五星形桩抗拔承载性能模型试验研究

五星形桩是一种新型的截面异形桩,是在圆桩基础上向内切割5个圆弧,形成截面类似五星形的一种桩型。利用自主研发的多功能桩基模型试验加载系统,砂雨法成桩,进行了4根五星形与圆形桩（周长最大化五星形桩F₁、周长面积比最大化五星形桩F₂、与F₂同截面周长的圆桩C₁、与F₂同截面面积的圆桩C₂）抗拔承载特性对比模型试验研究。试验结果表明:（1）五星形桩F₁与F₂的极限抗拔力基本相同,大圆桩C₁最大,小圆桩C₂最小。（2）大圆桩C₁的极限抗拔力是F₂的1.73倍,说明五星形截面形式对抗拔侧摩阻力产生了较明显的弱化。（3）小圆桩C₂的侧表面积是F₂的0.66倍,但其极限抗拔力是F₂的0.8倍,这进一步说明五星形截面形式对抗拔侧摩阻力有一定程度的弱化。但F₂的极限抗拔力是C₂的1.25倍,可见桩的截面形式由圆形转变为五星形可一定程度地提高抗拔承载能力。（4）抗拔侧摩阻力与上拔位移呈双曲线分布,仅需较小位移就可达到极值。     

柔性群桩承台下变截面角桩与地基相互作用的线性分析

对桩侧土及桩端土均采用线性荷载传递函数,同时考虑桩周土所分担的荷载及桩型对桩基荷载传递规律的影响,利用力学理论及微分方程的近似解法—子域法,推导出了柔性群桩承台下变截面角桩与地基相互作用的近似的解析算式,并通过算例将等截面桩桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力与变截面桩桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力作了对比,表明改变桩型能提高桩侧摩阻力。为验证本文方法的可行性,将模型试验结果与本文计算结果进行了比较,表明本文方法有较好的精度。     

挤土作用下Y型桩侧摩阻力分布模型研究

Y型沉管灌注桩是在传统圆形桩基础上通过改变截面形状以增大桩土接触面积、增加侧摩阻力进而增加承载力的一种新桩型。由于桩身截面的特殊性,在振动沉管的过程中Y型沉管灌注桩截面不同处对土有不同程度的挤压作用,其侧摩阻力分布性状比圆形桩复杂,若将Y型桩侧摩阻力看作沿桩身矩形分布、沿桩周均匀分布与实际不符,工程经验亦表明其不适。通过孔扩张理论与Y型截面的解析方程相结合,推导Y型桩侧摩阻力沿桩周及桩身的不均匀分布模型,同一截面最大侧摩阻力为最小侧摩阻力的1.24~1.75倍,同时分析外包圆半径R、模板弧度θ、桩长L对侧摩阻力的影响。将侧摩阻力沿Y型截面周边的9个区间积分,然后沿桩长积分,得到Y型桩总侧摩阻力,结合端阻力模型计算了Y型桩单桩极限承载力,与静载试验数据吻合。     

水平荷载下桩身侧阻抗力矩的作用机制与计算模型研究

为探讨摩阻力增强效应影响下的水平受荷桩承载机制,建立了水平荷载作用下考虑增强效应影响的桩侧摩阻力τ-s曲线模型,并在此基础上推导了桩身单位长度侧阻抗力矩数值解。随后开展了桩径、临界位移、极限侧摩阻力等因素影响下Ms,ini/Msu,ini-θ/θref,ini无量纲化曲线规律分析。结合摩阻力增强效应理论进而分别建立了线弹性-塑性、双曲线、API规范砂土与黏土τ-s曲线模型作用下的桩身侧阻抗力矩简化理论解,并基于传递矩阵法原理,解得了考虑桩侧摩阻力作用时基桩水平承载力半解析解。通过多组验证工况和工程实例分析验证了所建立的侧阻抗力矩简化解以及考虑侧阻抗力矩影响的基桩水平承载力方法的正确性,同时也证明了摩阻力增强效应对基桩水平承载力的影响不能忽略,并得出如下结论:无试验数据参考时,砂土、黏土与桩接触面的刚度指数可分别取0.725和0.600;桩身侧阻抗力矩随着桩径、极限摩阻力的增加以及临界位移的减小而增加,其中桩径对侧阻抗力矩影响更为明显。     

基坑开挖对单桩及群桩回弹位移的影响分析

基坑开挖后坑底土体回弹,将会带动坑内基桩回弹,并在桩侧产生侧摩阻力。为了分析基坑开挖条件下单桩及群桩的受力变形特性,采用三维有限元方法对单桩及群桩在基坑开挖条件下的回弹位移进行了分析。分析结果表明,基桩在基坑开挖条件下的回弹位移分为桩侧土体回弹而引起的基桩回弹和下卧层回弹导致的基桩回弹两部分。由于群桩外侧桩的遮帘效应,中心桩的回弹位移小于外侧桩,中心桩桩侧摩阻力的发挥量也小于外侧桩。随下卧层相对刚度E_b/E_c变大,5×5群桩回弹位移相对减小量W_r变大,且W_r的变化与桩位置有关。3种不同构形群桩的对比分析结果表明:群桩桩数越多,遮帘效应越明显;W_r受桩数的影响大于受桩间距的影响。     

桩基承载性能自平衡测试法的仿真研究

自平衡测试法在我国的应用刚起步,从技术、经济上都是一项很有前途的新技术,理论还有待于完善。采用有限元法对自平衡法测试桩基承载性能进行了仿真研究。研究表明:可通过建立有限元模型,对"平衡点"位置进行假定分析求证,确定"平衡点"位置;运用自平衡测试法时,其上、下段桩在荷载作用下,上段桩侧摩阻力和下段桩抵抗力同步发挥;桩底土模量与桩侧土的模量比E₁/E₂大小影响桩的承载性能。      

竖向高荷载作用下大直径超长钻孔灌注桩承载性能试验

通过机场—西华高速大直径超长钻孔灌注桩大吨位竖向单桩静载试验,分析了该地区大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的承载性状以及荷载传递机理。试验结果表明:试桩的Q-S曲线呈缓变型,桩端承载力占总荷载的比例均<10%,即均表现为摩擦桩特性;试桩的侧摩阻力自上而下逐步发挥,侧摩阻力和桩端阻力异步发挥且互相耦合;大直径超长钻孔灌注桩桩侧摩阻力的发挥与土层性质、土层埋深及桩顶荷载水平有关;在高荷载作用下桩侧上部土层摩阻力具有不同程度的软化现象,而中下部土层侧摩阻力具有不同程度的强化现象,甚至即使在最大加载情况下,桩身下部土层的侧摩阻力也并未完全发挥,因此在根据规范计算超长桩承载力时,不同深度土层的侧摩阻力应乘以相应不同的修正系数。     

三种工况下扩底楔形桩承载特性模型试验研究

扩底楔形桩具有单位材料利用率高、竖向桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力较常规等截面桩高的技术优点。然而,针对该桩型竖向及水平向承载力的定量模型试验研究相对较少。基于模型试验方法,开展砂性土中竖向、水平向荷载以及地面堆载等不同形工况荷载作用下扩底楔形桩的承载特性试验,测得不同荷载等级下桩侧摩阻力、桩端阻力、侧向土压力、桩顶下拽位移以及桩身下拽力等分布规律;同时,开展等混凝土用量常规等直径桩的承载特性试验作为对比分析,初步探讨了两种桩型的受力机制与异同点。研究结果表明,试验条件下,扩底楔形桩的单桩竖向承载力约为等直径圆桩的2.33倍,表现出侧阻力和端阻力都优于圆形桩的特点;水平承载力约为等直径圆桩的1.48倍,上部直径较大和扩大头的存在提高了其水平承载性能;与等直径圆桩相比,楔形角的存在可有效降低桩顶下拽位移,可见把传统桩型转变成扩底楔形桩是降低负摩阻力对桩基影响的有效方法之一。     

极限荷载下纵向截面异形桩破坏形式对比模型试验研究

由于基桩纵向截面形式的差异,竖向荷载作用下桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力发挥存在明显的差异,尽管纵向截面异形桩在工程中得到了一定的应用,然而针对极限荷载下桩端和桩侧土体破坏形式的研究却相对较少。基于透明土材料和粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry）技术,针对等体积的扩底楔形桩、楔形桩和等截面桩的承载特性及破坏形式进行对比模型试验,测得桩顶荷载-沉降曲线,研究了各级荷载下桩端和桩侧土体位移场的变化规律以及极限荷载下桩端和桩侧土体的破坏形式;同时分析了不同桩长情况下各类型桩的承载力特性。研究结果表明,在此试验条件下,扩底楔形桩的极限承载力约为常规楔形桩的3.5倍和等截面桩的2.5倍;极限荷载作用下各类型纵向截面异形桩桩端的破坏形式规律基本一致。     

灌注桩侧摩阻力发挥模式的研究

桩侧摩阻力的发挥主要与桩周土的力学性质、侧向有效压力、桩土的相对位移量、桩土的接触性质、时间效应等有关。采用双曲线侧摩阻力发挥模型,通过分析上海某地区灌注桩的现场试验实测资料,提出了双曲线模型的计算参数取值范围。此外,对桩侧摩阻力的时间效应也作了初步探讨。结果表明：采用双曲线函数对灌注桩侧摩阻力与相对位移间的变化关系进行拟合是合理的;由于各级荷载下桩体沉降同样具有时间性,桩侧摩阻力同时具有明显的时间效应     

扩底楔形桩竖向抗压和负摩阻力特性研究

扩底楔形桩是基于结合常规扩底桩和楔形桩的优点而开发的一种新桩型,能同时提高桩侧正摩阻力和桩端阻力,并能有效降低土体沉降引起的负摩阻力对基桩的影响。简要介绍了扩底楔形桩的受力机制和施工方法;基于FLAC3D有限差分软件,通过针对实际工程的数值模拟验证数值模拟的可靠性,对该新桩型在竖向抗压和负摩阻力特性方面的力学特性进行了初步探讨,并与等体积混凝土的常规扩底桩、楔形桩和等截面桩进行了对比分析;进而研究了桩端土体与桩周土体模量比、楔形角、扩大头直径以及桩体模量等因素对扩底楔形桩力学特性的影响。研究结果表明,同等级地面堆载作用下,扩底楔形桩中桩侧负摩阻力引起的桩顶下拽位移最小、桩身下拽力值介于常规楔形桩和扩底桩两者之间。     

Finite element analyses of negative skin friction on a single pile

This paper presents finite element analyses of negative skin friction on a single pile under various conditions. Negative skin friction is a common problem if a pile is designed in a highly compressible soil. There are two most important parameters in estimating the load caused by negative skin friction: (1) the distribution and magnitude of skin friction and (2) the location of the neutral plane. The neutral plane is the location where the pile and soil settle the same amount or have no relative displacement. Negative skin friction is a very complex phenomenon influenced by many factors. In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model is built in the finite element program, ABAQUS. The model is first verified with a known case history. A systematic parametric analysis is performed to investigate the influence on both the neutral plane and the magnitude and distribution of negative skin friction along the pile length of various influencing factors, including the consolidation time, the properties of pile/soil interface, the lateral earth pressure coefficient, pile-soil limiting displacement, the intensity of surcharge, and soil stiffness. Based on the analyses, it is found that the location of the neutral plane is significantly influenced by the consolidation time and the stiffness of bearing layer. The distribution and magnitude of negative skin friction is influenced mainly by the pile/soil interface, soil compressibility, and the surcharge intensity. Based on the field measurements from literature and this investigation, a simple design procedure is proposed for estimating the pile load caused by negative skin friction.     

Torsional piles in non-homogeneous media

The torsional response of a pile exhibits features which are a mixture of those for axial and lateral response. At low load levels, the response is dominated by interaction with the upper soil layers and by the pile rigidity itself, similar to laterally loaded piles. However, failure will generally occur by the whole pile twisting, and so the latter part of the response incorporates the integrated effect of all soil penetrated by the pile, as is the case for axial loading.

In view of the above, solutions for the torsional response of pile must endeavour to incorporate accurate modelling of the soil stiffness profile, and also pay appropriate attention to the gradual development of slip (relative twist) between pile and soil. The paper presents analytical and numerical solutions for the torsional response of piles embedded in non-homogeneous soil, where the stiffness profile follows a simple power law with depth. The solutions encompass: (1) vertical non-homogeneity of soil expressed as a power law; (2) non-linear soil response, modelled using a hyperbolic stressstrain law; (3) effect of relative slip between pile and soil for non-homogeneous stiffness and limiting shaft friction; (4) expressions for the critical pile slenderness ratio (or length) beyond which the pile head response becomes independent of the pile length.

The solutions are developed using a load transfer approach, with each soil layer acting independently from neighbouring layers, and are expressed in terms of Bessel functions of non-integer order, and as simple non-dimensionalised charts. The solutions are applied to two well-documented case histories in the latter part of the paper.     

Variational elastic solution for axially loaded piles in multilayered soil

Most analytical or semi‐analytical solutions of the problem of load‐settlement response of axially loaded piles are based on the assumption of zero radial displacement. These solutions also are only applicable to piles embedded in either a homogeneous or a Gibson soil deposit. In reality, soil deposits consist of multiple soil layers with different properties, and displacements in the radial direction within the soil deposit are not zero when the pile is loaded axially. In this paper, we present a load‐settlement analysis applicable to a pile with circular cross section installed in multilayered elastic soil that accounts for both vertical and radial soil displacements. The analysis follows from the solution of the differential equations governing the displacements of the pile–soil system obtained using variational principles. The input parameters needed for the analysis are the pile geometry and the elastic constants of the soil and pile. We compare the results from the present analysis with those of an analytical solution that considers only vertical soil displacements. The analysis presented in this paper also provides useful insights into the displacement and strain fields around axially loaded piles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

静压桩桩-土界面滑动摩擦机制研究

静压桩侧阻力的实质是桩-土之间的摩擦,但其机制研究并未使用目前成熟的摩擦学理论。系统地介绍了摩擦学中黏着摩擦机制和变形摩擦机制,进而利用其分析解释静压桩桩-土界面的滑动摩擦机制,并得到较好的效果,为桩侧摩阻力的研究提供了新的思路。研究结果表明,桩-土之间的干摩擦是外摩擦;沉桩过程中桩-土之间的滑动摩擦是泥浆润滑下的湿摩擦,从而使桩侧阻力远小于载荷试验时的桩侧阻力;沉桩停顿使压桩力急剧增大的主要原因是：泥浆润滑膜的消失使桩-土之间的摩擦从湿摩擦变为干摩擦;载荷试验在桩破坏前桩-土之间的摩擦是干摩擦;桩端附近桩侧阻力强化的主要原因是：桩端土的强度提高引起桩端附近切向力的增大,从而导致桩-土之间摩擦系数提高。     

X形混凝土桩抗拔特性试验研究

利用自行开发的大型土工试验模型槽,进行了等截面积X形桩和圆形桩抗拔性能对比试验研究,比较了二者轴力、桩侧摩阻力及位移的分布和变化规律。X形桩相比圆截面桩侧表面积增加了31.5%,试验结果表明,二者桩侧摩阻力分布规律相同,沿桩长可分为提高区域、衰退区域;摩阻力发挥充分的区域在埋深1.50～3.00 m,此区域中X形桩摩阻力的最小值和峰值都较圆形桩大,相同的桩头位移下X形桩的侧摩阻远大于圆形桩,其极限抗拔力高出圆形桩约16.7%。     

桩顶荷载对负摩阻力性状影响的现场试验

负摩阻力是桩周土体沉降产生的桩附加沉降和下拽力的综合效应。为了研究不同的桩顶荷载对负摩阻力基桩性状的影响,在同一个试验场地上,对不同桩顶荷载作用下完全相同的3根桩的负摩阻力性状进行了现场测试。测试结果表明,桩顶荷载对于桩的负摩阻力性状有明显影响。随着桩顶荷载的增加,负摩阻力引起的桩附加沉降越大,桩周土体沉降引起的负摩阻力就越小;负摩阻力引起的下拽力也随着桩顶荷载的增加而减小;中性点位置随着桩顶荷载的增加而上升。这对桩基负摩阻力特性的研究是有益的。