竖向高荷载作用下大直径超长钻孔灌注桩承载性能试验

通过机场—西华高速大直径超长钻孔灌注桩大吨位竖向单桩静载试验,分析了该地区大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的承载性状以及荷载传递机理。试验结果表明:试桩的Q-S曲线呈缓变型,桩端承载力占总荷载的比例均<10%,即均表现为摩擦桩特性;试桩的侧摩阻力自上而下逐步发挥,侧摩阻力和桩端阻力异步发挥且互相耦合;大直径超长钻孔灌注桩桩侧摩阻力的发挥与土层性质、土层埋深及桩顶荷载水平有关;在高荷载作用下桩侧上部土层摩阻力具有不同程度的软化现象,而中下部土层侧摩阻力具有不同程度的强化现象,甚至即使在最大加载情况下,桩身下部土层的侧摩阻力也并未完全发挥,因此在根据规范计算超长桩承载力时,不同深度土层的侧摩阻力应乘以相应不同的修正系数。     

桩侧注浆抗拔桩离心模型试验与原位测试分析

通过离心机模型试验研究了注浆对接触面特性、抗拔桩荷载-位移曲线及桩侧摩阻力的影响,揭示了注浆提高桩身侧摩阻力发展规律和抗拔承载机制,并进一步将离心机模型试验的结果与原位试验结果进行了对比分析。研究表明,注浆桩侧摩阻力的发挥呈现一个渐进过程,桩身上部极限摩阻力率先发挥,并逐渐向中下部发展;注浆后桩侧极限桩侧摩阻力得到提高,而发挥极限状态所需的桩-土相对位移减小,上拔加载过程中,桩侧上部和下部极限摩阻力增幅较大,中部增幅较小。离心与现场试验一致表明,桩侧注浆显著提高了桩的抗拔刚度及极限承载能力。     

灌注桩侧摩阻力发挥模式的研究

桩侧摩阻力的发挥主要与桩周土的力学性质、侧向有效压力、桩土的相对位移量、桩土的接触性质、时间效应等有关。采用双曲线侧摩阻力发挥模型,通过分析上海某地区灌注桩的现场试验实测资料,提出了双曲线模型的计算参数取值范围。此外,对桩侧摩阻力的时间效应也作了初步探讨。结果表明：采用双曲线函数对灌注桩侧摩阻力与相对位移间的变化关系进行拟合是合理的;由于各级荷载下桩体沉降同样具有时间性,桩侧摩阻力同时具有明显的时间效应     

钻孔灌注桩侧摩阻力试验研究及修正计算

确定桩侧极限摩阻力的大小,目前工程上广泛采用的是以经验方法为主,辅以检测桩试验数据分析,得到的结果往往存在误差。通过静载试验以及应力测试对桩侧摩阻力的发挥模式进行分析,并结合工程实例针对桩侧摩阻力的计算提出了相应的修正系数。     

X形混凝土桩抗拔特性试验研究

利用自行开发的大型土工试验模型槽,进行了等截面积X形桩和圆形桩抗拔性能对比试验研究,比较了二者轴力、桩侧摩阻力及位移的分布和变化规律。X形桩相比圆截面桩侧表面积增加了31.5%,试验结果表明,二者桩侧摩阻力分布规律相同,沿桩长可分为提高区域、衰退区域;摩阻力发挥充分的区域在埋深1.50～3.00 m,此区域中X形桩摩阻力的最小值和峰值都较圆形桩大,相同的桩头位移下X形桩的侧摩阻远大于圆形桩,其极限抗拔力高出圆形桩约16.7%。     

水平荷载下桩身侧阻抗力矩的作用机制与计算模型研究

为探讨摩阻力增强效应影响下的水平受荷桩承载机制,建立了水平荷载作用下考虑增强效应影响的桩侧摩阻力τ-s曲线模型,并在此基础上推导了桩身单位长度侧阻抗力矩数值解。随后开展了桩径、临界位移、极限侧摩阻力等因素影响下Ms,ini/Msu,ini-θ/θref,ini无量纲化曲线规律分析。结合摩阻力增强效应理论进而分别建立了线弹性-塑性、双曲线、API规范砂土与黏土τ-s曲线模型作用下的桩身侧阻抗力矩简化理论解,并基于传递矩阵法原理,解得了考虑桩侧摩阻力作用时基桩水平承载力半解析解。通过多组验证工况和工程实例分析验证了所建立的侧阻抗力矩简化解以及考虑侧阻抗力矩影响的基桩水平承载力方法的正确性,同时也证明了摩阻力增强效应对基桩水平承载力的影响不能忽略,并得出如下结论:无试验数据参考时,砂土、黏土与桩接触面的刚度指数可分别取0.725和0.600;桩身侧阻抗力矩随着桩径、极限摩阻力的增加以及临界位移的减小而增加,其中桩径对侧阻抗力矩影响更为明显。     

钻孔变截面灌注桩的荷载传递特性

以某一工程钻孔变截面灌注试桩为例,采用三维有限元分析方法,研究了相同土质条件下,变截面桩和等截面桩在竖向桩顶加载方式下荷载传递机理的异同;并通过引入相对摩阻力R_τ,进一步分析了桩型对桩侧摩阻力发挥程度的影响。结果显示:相对摩阻力R_τ等于1.0,表明桩侧摩阻力充分发挥;相对摩阻力R_τ大于1.0,表明桩侧摩阻力表现为强化现象;相对摩阻力R_τ小于1.0,则桩侧摩阻力表现为软化现象。      

静载荷下黄土地基矩形地下连续墙现场试验研究

采用自平衡测试技术,在国内外首次进行了竖向静载荷作用下黄土地基中矩形地下连续墙现场试验研究,根据测试结果及黄土的物理力学性质,对黄土地基中矩形地下连续墙的荷载传递性状进行了详细分析。结果表明：黄土地基中矩形地下连续墙的承载特性具有端承摩擦桩的性质;墙的承载力由墙侧摩阻力和端阻力共同承担;墙侧摩阻力和端阻力的发挥与墙土的相对位移量及黄土的物理力学性质等因素有关;墙体达到极限荷载时,墙端阻力荷载分担比为40.3 %;各土层墙侧摩阻力随着墙土相对位移的增加而增大,但其增长幅度不等;加载时墙身轴力在加载处最大,随着各土层墙侧摩阻力作用的发挥,墙身轴力随着离荷载箱距离的增加而减小。     

用抗剪强度指标计算预制桩软黏土侧摩阻力的参数统计分析

参照现有的静力法计算桩侧摩阻力的公式,提出了根据固结快剪c、j指标计算桩侧摩阻力的计算公式,其中有多个参数待定。根据收集到的上海地区19个工程摩擦型预制桩的试桩成果,采用最小二乘法,确定了上海地区主要软土层的待定参数,由统计得到的桩侧摩阻力的计算公式,计算出各试桩在各主要软土层的桩侧摩阻力和各试桩的极限承载力。结果表明,同一土层的各试桩桩侧摩阻力相关性较好,基本符合正态分布规律;单桩承载力计算值与实测值之间的误差较小;用上海地区主要软土层固结快剪c、j指标的上下限可以计算得到桩侧摩阻力上下限,根据19个工程统计得到的平均桩侧摩阻力在上下限之间;桩侧摩阻力的深度效应不明显,桩端持力层条件对桩侧摩阻力发挥有影响。     

天津厚地层超长钻孔灌注桩单桩承载特性研究

天津市某主塔楼桩基选用后压浆超长钻孔灌注桩,为了掌握超长后压浆钻孔灌注桩在该地层的工程特性,共设计了2组（共8根）试桩进行单桩竖向抗压静载试验。试桩中安装了振弦式钢筋计和分层沉降管以反映桩侧摩阻力和桩身分层沉降状态。对试验数据进行对比分析和计算结果表明,桩侧注浆可以明显提高超长桩的侧摩阻力;采用预压加载可以增强超长桩的弹性,减少桩顶的沉降;卸荷稳定后试桩具有桩侧阻力,桩身上段所受阻力为负摩阻力,下段为正摩阻力,同时具有的桩身轴力使试桩产生一定的压缩,其压缩量为残余变形量的重要组成部分     

Effect of Arching on Uplift Capacity of Single Piles

An analytical method has been proposed to predict the ultimate uplift capacity of single vertical piles embedded in sand considering arching effect. The present analysis takes into consideration of various pile and soil parameters such as length (L), diameter (d) of the pile, angle of internal friction of soil (ϕ), soil pile friction angle (δ) and unit weight of soil (γ). A modified value of coefficient of lateral earth pressure in uplift has been developed considering the arching effect of soil. A comparative assessment of the uplift capacity of piles predicted by using proposed theory and the existing available theories is made with the existing field and model test results. It has been observed that the present model considering the arching effect predicts the results closer.     

桩端岩土强度提高对超长桩桩身总侧阻力的强化效应研究

基于5个场地中共15根超长桩的现场对比试验和2根超长桩的对比弹塑性数值模拟,分析了超长桩桩端岩土强度提高对桩身总侧阻力的影响。发现桩端沉渣厚度减小或无沉渣,超长桩桩身总侧阻力提高29.86 %～112.17 %;桩端注浆后,超长桩桩身总侧阻力提高33.07 %～66.95 %;桩端入硬层或基岩后,超长桩桩身总侧阻力提高23.34 %～235.65 %。结果表明,和一般桩（即短桩和中长桩）一样,桩端岩土强度提高同样能使超长桩的桩身总侧阻力得到强化。     

Numerical analyses of uplift behavior of pile foundation for transmission line structure in frozen soil regions北大核心CSCD

Pile foundation is one of the most commonly used and suitable foundations to support transmission line structure, especially in seasonally frozen soil regions and permafrost regions. Axial compression is the controlling condition in the design of foundations for such structures as bridges and buildings, while uplift and overturning will control the design of transmission line structure foundations. This paper presents an extensive overview of previous studies including experimental (e. g., laboratory model test and full-scale field load test), analytical/theoretical (e. g., limit equilibrium and limit analysis based on plasticity)and numerical(e. g., finite difference and finite element methods). The review indicates that study on the uplift behavior of pile foundation in frozen soil is relatively limited, particularly in the case of combined effect of axial uplift and lateral loading. Interaction between pile and frozen soil and mechanism of load transfer along the pile shaft and around the pile tip still remain unclear. Therefore, this paper implements finite difference analysis within FLAC3D to investigate the behavior of pile foundation in frozen silty clay and gravelly sand under axial uplift behavior and the effect of ground condition and lateral loading on the uplift behavior. Because of the axisymmetric condition of the problem studied, only half of the model is simulated. The chosen domain of the medium is discretized into a set of quadrilateral elements and the pile is discretized by the cylinder element. The interaction between the soil and pile is considered according to interface elements. Mohr-Coulomb criterion is adopted to model the soil behavior (perfectly elastic-plastic), while the pile is simply considered as a rigid body. The soil parameters such as Young’s modulus, cohesion and internal friction angle used for numerical analyses are determined by laboratory tests and estimated according to the empirical correlations with in-situ tests. The present numerical modeling is verified with the results from field loading tests on pile foundations in Qinghai-Tibet ±550 kV transmission line project. On this basis, parametric studies are carried out to uncover the behavior of pile in frozen soil. It is observed that pullout is the dominant failure mechanism of pile and the uplift load-displacement curve clearly exhibits an asymptote, consisting of initially linear elastic, nonlinear transition, and finally linear regions. These results are consistent with the observations in a few previous studies. In addition, larger uplift capacity of pile foundation in freezing period and gravelly sand is gained (about 20%). Lateral loading increases the deflection and therefore, decreases the uplift capacity of pile foundation. For the convenience of using the results obtained in practice, the values of uplift factor for pile foundation in silty clay and gravelly sand are provided. Finally, it should be noted that the method used, and the results obtained in the current work could be useful for engineers and designers, at least providing them some qualitative evidence for pile design in seasonally frozen soil regions and permafrost regions. This is important and necessary to ensure the safety of construction in such regions. Meanwhile, numerical analyses in the current work can be a benchmark example for subsequent research studies. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Uplift capacity of single piles: predictions and performance

The paper pertains to the development of a simple semi-empirical model for predicting the uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand. Various pile and soil parameters such as length (L), diameter (d) of the pile and angle of friction (ϕ), soil–pile friction angle (δ) and unit weight (γ) of the soil which have direct influence on the uplift capacity of the pile are incorporated in the analysis. A comparative assessment of the ultimate uplift capacity of piles predicted by using the proposed theory and some of the available theories are made with respect to each other and with reference to the measured values obtained from model tests in the laboratory. For this purpose experimental data have been collected from the literature and also from model tests conducted as a part of the present investigation. The study shows the proposed model has an excellent potential in predicting the uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand that are consistent with model pile test results.     

桩土接触面单元参数分析

桩的抗拔特性与接触面的特性密切相关，正确选定接触面的力学参数对于分析桩的抗拔机理有重要意义。根据桩土接触面点面接触模型和库仑摩擦变形原理，在10组土－结构（钢、混凝土）剪切摩擦试验分析的基础上，对桩土接触面摩擦参数的取值问题进行了研究，得到了一些结论，对于桩土接触面力学参数正确取值有一定的参考价值。     

基于极限承载力试验的扩底抗拔桩承载特性数值模拟分析

基于天津于家堡南地下车库工程扩底桩抗拔极限承载力试验,结合数值模拟手段对扩底桩抗拔承载特性、破坏模式和受力机制开展了分析研究。计算分析表明,扩底桩（有效桩长19 m）相比等截面桩抗拔极限承载力提高约50%,材料增加仅8.5%,扩底桩扩大头周边土体提供的抗力显著提高了抗拔承载力;荷载较小时抗拔力主要由等截面段侧摩阻力提供,扩头段抗拔力占桩顶加载的比值随加载近似呈线性增加;扩底桩等截面段沿桩土界面先发生剪切破坏,扩头段周边土体后发生受压破坏,抗拔承载力达到极限;扩头段位于同一土层时,不同桩长扩头段提供的极限抗拔力相差不大,桩长越长,扩头段抗拔力贡献率越低;扩头段抗拔力主要由自重、扩头段法向力竖向分力和侧摩阻力组成,其中法向力竖向分量提供了扩头段的主要抗拔力,占扩头段总抗拔力约70%。     

桩-土间剪切应力的传递探讨

对不同情况下桩-土间剪切应力进行了初步的理论分析,并基于ADINA有限元程序,对不同情况下的桩-土间剪切应力进行了计算对比分析。结果表明,同种土体和桩体条件下,各种模式达到极限状态时桩-土间剪切应力不同,堆载作用下负摩擦力值最大,抗拔桩负摩阻力值最小,桩顶受压桩、托桩的摩阻力值介于其间;桩材泊松比在0.15～0.35范围内时,桩侧摩阻力随泊松比的增大而增大。所得结论有助于进一步认识桩-土相互作用规律以及桩-土荷载传递机制。     

抗拔桩极限平衡方程及其应用

将抗拔桩侧阻力分解为与桩侧正压力不相关的桩-土黏结强度 、与桩侧有效正压力成正比的摩擦力 两部分,采用摩擦定律计算摩擦力 。基于轴对称条件,假定土体为半无限弹性体,以Mindlin公式积分计算分析极限平衡状态下桩-土共同作用,依据平面应变条件下柱状孔扩张的弹性力学解建立桩-土界面位移协调方程,推导出抗拔桩极限平衡方程,给出了求解方法及计算参数确定方法。该方程能反映桩与土的材料特性、桩体尺寸、桩顶埋深、群桩效应、卸荷效应等多因素对抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。结合海上风电大直径超长抗拔钢管桩足尺试验进行验证。对比分析结果表明,该方法计算的抗拔极限承载力与实测值接近,计算精度远高于现行规范推荐方法,其结果可为工程应用及抗拔桩承载力机制研究提供参考。