滇东—黔西地区晚二叠世煤层割理研究及其在煤层气勘探中的意义

介绍了割理识别准则、面割理和端割理的区分及严格定义、割理级别、割理的研究内容、割理的形成以及割理对煤层渗透性的控制作用。对滇东－黔西地区晚二叠世煤层数个向斜井下二十五块煤样,经制煤片,运用定性、定量分析和显微镜下观测相结合的方法,对煤裂隙（割理）进行系统的研究和比较,得出结论：数个向斜中,盘关向斜和格目底向斜煤样煤层裂隙（割理）普遍发育良好。     

恩洪煤层气盆地构造特征

研究煤层气开采条件,首先要解决构造问题,而构造机理研究又是解决构造问题的核心。煤层具有天然裂隙系统,煤中的裂隙系统(割理)的形成、煤化作用与当地的构造特征密切相关,裂隙系统的好坏是开采煤层气的关键。本文研究恩洪盆地的构造和应力场特征、构造分区、优选区块,为煤层气的开发提供靶区,并为开发提供有力的技术支持和科学依据。     

煤内生裂隙的成因

根据多年对煤层裂隙的几何形态、分布规律、性质、与煤层的组合关系等的研究，认为煤内生裂隙是在煤化作用过程中，由于脱水、脱挥发分、煤体积收缩作用产生或者是由于煤化作用生成的水、气体及温度升高，孔隙产生膨胀，形成异常高压产生的；裂隙的发育方向因受区域应力场的控制，区域上具有一致性，且走向与最大主应力方向一致；内生裂隙属于张性裂隙。     

中国不同地质时代煤层瓦斯区域分布特征

通过完成1：200万中国煤层瓦斯地质图项目,系统地整理了中国近2000对矿井瓦斯涌出和谋与瓦斯突出资料,划分出88个瓦斯带,研究了中国不同地区、不同地质时代含煤地层的煤层瓦斯保存和生成条件,结合中国诸含煤地层的成煤条件、地质演化历史和煤化作用等,论述了不同时代含煤地层的煤层瓦斯分布特征。其中,石炭-二叠纪含煤地层成煤条件较好,深成煤化作用程度较高、盖层厚,是形成中国高瓦斯区。高瓦斯带。高瓦斯矿井的主要煤层。早、中侏罗世含煤地层虽然分布面积广、成煤条件好、资源量居诸含煤地层之首,但由于煤化程度偏低,又加上瓦斯风化带普遍较深,多为低瓦斯矿井和低瓦斯带分布。但在中国西部,大型含谋盆地周边多受逆冲推覆构造控制,对煤层瓦斯保存有利。     

煤层气勘探开发中的割理研究

介绍了割理的识别准则、组合类型、面割理和端割理的严格定义、割理的研究内容、割理形成的地质控制因素和割理对煤层渗透性的控制作用。      

山西省石楼北区块构造应力场对煤层气分布的影响

通过对石楼北区块岩层与煤层中大量的节理产状分析,厘定了4套节理配套关系,并在此基础上恢复了4期构造应力场特征。研究认为:本区的节理走向以NWW—NNW、NNE—NE向为主,为燕山期NW—SE向和喜马拉雅期NE—SW向的构造应力作用下形成。多期构造应力的共同作用形成了煤层大密度割理,且煤层一组主要割理方向与现代应力场最大主应力方向较为一致,促进了煤割理的张开,提高了渗透率。煤层与围岩中节理产状的偏差,且节理裂隙中充填方解石,为煤层气的封闭与保存提供了有利的地质条件。煤层上覆岩层较软且节理密集时容易出现低应力差,造成煤层气富集,据此预测了研究区煤层气富集区。     

准格尔煤田储层孔隙—割理系统非均质性及其与煤岩组成之间的关系

从野外和矿井观察统计、光学显微镜观测以及压汞、低温液氮吸附、渗透率实验室测试三个研究层次入手，对影响煤层渗透率各向异性的岩石学因素进行了分析。结果表明：在煤级相似的条件下，煤的“基质渗透性”似乎主要取决于煤层的物质组成；若煤层物质组成相似，则同一地区不同煤层或不同地区同一煤层之间渗透性的差异可能主要起因于受割理发育程度所控制的“割理渗透性”；煤层中不同煤岩类型条带的空间分布特征是决定煤层渗透性各向异性的一个重要因素。     

塔里木盆地深部煤层失稳机理及防塌钻井液技术

针对塔里木盆地深部煤层钻井过程中钻井液漏失和井壁垮塌等井下复杂问题,采用镜质体反射率分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等方法测试了煤的微观结构和理化性能。明确了煤层的失稳机理:煤中固定碳质量分数平均超过60%,镜质体反射率大于1.0%,煤化程度高、性脆、易破碎;黏土矿物总的体积分数低于25%,黏土中不含强水敏性矿物蒙脱石;煤层割理呈网状分布,其宽度主要集中在1~10 μm,易漏失。综合判定煤层失稳类型为力学失稳。以煤层微观结构为目标,结合钻井液材料粒度分布,优选沥青类封堵剂,设计出适用于煤层的沥青质聚磺防塌钻井液体系,其性能测试结果表明:沥青质聚磺防塌钻井液滤失量低、泥饼薄,能有效封堵煤的绝大部分割理,减少钻井液侵入量,防止煤层垮塌。研究成果一定程度上为塔里木盆地深部煤层的安全高效钻井提供技术保障。      

构造应力对煤化作用的影响及其瓦斯灾害性

通过对豫西滑动构造区二1煤动力变质作用特征的研究,探讨了构造煤变质成烃作用与煤化进程的应力影响因素。研究结果表明,不同性质的构造应力具有不同的煤化效应;与拉张应力相比,具各向异性的挤压应力,对煤变质程度的增加、煤基本结构单元BSU侧链和官能团的脱落,以及煤层瓦斯的生成,都具有很大的促进作用。      

煤岩特性对平顶山矿区煤储层渗透性的影响初探

煤层甲烷生产开采中，煤储层的渗透率是一个关键储层特征，本文试图从煤岩学角度研究预测煤储层渗透性的相对大小，通过煤层几何形态，煤岩组成，煤级，煤中矿物，构造煤分布及割理裂隙的分析，认为二：煤的渗透率比三９－１０煤相对要好；区域上本区东部的渗透性能相对比较好，可作首选靶区。     

Cleats and their relation to geologic lineaments and coalbed methane potential in Pennsylvanian coals in Indiana

Cleats and fractures in Pennsylvanian coals in southwestern Indiana were described, statistically analyzed, and subsequently interpreted in terms of their origin, relation to geologic lineaments, and significance for coal permeability and coalbed gas generation and storage. These cleats can be interpreted as the result of superimposed endogenic and exogenic processes. Endogenic processes are associated with coalification (i.e., matrix dehydration and shrinkage), while exogenic processes are mainly associated with larger-scale phenomena, such as tectonic stress.At least two distinct generations of cleats were identified on the basis of field reconnaissance and microscopic study: a first generation of cleats that developed early on during coalification and a second generation that cuts through the previous one at an angle that mimics the orientation of the present-day stress field. The observed parallelism between early-formed cleats and mapped lineaments suggests a well-established tectonic control during early cleat formation. Authigenic minerals filling early cleats represent the vestiges of once open hydrologic regimes. The second generation of cleats is characterized by less prominent features (i.e., smaller apertures) with a much less pronounced occurrence of authigenic mineralization. Our findings suggest a multistage development of cleats that resulted from tectonic stress regimes that changed orientation during coalification and basin evolution.The coals studied are characterized by a macrocleat distribution similar to that of well-developed coalbed methane basins (e.g., Black Warrior Basin, Alabama). Scatter plots and regression analyses of meso- and microcleats reveal a power-law distribution between spacing and cleat aperture. The same distribution was observed for fractures at microscopic scale. Our observations suggest that microcleats enhance permeability by providing additional paths for migration of gas out of the coal matrix, in addition to providing access for methanogenic bacteria.The abundance, distribution, and orientation of cleats control coal fabric and are crucial features in all stages of coalbed gas operations (i.e., exploration and production). Understanding coal fabric is important for coal gas exploration as it may be related to groundwater migration and the occurrence of methanogenic bacteria, prerequisite to biogenic gas accumulations. Likewise, the distribution of cleats in coal also determines pathways for migration and accumulation of thermogenic gas generated during coalification.     

柳林煤层气勘探开发试验区水文地质研究

柳林煤层气试验区区域水文地质条件简单,围岩含水层是煤层水的主要来源,4、8号煤层可动水含水饱和度为39%,裂隙及割理是重力水赋存的储集空间和运移通道。8号煤层的含水性、水活跃程度和产水量强于4、5号煤层。采用斯蒂夫离子图解划分采出水的煤层属性和煤层合采时的主产水层,煤层水属正常-略超压状态。水力坡度较陡的区域是部署开发井的有利地带。      

沁水盆地煤层割理的充填特征及形成过程

煤层作为煤层气的源岩和储集层,与常规天然气储层不同在于煤储层是一种双孔隙岩层,由基质孔隙和裂隙组成,且有自身独特的割理系统,基质孔隙和割理的大小、形态、孔隙度和连通性等决定了煤层气的储集、运移和产出,其中以割理系统对煤层气的产出最为重要。本文以沁水煤田为例,对煤层割理、割理填充物类型、充填方式、自生矿物形成时代进行了研究,总结了填充物形成的先后顺序,并根据填充物的形成时代、煤层埋藏史等提出了割理形成的3种机制：埋藏增压机制;岩浆诱发机制;抬升卸压机制。     

Inducing fractures and increasing cleat apertures in a bituminous coal under isotropic stress via application of microwave energy

For the degassing of coal seams, either prior to mining or in un-minable seams to obtain coalbed methane, it is the combination of cleat frequency, aperture, connectivity, stress, and mineral occlusions that control permeability. Unfortunately, many potential coalbeds have limited permeability and are thus marginal for economic methane extraction. Enhanced coalbed methane production, with concurrent CO₂ sequestration is also challenging due to limited CO₂ injectivity. Microwave energy can, in the absence of confining stress, induce fractures in coal. Here, creation of new fractures and increasing existing cleat apertures via short burst, high-energy microwave energy was evaluated for an isotropically stressed and an unstressed bituminous coal core. A microwave-transparent argon gas pressurized (1000 psi) polycarbonate vessel was constructed to apply isotropic stress simulating ~ 1800 foot depth. Cleat frequency and distribution was determined for the two cores via micro-focused X-ray computed tomography. Evaluation occurred before and after microwave exposure with and without the application of isotropic stress during exposure. Optical microscopy was performed for tomography cleat aperture calibration and also to examine lithotypes influences on fracture: initiation, propagation, frequency, and orientation. It was confirmed that new fractures are induced via high-energy microwave exposure in an unconfined bituminous core and that the aperture increased in existing cleats. Cleat/fracture volume, following microwave exposure increased from 1.8% to 16.1% of the unconfined core volume. For the first time, similar observations of fracture generation and aperture enhancement in coal were also determined for microwave exposure under isotropic stress conditions. An existing cleat aperture, determined from calibrated X-ray computed tomography increased from 0.17 mm to 0.32 mm. The cleat/fracture volume increased from 0.5% to 5.5%. Optical microscopy indicated that fracture initiated likely occurred in at least some cases at fusain microlithotypes. Presumably this was due to the open pore volumes and potential for bulk water presence or steam pressure buildup in these locations. For the major induced fractures, they were mostly horizontal (parallel to the bedding plane) and often contained within lithotype bands. Thus it appears likely that microwaves have the potential to enhance the communication between horizontal wellbore and existing cleat network, in coal seams at depth, for improved gas recovery or CO₂ injection.     

开平—涧河地区煤层气勘探前景

开平—涧河地区石炭二叠系煤层以9#和12#煤层分布最稳定,煤岩组分以镜质组为主,平均达70%以上。煤热演化成熟度R_o值在0.85%～1.26%之间,煤阶分布具有从北往南、向斜轴部向两翼降低的特点。煤层割理倾向稳定,不受构造线影响,大多未被充填。等温吸附实验表明,煤的兰氏体积和兰氏压力分别为30.05m3/t,3.13MPa。煤微孔结构根据吸附等温线和孔径分布特征可分为3类。煤层上覆地层有效厚度具有由北向南减薄特点,北部向斜两翼断层带附近水体交替活跃,矿化度低,南部水体不活跃,矿化度高。煤层瓦斯分化带下限为600m。煤层含气量6～12m3/t,估算煤层埋深在600～1500m范围内煤层气资源量为705×108m3。城坨—小营地区可作为煤层气试验区。      

山西沁水煤层气田采收率预测

采用地质类比、等温吸附曲线及储层数值模拟 3种方法对山西沁水煤层气田主力气层———二叠系山西组 3# 煤层、石炭系太原组 15 # 煤层的煤层气采收率进行了预测 ,结果 3# 煤层的煤层气采收率为 6 2 % ,15 # 煤层的采收率为 5 5 % ,总平均采收率为 5 9%。分析对比了这 3种方法的运用条件及优缺点 ,指出煤层气采收率的预测必须采用多种方法 ,并结合具体的煤层气地质特点进行综合分析 ,才能得出合理的结论。     

煤层气储层的显微孔裂隙成因分类及其应用

采用煤岩学方法研究煤储层特性,可直接观察孔裂隙的分布、形态、数量、充填状态等特征,有利于查明显微孔裂隙成因、影响因素及演化规律。将显微孔隙分为生物成因孔和非生物成因孔;显微裂隙划分出内生裂隙、继承性裂隙、层面裂隙和构造裂隙;分别研究了各类显微孔裂隙在煤储层中的分布、随煤化作用的演化规律及其与渗透率的关系,并取得了良好的效果。      

恩洪矿区煤层气富集的控制因素

恩洪矿区是云南省重要产煤基地，晚古生界的上二叠统宣威组是主要含煤岩系，其煤层镜质组含量较高，变质程度中等，蕴藏着丰富的煤层气资源。综合研究表明：该区煤层气富集的控制因素主要为煤层厚度、煤岩组分、煤级、吸附性能和良好的保存条件。     

Determination of the cleat angle distribution of the RECOPOL coal seams, using CT-scans and image analysis on drilling cuttings and coal blocks

Cleat orientation, cleat frequency and cleat angle distribution of deep coal seams are only available by the use of drilling cores and from coal mine samples. Coal drilling cuttings are a cheap and fast alternative to measure cleat angle distributions with the use of image analysis techniques. In this study oriented coal samples and drilling cuttings of the RECOPOL field experiment are compared and used to explain and validate the proposed method. In other words, cleat angle distributions from drilling cuttings are measured by image analysis. The geological framework of the polish coals is described. The image analysis methodologies for the measurement of fracture faces of cuttings and from CT-scan images, derived from these coals, are explained. The results of the methods on the cuttings are compared with cleat orientation distributions from CT-scans and artificial fragments from coal blocks of the same seams. These evaluations show high agreements between the methods. The cleat angle distributions of drilling cuttings of four seams are compared with the cleat orientation distributions of a regional structural geological study. The high correlation in this study shows that cleat angle distributions of coal seams can be used as input parameters for reservoir modelling.