世、早-中侏罗世和中侏罗世后期的平均值分别为68.5、76.4、86.0和73.7,这一演化特征可能反映其经历了古气候控制的化学风化过程.但是三叠纪样品CIA值明显过低,可能与源区活动的构造背景相关;ICV(成分变异指数)值显示沉积物具有初次沉积的特征,反映了源区早期发生过弧-陆碰撞或具备陆缘弧特征的克拉通基底隆升.而早-中侏罗世样品表现为高的CIA值,ICV值显示沉积物具有再循环特征,其初次沉积可能发生在弧后盆地中,后随造山带的隆升,被剥露再搬运而沉积下来.泥岩物源区构造环境判别结果显示,沉积物主要来自活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘,且含有较多大陆岛弧(陆缘弧)的信息.由此说明,中生代济源盆地盆缘构造活动经历了由克拉通基底隆升到造山带剥露的过程,这一过程与秦岭造山带印支期的造山作用密切相关.      

黑龙江黄松群的地球化学特征及形成环境分析

对佳木斯—兴凯地块西南缘的黄松群进行其物源区特点、古风化条件和构造背景等分析结果显示,该套变质碎屑岩源岩为泥砂质沉积岩,源区母岩以中酸性火成岩为主。风化作用相关指数CIA、CIW及PIA,由杨木组到阎王殿组逐渐增高,而ICV值则呈递减趋势,体现了风化作用由弱到强,成分成熟度逐渐升高的特点。主量元素特征值SiO_2=69.95%、TiO_2=0.58%、TFe_2O_3+MgO=5.34%、Al_2O_3/SiO_2=0.21,微量元素特征值La=37.54×10~(-6)、Ce=72.83×10~(-6)、δEu=0.60、ΣREE=182.29×10~(-6)。REE配分模式与活动大陆边缘碎屑沉积物类似,并且在不同构造环境判别图解中,绝大多数样品投影点落入活动大陆边缘区。地球化学特征表明,黄松群碎屑岩可能沉积于活动大陆边缘环境。     

宜昌三斗坪地区南华系化学蚀变指数特征及南华系划分、对比的讨论

化学蚀变指数(chemicalindexofalteration)最早作为判别源岩区化学风化程度的指标而提出,随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA=n(Al2O3)/[n(Al2O3)+n(CaO)+n(Na2O)+n(K2O)]×100。CaO代表硅酸盐中的CaO,n(CaO)=n(CaO)-n(CO2,方解石)-0.5·n(CO2,白云石)-10/3·n(P2O5)。化学蚀变指数研究样品的选取极为重要,最佳岩性为细碎屑岩,需要清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响。用成分变异指数(ICV)来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。用A—CN—K三角图解来判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的特征及其风化趋势。宜昌三斗坪地区南华系CIA研究表明该区南华系下统莲沱组下部的CIA值在50~65之间(干燥寒冷),上部为65~75之间(温暖潮湿)和顶部为55~60之间(干燥寒冷);南华系上统南沱组的CIA值基本在60~65之间(干燥寒冷),近顶部两个样品的CIA值达70(温暖潮湿)。上述CIA值变化表明本区南华纪经历自老到新由冰期干燥寒冷—间冰期温暖潮湿—冰期干燥寒冷沉积环境的变化过程。本文据此提出了新的扬子古陆南华系新的划分和对比方案。     

滇西户撒盆地芒棒组砂岩地球化学特征及物源区和构造背景分析

滇西户撒盆地芒棒组砂岩地球化学分析结果表明:砂岩主要为长石砂岩和杂砂岩,少量为页岩;矿物成分主要为石英、钾长石、斜长石和伊利石等;REE配分模式曲线一致,LREE/HREE=9.75～15.91,平均13.24,(La/Yb)_N=13.06～26.41,平均19.21,轻稀土元素相对重稀土元素明显富集,稀土元素分馏明显。SiO_2/Al_2O_3=2.06～6.01,平均4.60,ICV=0.54～1.09,平均0.86,结合沉积特征表明样品为被动构造环境下沉积物的再循环而成,而非强烈风化作用过程中形成的第一次旋回沉积物。Th/U=5.44～12.10,平均8.48,CIA矫正均值为69,反映了温暖、湿润条件下的中等化学风化作用。A-CN-K判别图说明交代作用降低了CIA值、且样品源岩钾长石比斜长石含量高。Th/Sc=4.43～25.35,平均8.18,Rb-K_2O图解、Co/Th-La/Sc图解和La/Yb-∑REE图解表明样品物源为花岗岩。TiO_2-(Fe_2O_3T+MgO)、Al_2O_3/(Cao+Na_2O)-(Fe_2O_3T+MgO)、La-Th-Sc以及(K_2O/Na_2O)-SiO_2构造判别图解表明:源岩形成于被动大陆边缘环境,与中特提斯洋在晚侏罗世—早白垩世已经打开且长期稳定相对应。户撒盆地为沿早期户撒走滑-挤压断裂拉张沉积形成,接受周缘晚侏罗世—早白垩世花岗岩沉积。     

黔南—桂北地区南华系化学地层特征

化学蚀变指数(chemical index of alteration)(CIA)最早作为判别源岩化学风化程度而提出, 随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA={n(Al2O3)/[n(Al2O3)+n(CaO*)+n(Na2O)+n(K2O)]}? 100。CaO*代表硅酸盐中的CaO, n(CaO*)=n(CaO)?n(CO2方解石)??n0.5?n(CO2白云石)??10/3?n(P2O5)。化学蚀变指数样品的选取极为重要, 最佳岩性为细碎屑岩, 并需清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响, 以及采用成分变异指数(ICV)来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。使用A-CN-K三角图解判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的程度及其风化趋势。黔南—桂北地区南华系的CIA研究表明: 该地区南华系下部的长安组其下部CIA值为60~65之间, 中部为70~5, 上部回落到65~70之间。南华系中部富禄组CIA值高, 在85~95之间。南华系上部的南沱组CIA值再次回落到60—65的范围。上述CIA值的变化表明本区南华纪时期自老至新经历多次由干燥寒冷—温暖潮湿气候期的变化。本文据此提出扬子地块南华系新的划分、对比方案。     

四川盆地西南缘龙马溪组泥岩地球化学特征及物源区和构造背景分析

本文对川西南荥经地区龙马溪组泥岩的岩石学、矿物学及元素地球化学开展了研究,探讨了龙马溪组沉积环境、物源区属性及构造背景。结果表明,研究区龙马溪组泥岩砂质、钙质含量较高,指示其沉积水体较浅。稀土元素特征及及A—CN—K图解说明龙马溪组泥岩组成较少受成岩及交代作用影响,样品较完整地保存了物源和风化作用信息。K2O、Rb、Al2O3 /TiO2含量较高及Eu负异常指示其母岩为偏酸性的长英质岩、花岗岩类,推测主要来自康滇古陆新元古代早期地台盖层。ICV值大于1,CIA平均值为66,Th/U与地壳UCC值相近,Rb/Sr值明显低于PAAS,指示其物源为近源初次旋回的快速沉积产物,受化学风化作用较小,沉积环境为干燥、寒冷环境。La/Yb、LREE/HREE及Sc/Cr等值均与被动大陆边缘值相近,结合Sc/Cr—La/Y等判别图解,说明研究区沉积构造背景主要为被动大陆边缘。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.