金顶超大型铅锌矿床成矿条件分析

通过对金顶铅锌矿床矿区的区域地质背景、盆地性质以及矿区地质特征的研究，分析了该矿床的成矿条件，认为正是由于在动荡的区域地质背景和巨厚的碎屑岩建造中，在有机质以及蒸发岩中的硫酸岩提供还原硫的环境下，断裂系统长期继承性的活动，使得成矿热液能够稳定地向同一空间部位迁移，并且景星组顶板和云龙组上段的底板均为以泥岩为主的细碎屑岩，从而形成圈闭，使得成矿物质淀积下来，形成超大型矿床。金顶铅锌矿床有可能是以沉积岩为主岩的一种新型矿床。     

滇西北兰坪金顶可能的古油气藏及对铅锌大规模成矿的作用

滇西北兰坪中-新生代沉积盆地产有中国最大的铅锌矿床,巨量铅锌矿石集中产在金顶穹窿内,矿石中不同产状的干酪根、轻质原油、重油、烃类气、沥青等多种成熟形式的有机物质丰富.对矿区有机物质进行了岩相学、生物标志化合物、碳同位素及铅同位素分析,结果显示:有机物质中氯仿沥青"A"的质量分数为(72～395 415.42)×10-6,w(饱和烃)/w(芳香烃)普遍大于1,饱和烃中检测出丰度较高的正构烷烃、Pr、Ph和iC18等生物标志化合物,烃源母质为藻类生物Ⅰ型有机质;相对于区域岩石,矿石中有机物质的有机转化率较低(0.5%～7.2%,平均为3.05%),已明显受热而成熟;透射全色光和紫外光显微镜在矿石光薄片样品中鉴别出较多原油和烃类气体包裹体.研究表明:金顶穹窿具有油气成藏"生、运、储、盖、闭"等配套发育的良好条件,矿区油气显示和古油气藏遗迹明显,铅锌成矿前或成矿中可能已形成油气藏;这个可能的油气藏以富含原油、烃类和H2S等还原性气体为成分特征;金顶古油气藏中H2S等还原性气体的聚集及其导致铅锌硫化物快速集中沉淀是大规模成矿的关键,成藏-成矿是金顶穹窿中一个连续发生、发展的动力学过程,成藏是成矿的前提.     

兰坪坳陷上三叠统原油地球化学及有机成矿意义

兰坪坳陷金顶矿区下含矿层产有多层稠油，储层主要为上三叠统三合洞组的灰岩和角砾状灰岩。原油地球化学特征表明有机母质是多源性的，并以低等水生藻类贡献为主，沉积水体介质以还原性占优势，具有较高盐度，有机质热演化处于成熟一高成熟阶段，生物降解改造较为强烈。铅锌金属与稠油的共生、金属硫化物的有机生物硫特征、有机质富集地区矿化强烈等均表明有机质参与了金属成矿。按照不同世代有机质与金属成矿作用机理，本区有机成矿主要以配合作用及吸附、还原作用为主。     

云南金顶铅锌矿床成矿物质来源及有机成矿作用

分析了金顶铅锌矿床同位素及生物标志化合物特征,探讨了矿床成矿物质来源及有机成矿作用.结果表明,矿石铅主要来自上地幔,成矿流体主要为地幔流体和盆地卤水.矿区有机质的母质来源以低等水生生源的海藻类为主,同时伴随有一定量的陆源高等植物组分的输入,有机质来源于三叠纪三合洞组碳酸盐岩地层.有机质在成矿作用中可能起到的作用有:还原硫酸盐提供成矿所需的硫源;形成有机金属络合物,活化运移成矿金属元素;改变成矿物理化学环境对成矿物质的还原沉淀作用.     

兰坪坳陷上三叠统原油地球化学及有机成矿意义

兰坪坳陷金顶矿区下含矿层产有多层稠油,储层主要为上三叠统三合洞组的灰岩和角砾状灰岩.原油地球化学特征表明有机母质是多源性的,并以低等水生藻类贡献为主,沉积水体介质以还原性占优势,具有较高盐度,有机质热演化处于成熟-高成熟阶段,生物降解改造较为强烈.铅锌金属与稠油的共生、金属硫化物的有机生物硫特征、有机质富集地区矿化强烈等均表明有机质参与了金属成矿.按照不同世代有机质与金属成矿作用机理,本区有机成矿主要以配合作用及吸附、还原作用为主.     

辽东早元古宙层控铅锌矿床铅同位素研究

辽东早元古宙层控铅锌矿床具有多层位产出和多阶段成矿的特点。据对71个铅同位素数据研究,铅同位素比值既在任一矿区内有差别,同时在矿区与矿区之间也有差别。铅同位素比值图解清楚地反映出有拟合μ=8.20±0.08增长曲线、混合铅等时线和异常铅8种类型。通过铅源参数分析,拟合μ=8.20±0.08增长曲线的铅为地幔铅与早元古宙地层铅混合均一化了的铅,混合铅等时线的铅为地幔铅与早元古宙地层铅混合未均一化的铅;异常铅经与大西洋和太平洋若干岛屿年轻火山岩铅同位素比值比较,为遭受大陆壳古老花岗质岩石中铅混染的地幔铅。混合铅等时线和铅的模式年龄反映了层控铅锌矿床的多期成矿作用。铅同位素比值不拟合整合铅矿床的增长曲线,同时铅模式年龄都比矿床所在的围岩年龄新,表明层控铅锌矿床不是喷气沉积矿床,而是属于密西西比河谷型(MVT)矿床。     

浙江淳安银山银铅锌多金属矿床硫铅同位素地球化学特征

银山银铅锌多金属矿是近几年来在该区域发现的中型以上的银铅锌多金属矿床,为地层-构造-岩浆综合控制型矿床。运用矿区的黄铁矿矿石S、Pb同位素示踪的方法探讨了矿床成矿物质来源。矿区黄铁矿和方铅矿的硫同位素组成δ34S值为-1.5‰~27.9‰,且硫同位素分布直方图中显示3种来源特征,指示成矿物质来源可能为海水、地层或岩浆。Pb同位素组成μ(238U/204Pb)值特征、Zartman构造模式、Δγ-Δβ成因分类研究表明,矿区矿石铅为幔-壳混源,指示物源主要来自于中生代岩浆热液,而非海底热液沉积物。综合表明银山银铅锌多金属矿床是中生代岩浆热液型矿床。      

湖南凤凰铅锌矿床成矿流体特征及成矿机制

扬子地块东南缘是我国重要的铅锌成矿带,而其中凤凰矿田尚缺系统研究。以凤凰铅锌矿床为研究对象,运用流体包裹体地质学、同位素地球化学以及显微激光拉曼光谱等方法对成矿流体特征、流体来源及流体成分开展了系统研究。结果表明:矿床中闪锌矿和与成矿有关的脉石矿物中流体包裹体较发育;包裹体主要为气液两相,其均一温度介于111.2~177℃,盐度介于4.1%~25.2%,密度介于0.98~1.09 g/cm3,总体为低温、中高盐度、中等密度流体;石英、闪锌矿中单个包裹体成分拉曼光谱测试结果表明,气液两相包裹体中气相成分主要为CH₄,液相主要为H₂O,纯气相包裹体主要成分为CH₄;H-O同位素分析结果表明,成矿流体主要为建造水,表明来自盆地中的建造水萃取了深部地层中的成矿物质,并与沉积物中有机物干馏作用产生的CH₄等一起形成还原性成矿流体,沿同生断裂构造等通道向上运移,铅锌等成矿物质在浅部敖溪组白云岩中沉淀成矿。      

西藏龙根铅锌矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

龙根铅锌矿床λ于念青唐古拉铅锌多金属成矿带西段,目前该矿床的矿物学特征研究较为薄弱.以主要 矽卡岩矿物为研究对象,利用电子探针技术对其矿物学特征进行了研究.龙根铅锌矿床是由深部岩浆结晶分异 产生的成矿流体从深部向上运移过程中,在温度与压力的驱动下沿灰岩和花岗斑岩的岩性分界面选择性交代形 成,属于岩浆热液接触交代型矿床.研究结果表明:龙根铅锌矿床从花岗斑岩至灰岩矽卡岩矿物分布具有良好的 空间分带性,矿床从早到晚可划分为２个成矿期、５个成矿阶段;成矿环境由早期的弱酸性、中低温、高氧逸度转变 为晚期的碱性、较低温度、较高氧逸度;矿床不限于铅锌矿化,深部可能有 CuＧMo矿的成矿潜力,下一步矿区勘探 工作应该Χ绕岩体接触带进行布置,继续往深部进行勘查.      

河南省罗山县白石坡银铅锌多金属矿床成因与成矿模式

白石坡银铅锌多金属矿床产于以中元古界龟山岩组为基底的NE向白石坡正断裂带内,与中生代火山活动有密切关系.文章较系统地从矿区地质、矿床地质、微量元素、同位素及流体包裹体特征等方面分析了该矿床的成矿物质来源、介质来源、控矿因素及成矿机理,认为属火山活动后期的中-低温热液矿床,并划分为3个成矿期,建立了矿床成矿模式.     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.     

Plate subduction,oxygen fugacity,and mineralization

Plate subduction is the largest natural factory that processes elements, which controls recycling and mineralization of a variety of elements. There are three major ore deposit belts in the world: the circumPaci?c, the central Asian, and the Tethys belts. All the three belts are closely associated with plate subductions, the mechanism remains obscure. We approached this problem from systematic studies on the behaviours of elements during geologic processes. This contribution summaries the recent progress of our research group. Our results suggest that porphyry Cu deposits form through partial melting of subducted young oceanic crust under oxygen fugacities higher than ? FMQ ～+1.5, which is promoted after the elevation of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 550 Ma. Tin deposits are associated with reducing magmatic rocks formed as a consequence of slab rollback. The Neo-Tethys tectonic regime hosts more than 60% of the world's total Sn reserves. This is due to the reducing environment formed during the subduction of organic rich sediments. For the same reason, porphyry Cu deposits formed in the late stages during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Tungsten deposits are also controlled by slab rollback, but is not so sensitive to oxygen fugacity. Subduction related W/Sn deposits are mostly accompanied by abundant accessory ?uorites due to the breakdown of phengite and apatite. Decomposition of phengite is also signi?cant for hard rock lithium deposits, whereas orogenic belt resulted from plate subduction promote the formation of Li brine deposits. Cretaceous red bed basins near the Nanling region are favorable for Li brines. Both Mo and Re are enriched in the oxidationreduction cycle during surface processes, and may get further enriched once Mo-, Re-enriched sediments are subducted and involved in magmatism. During plate subduction, Mo and Re fractionate from each other. Molybdenum is mainly hosted in porphyry Mo deposits and to a less extent, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, whereas Re is predominantly hosted in porphyry Cu-Mo deposits and sedimentary sul?de deposits.