北极海冰细菌产胞外酶及主要环境因子的初步研究

覆盖在北极海洋上的广阔海冰为其内部生存的微生物群落提供了一个独特的生境。研究表明 ,大量海冰细菌能够分泌产生胞外酶 ,其中产蛋白或脂质水解酶细菌的比例远高于产多糖水解酶的细菌。温度、盐度是直接影响海冰细菌生存与活力的 2个主要环境因子。 76%的产酪蛋白酶海冰细菌为低温菌 ,菌株只能在 <35°C条件下生长 ;而 98%的酪蛋白酶最适作用温度≥ 35°C ,其中 62 %的酶最适作用温度≥ 45°C。几乎所有的产酪蛋白酶海冰细菌都耐盐或嗜盐     

基于CiteSpace的近30年北极环境研究热点图谱分析

为了识别中外在北极环境领域的研究差距,构建先进的北极科考框架,基于CiteSpace工具对国际和国内北极环境领域近30年的文献进行计量。通过共现、聚类和共被引分析发现北极环境研究发展可分为三个阶段;北极八国和德英法在北极环境研究中占据主导地位;北极环境研究与地质学和大气科学等学科密切相关;海冰、冻原、永久冻土和积雪是最热门的北极环境污染物介质,多氯联苯、汞和二氧化碳在污染物研究中占据主导地位;突现性污染物的研究重点变化趋势是氯代烃—臭氧—重金属—黑碳,持久性有机污染物的突现性始终存在;通过国际和国内的研究对比分析发现我国生态毒理学研究的不足。最后,从需要进行监测的污染物、可以运用的理论技术以及需要开展的环境领域科研工作等方面,对我国北极环境研究提出建议。     

现代生态学研究的几大热点问题透视

自本世纪80年代以来，特别是近些年来，为适应全球环境问题与人类生存和发展的需要，生态学在研究方向、内容、尺度、方法上均有较大的转变，出现一些新的研究领域，主要包括全球变化、可持续发展、生物多样性、景观生态、退化生态、恢复与重建生态、湿地生态、生态工程、生态经济等较为热门的研究课题。本文简要对当今生态学热点问题加以概述，以此透视现代生态学的一些新的研究动向，旨在为生态工作者提供一些指导。     

湿地生态系统中主要功能微生物研究进展

阐述了湿地生态系统中主要功能微生物的多样性特点,以及主要功能微生物群落结构多样性在地域、环境、湿地类型中的差异;概括了主要功能微生物在湿地中污染物的降解、温室气体释放等方面的作用;概述了氨氧化微生物、产甲烷古菌和甲烷氧化细菌、反硝化细菌和真菌以及硫酸盐还原菌与硫氧化细菌等主要功能微生物的相关研究进展;总结了植被和养分元素对湿地生态系统中微生物影响的研究成果。针对各种外在因素影响湿地微生物的详细机制尚不明确,湿地生态系统中植被与微生物多样性的关系存在争议,以及湿地微生物在净化污水、温室气体排放等方面功能类群及分布特点研究相对匮乏等问题,提出了湿地功能微生物研究的发展方向。     

海洋细菌对DMSP的降解及其在极地低温海域的研究进展

DMSP(二甲基巯基丙酸内盐)是地球上最丰富的有机含硫化合物之一,同时也是海洋微生物的重要营养物。浮游植物是其主要的生产者。DMSP还是海洋中DMS(二甲基硫)的重要来源和前体,而DMS的排放与全球气候变化存在密切关联。细菌在DMSP的降解及DMS的生成方面扮演着重要角色。有关DMSP生物合成、代谢及其生态影响的研究已开展了近70年,但涉及高纬度极地低温海域的相关研究却为数甚少。本文在简要介绍DMSP生物合成与代谢,以及DMSP降解途径中的关键酶基因及其产生菌的基础上,结合笔者的工作实践,对近年来在极地低温海域的相关研究进行了介绍并展开了部分讨论。随着国内对微生物驱动水圈地球元素循环的重视,有关极地海域细菌参与DMSP/DMS代谢的研究工作将极大地增进人们对于微生物在极地海洋生态系统中生态地位的认识,也对评估极地海洋微生物群落对全球气候环境变化的响应与反馈具有重要的参考意义。     

极区海域海冰内部有机物质研究进展

本文对极区海域海冰内部有机物质的国内外研究现状进行了扼要阐述。内容涉及海冰内部溶解态有机物质(DOM)和颗粒态有机物质(POM)的产生、迁移和转化过程;海冰内部冰藻生化组分(糖类、脂类和胞外分泌物);海冰内部有机物质在调节初级生产力和异养生物活性之间的机理研究等,并提出了今后需要重点解决的科学问题。     

生态恢复下湿地土壤微生物研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,湿地破坏日趋严重,退化湿地生态恢复成为当前科学研究的热点。土壤微生物在调控湿地生物地球化学过程和维持生态系统功能等方面均起着十分重要的作用。探讨湿地土壤微生物在生态恢复下变化及响应机制,有利于认识湿地生态系统恢复过程。通过对湿地生态恢复下土壤微生物群落结构、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性和微生物降解功能等几个方面进行研究综述,提出了当前利用土壤微生物在恢复湿地方面存在的问题,并对湿地生态恢复后土壤微生物的进一步研究提出几个需要注意的方面,对今后土壤微生物湿地修复方面的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

湿地植物内生细菌多样性研究进展

湿地植物内生细菌作为一种新型微生物资源,在维持湿地生态系统平衡中发挥重要作用。内生细菌系统分布于湿地植物的不同组织部位,具有丰富的物种多样性及污染物降解、非豆科固氮、促进植物生长和生物防治等功能。在湿地生态系统中,内生细菌在宿主植物体内受植物组织保护而免于外界恶劣环境干扰,更易发挥生物功能。综述了湿地植物内生细菌的概念、物种、分布和功能多样性,探讨了内生细菌在研究中存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

极地冰雪探测冰雷达技术发展回顾与展望

冰雷达是用于极地冰雪探测的主要技术手段,为研究极地冰雪的几何特征、内部结构、冰下地形地貌和冰底环境提供了重要的基础观测数据。20世纪50年代,人类首次发现特定频段的电磁波可以“穿透”南极冰盖,进而在60年代研制出用于极地冰盖冰下探测的冰雷达系统。之后60多年里,随着计算机、电子信息和卫星定位导航等技术的发展,冰雷达技术研究取得快速发展,形成了适用于极地冰盖、海冰及其上覆积雪不同探测需求的多样化冰雷达系统。本文在简要回顾了早期冰雷达技术发展的基础上,着重从极地冰盖深部探测、极地冰盖和海冰浅表层探测以及新型极地冰雪探测冰雷达技术3个方面,回顾总结了近10年来国内外主要进展。未来,为适应极地冰盖、海冰及其上覆积雪观测研究的多种需求,需要进一步提升冰雷达系统性能(探测深度、跨轨迹向分辨率、垂向分辨率等),并且研制满足新型平台(无人机、卫星等)搭载需求的小型、低功耗冰雷达系统,以及发展多通道、多频、多极化集同观测模式的综合冰雷达技术。     

楚科奇海和白令海的海洋低温微生物调查

在 1 999年北极夏季期间对楚科奇海和白令海的海洋低温微生物进行了调查。在楚科奇海 ,海洋细菌和海洋真菌的检出率分别为 1 0 0 %和 >94% ,其相应的总量一般分别为 >1 0 3 cells/cm3 和 1 0 1— 1 0 3 cells/cm3 ;在大多数站位 ,海洋细菌的总量通常都高于海洋真菌的总量 ;从表层至 1 0 m或 3 0 m深层的海水区域 ,分布有丰富的海洋微生物。调查结果还显示 ,不同站位间的海洋微生物总量存在明显差异 ,海冰的融化和海水中的盐度可能是影响这一海区海洋微生物总量的重要因素。在白令海 ,海洋细菌的检出率为 1 0 0 % ,其总量一般在 1 0 2 — 1 0 3 cells/cm3 ;海洋真菌的检出率 >84% ,其总量一般也在 1 0 2 — 1 0 3 cells/cm3 。白令海不同站位间的海洋微生物总量也存在较大的差异。调查结果证实在楚科奇海和白令海的确存在大量的低温海洋微生物 ,在所研究的海洋细菌中 ,分别有 81 %的楚科奇海细菌和 88.9%的白令海细菌能够在低温条件下 (<1 0℃ )良好生长 ,而且有部分菌株能够在低温条件下分解利用淀粉或纤维素等多糖物质以满足自身生长的营养需求。这些海洋低温菌株为进一步开发利用这些海域的海洋微生物资源提供了充足的材料     

加拿大海盆夏季冰区细菌和原生生物群落特性分析

采用表面荧光显微分析方法对2014年夏季中国第6次北极科学考察期间采集于加拿大海盆7个海冰站位的融池、冰芯和冰下海水样品进行了细菌和原生生物群落分析。结果表明,上述3类生境中的第一优势类群均为细菌(不包括ICE07站位出现水华融池的统计),分别占总生物量的42.8%、37.8%和50.7%;第二优势类群均为鞭毛虫,分别占总生物量的40.2%、34.3%和37.5%。包含细菌、鞭毛虫和纤毛虫在内的异养生物在总生物量中占有优势,显示微食物环在其中起着重要作用。在北冰洋夏季快速融冰的背景下,3类生境总体上缺少快速生长的条件,总生物量偏低。其中ICE07站位出现融池水华和冰表自养鞭毛藻高值,推测合适的藻种和营养盐的额外补充共同促成了该站位冰表(融池)藻华的形成。     

The progress in the study of Arctic pack ice ecology

The sea ice community plays an important role in the Arctic marine ecosystem. Because of the predicted environmental changes in the Arctic environment and specifically related to sea ice, the Arctic pack ice biota has received more attention in recent years using modern ice-breaking research vessels. Studies show that the Arctic pack ice contains a diverse biota and besides ice algae, the bacterial and protozoan biomasses can be high. Surprisingly high primary production values were observed in the pack ice of the central Arctic Ocean. Occasionally biomass maximum were discovered in the interior of the ice floes, a habitat that had been ignored in most Arctic studies. Many scientific questions, which deserve special attention, remained unsolved due to logistic limitations and the sea ice characteristics. Little is know about the pack ice community in the central Arctic Ocean. Almost no data exists from the pack ice zone for the winter season. Concerning the abundance of bacteria and protozoa, more studies are needed to understand the microbial network within the ice and its role in material and energy flows. The response of the sea ice biota to global change will impact the entire Arctic marine ecosystem and a long-term monitoring program is needed. The techniques, that are applied to study the sea ice biota and the sea ice ecology, should be improved.     

The research of Polar sea ice and its role in climate change

As an important part of global climate system,the Polar sea ice is ef fecting on global climate changes through ocean surface radiation balance,mass balance,energy balance as well as the circulating of sea water temperature and salinity.Sea ice research has a centuries-old history.The many correlative sea ice projects were established through the extensive international cooperation d uring the period from the primary research of intensity and the bearing capacity of sea ice to the development of sea/ice/air coupled model.Based on these rese arches,the sea ice variety was combined with the global climate change.All res earch about sea ice includes:the physical properties and processes of sea ice a nd its snow cover,the ecosystem of sea ice regions,sea ice and upper snow albe do,mass balance of sea ice regions,sea ice and climate coupled model.The simu lation suggests that the both of the area and volume of polar sea ice would be r educed in next century.With the developing of the sea ice research,more scient ific issues are mentioned.Such as the interaction between sea ice and the other factors of global climate system,the seasonal and regional distribution of pol ar sea ice thickness,polar sea ice boundary and area variety trends,the growth and melt as well as their influencing factors,the role of the polynya and the sea/air interactions.We should give the best solutions to all of the issues in future sea ice studying.     

东南极企鹅和海豹粪土层细菌群落的变化特征

海洋动物粪土是南极陆地生态系统养分的重要来源,粪土层细菌群落对南极苔原碳、氮循环过程起重要作用,但目前对南极海洋动物粪土层中细菌群落的变化特征却鲜有报道。本文采集了东南极四个企鹅、海豹粪土剖面样品,通过酶活性、微生物量碳、微生物熵、土壤呼吸和DNA浓度测定以及16 S r DNA-DGGE分析,探讨了粪土层中细菌群落变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。土壤转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性、微生物量碳、土壤呼吸和微生物熵随深度增加而递减,而代谢熵增加,表明随深度增加,微生物生存环境恶劣,造成细菌丰度和酶分泌量减小,需更多有机碳进行能量代谢。土壤DNA浓度与pH、含水率、TOC、TN、微生物量碳、土壤呼吸以及酶活性呈高度正相关,表明这些因子对粪土层中细菌种群的丰度有重要影响。DGGE图谱分析证实：东南极海洋动物粪土中含丰富的细菌群落结构,随深度增加泳道带型数量和亮度递减,表明细菌多样性和丰度递减。聚类分析表明：四个剖面随深度泳道带型差异明显,细菌遗传相似性为46%,企鹅、海豹粪土细菌群落差异性尤为明显;发现四个粪土剖面中,细菌丰度与企鹅、海豹粪的相对含量呈协调一致性变化,且表层5cm粪土层细菌丰度最高,表明东南极企鹅和海豹排泄物对土壤中细菌群落多样性变化起重要作用。     

Photosynthetic characteristics of sinking microalgae under the sea ice

The photosynthetic characteristics of sinking a microalgal community were studied to compare with the ice algal community in the sea ice and the phytoplankton community in the water column under the sea ice at the beginning of the light season in the first-year sea ice ecosystem on the Mackenzie Shelf, in the western Canadian Arctic. The phytoplankton community was collected using a water bottle, whereas the sinking algal community was collected using particle collectors, and the ice algal community was obtained by using an ice-core sampler from the bottom portion of ice core. Photosynthesis versus irradiance (P-E) incubation experiments were conducted on deck to obtain the initial slope (α^B) and the maximum photosynthetic rate (P_m^B) of the three algal communities. The α^B and the P_m^B of the light saturation curve, and chlorophyll a (Chl a) specific absorption coefficient (ā_ph*) between the sinking microalgal community and the ice algal community were similar and were distinctly different from the phytoplankton community. The significant linear relationship between α^B and P_m^B, which was obtained among the three groups, may suggest that a photo-acclimation strategy is common for all algal communities under the low light regime of the early season. Although the sinking algal community could be held for the entire duration of deployment at maximum, this community remained photosynthetically active once exposed to light. This response suggests that sinking algal communities can be the seed population, which results in a subsequent phytoplankton bloom under the sea ice or in a surface layer, as well as representing food for the higher trophic level consumers in the Arctic Ocean even before the receding of the sea ice.     

Abundance,biomass and composition of spring ice algal and phytoplankton communities of the Laptev Sea(Arctic)

<正> Abundance,biomass and composition of the ice algal and phytoplank-ton communities were investigated in the southeastern Laptev Sea in spring 1999.Diatoms dominated the algal communities and pennate diatoms dominated the dia-tom population.12 dominant algal species occurred within sea ice and underlyingwater column,including Fragilariopsis oceanica,F.cylindrus,Nitzschiafrigida,N.promare,Achnanthes taeniata,Nitzschia neofrigida,Naviculapelagica,N.vanhoef fenii,N.septentrionalis,Melosira arctica,Clindrothecaclosterium and Pyrarnimonas sp.The algal abundance of bottom 10 cm sea icevaried between 14.6 and 1562.2×10~4 ceils l~(-1)with an average of 639.0×10~4cells l~(-1),and the algal biomass ranged from 7.89 to 2093.5μg C l~(-1)with an av-erage of 886.9μg C l~(-1),which were generally one order of magnitude higherthan those of sub-bottom ice and two orders of magnitude higher than those ofunderlying surface water.The integrated algal abundance and biomass of lower-most 20 cm ice column were averagely 7.7 and 12.2 times as those of upper 20 mwater column,respectively,suggesting that the ice algae might play an importantrole in maintaining the coastal marine ecosystem before the thawing of sea ice.Icealgae influenced the phytoplankton community of the underlying water column.However,the“seeding”of ice algae for phytoplankton bloom was negligible be-cause of the iow phytoplankton biomass within the underlying water column.     

Studies on culture condition and extracellular hydrolase of psychrophilic bacteria from Arctic sea ice

Arctic sea ice in the polar region provides a cold habitat for microbial community.Arctic sea ice microorganisms are revealed to be of considerable impor- tance in basic research and potential in biotechnological application.This paper in- vestigated the culture condition and extracellular hydrolase of 14 strains of different Arctic sea ice bacteria.The results showed that optimal growth temperature of strains is 15℃or 20℃.The optimal pH is about 8.0.They hardly grow at acid condition. 3% NaCl is necessary for better growth.These strains have different abilities in pro- ducing amylase,protcase,cellulase and lipase.Pseudoalteronomas sp.Bsi429 and Pseudoalteronomas sp.Bsi539 produced both cellulose,protease and lipase.These results provide a basis for further developing and exploiting the cold adapted marine enzyme resources.     

南极和北极地区变化对全球气候变化的指示和调控作用——第四次IPCC评估报告以来一些新认知

政府间国际气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）2007年发布了第4次评估报告后,全球气候变化问题再次成为国际社会、科技界和社会公众关注的焦点之一,并迅速成为了一个重要的国际科学和政治议题。 2007年以来,尤其是第4次国际极地年的实施,越来越多的观测和研究事实表明,北极和南极地区正在出现快速地变化着,这些变化也正在从量上到质量变化,当在跨越这种变化的阈门时,可能出现：北冰洋会在2040年前后出现夏季无海冰所引起的北半球大范围的持续暴雪的寒冷冬季;2050年左右南极上空臭氧空洞可能消失并恢复到上世纪80年代水平,南极地区可能会快速升温并引起东南极冰盖和海冰快速融化,使海平面升高加速;极区海水温度快速升高会驱动极区表层海洋和上覆大气之间CO2分压平衡加速,极区海洋也会大量吸收大气CO2,并诱发海水酸化及对极区生态系统产生不可逆的破坏。因此,南极和北极地区的快速变化,正在扮演对全球气候变化的指示和调控作用。