大型地下洞室群地震模拟振动台试验研究(Ⅰ):岩体相似材料配比试验

结合大型地下洞室群地震模拟振动台模型试验研究,根据相似原理,利用正交试验和二次细化试验相结合的试验方法,对岩体相似材料进行配比试验。选用铁精粉、重晶石粉和石英砂作为骨料,石膏为胶凝材料,甘油为调节剂。正交试验以相似材料的密度、抗压强度和变形模量为控制指标,通过极差分析得到各影响因素的重要程度,并在此基础上进行二次细化试验,二次细化试验增加测试相似材料的抗拉强度。这种组合试验方法可通过较少的试验次数得到符合相似指标要求的材料配比,大大提高了配比试验的效率。试验得出的相似材料配比与物理力学指标的变化规律及运用组合试验高效确定具体配比的方法,对类似工程动静力模型试验相似材料模拟具有一定的参考意义。     

脆性岩体岩爆倾向性的相似材料配比试验研究

坚硬脆性岩体具有岩爆倾向性。选取单轴抗压强度? c、抗压抗拉强度比? c /? t与冲击能量指数WB为岩爆概化指标。在制作岩爆模型材料时,采用石英砂、石膏、水泥、水、甘油和明胶等相似材料成分运用正交试验设计的原理进行配比试验,制作模型小试件。对模型小试件进行单轴抗压强度试验和劈裂试验,找出了各相似材料成分配比对试件? c、? c /? t与WB的影响特征,选取了合适的岩爆模型材料的配方。该配方力学指标稳定,既满足物理模拟岩爆的模型材料的要求,又便于一次性浇注大尺寸模型试件,较适用于大型物理模拟试验。     

地下洞室变形破坏物理模拟的力学相似畸变映射原理与实例分析

相似物理模拟是研究地下工程变形破坏问题的重要手段,然而经典相似理论关于相似模型与工程原型之间的几何相似比和材料力学参数相似比的相互约束,导致室内物理相似模型尺寸和材料力学参数一直面临难以完全满足相似准则的困局,从而产生力学畸变和模拟试验结果解译困难。为此,提出了地下洞室变形破坏物理模拟的力学相似畸变映射处理方法,引进畸变系数和映射系数,通过耦合解析法或数值法来映射畸变效应,实现地下洞室物理模拟结果对原型力学行为的定量解译;以圆形隧洞为工程原型,采用水泥基3D打印隧洞物理模型进行相似物理超载试验,基于提出的耦合力学相似畸变法与解析法对物理模拟结果进行了定量分析和对比验证;以某水电站地下洞室群为研究原型,通过砂岩3D打印洞室群物理模型的超载试验获得洞室破坏的变形值,采用耦合力学相似畸变法与数值方法对物理模拟结果进行定量分析。实例分析结果表明,在物理相似模拟中几何相似比和力学相似比不满足经典相似准则条件下,该方法可实现圆形隧洞或复杂洞室群原型的相似物理模拟结果的定量映射分析,对非恒定相似比的地下洞室物理模拟畸变分析具有普适性。     

多孔含水岩层的相似材料配比研究

以石膏、浮石、硅藻土等材料为相似材料对多孔含水岩层进行相似材料模拟。试验中采用四因素（硅藻土水泥石膏比、标准砂浮石比、骨胶比、重晶石骨料比）、五水平的正交试验方法,分别对多孔含水岩层的相似材料试件进行密度、单轴抗压强度、孔隙率、弹性模量以及软化系数的测定,得出相应的物理力学性质指标,采用直观分析法分析各因素对物理力学性质的影响规律。分析结果表明：由于各配比度不同,相似材料强度分布范围较广,在与多孔岩层的岩石参数对比中发现,在一定的相似条件下,基本符合多孔岩层岩石的相似要求;硅藻土含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、孔隙率呈负相关,与软化系数呈正相关;浮石含量与密度、抗压强度、弹性模量、软化系数呈负相关,与孔隙率呈正相关。所加入的两种材料可较好地模拟样品的多孔特性。在允许波动范围之内,所建立的模拟多孔含水岩层的经验方程可用于工程实践。     

流-固耦合模型试验用的新型相似材料研制及应用

为研究隧道突水、突泥过程中断层及围岩各物理场变化规律,根据地质力学模型试验相似原理,通过大量多组别配比试验,研制出适用于流-固耦合模型试验的新型断层及围岩相似材料。其中,断层相似材料以砂为粗骨料,滑石粉为细骨料,石膏、膨润土作为胶结剂,液态石蜡作为调节剂;围岩相似材料以砂为粗骨料,重晶石粉、滑石粉为细骨料,白水泥及乳胶作为胶结剂。通过大量室内试验,对比分析原岩及相似材料变形特征及强度破坏特性,重点对单轴抗压强度、渗透系数、重度、泊松比、弹性模量等重要变形及水理特性参量进行调控,系统研究不同配比对材料参数的影响规律。试验结果表明：该材料力学参数变化范围广、性能稳定、操作工艺简单,可用来模拟不同渗透系数的低、中等强度岩体材料。将该相似材料应用于吉莲高速公路永莲隧道断层突水、突泥三维地质力学模型试验中,力学性能及水理特性均达到试验要求,能够有效地模拟突水、突泥的发展演变过程,真实反映断层灾变过程中各物理场响应规律。     

上横山多层页岩矿床低强度相似材料试验模型研究

通过相似配比试验,研制不同砂胶比的低强度相似材料,分析了砂胶比和胶结材料中水泥含量对其物理和力学性质的影响及其变化规律。根据上横山多层页岩矿床赋存条件和相似模拟试验要求,确定了3个可行的、有效的相似材料配比,结合相似模拟条件构筑了多层页岩矿床相似材料模型。试验结果表明,相同砂胶比的低强度相似材料的密度、抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比均随胶结材料中水泥含量的增加而增大;密度、孔隙率、弹性模量和泊松比在低砂胶比条件下具有更小的波动性。进一步研究发现,选择的低强度页岩相似材料实际相似常数与设计相似常数误差≤1.77%;利用数值模拟回采矿床矿柱的变形特征与相似模拟试验基本相似,应变变化幅度≤8.76%,试验模型在多层页岩矿床模型试验研究上具有一定的合理性。研究结果为有效的进行多层页岩矿床地下开采研究提供科学依据和试验基础。     

水泥石膏相似材料配比试验研究

采用水泥石膏相似材料制作标准试件模型,应用正交试验设计方法,以砂胶比、水泥石膏比、重晶石/骨料为3个因素,每个因素设置5个水平,设计了25组材料配比试验,进行了称重、单轴压缩、劈裂试验,获得了不同配比相似材料的密度、抗压强度、抗拉强度等物理力学性质指标。试验结果表明:不同配比的相似材料物理力学指标分布的范围较大,能够满足不同性质岩体模型试验对岩体相似材料的要求。基于MATLAB计算软件编制了用于正交试验设计和回归分析的软件,得到由水泥石膏相似材料密度、抗压强度和抗拉强度指标推算材料配比的经验公式。在以后的水泥石膏相似材料配比试验中可以用上述经验方程根据欲得到的材料物理力学指标进行配比设计。     

煤岩模型试验相似材料的配比试验

相似模型试验是研究煤岩水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的重要手段之一,试验结论的有效性依靠相似材料的正确选材和配比。为开展水力压裂模拟试验,根据目标煤层原煤的力学性能,采用正交设计方法开展了相似材料配比试验,研制出适用于水力压裂试验的相似材料模型。其中,以水泥、石膏作为胶结剂,全粒径煤粉为骨料,通过大量室内试验,重点对相似材料的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比、坚固性系数进行测定,对比分析原煤和相似材料强度特性,系统研究不同配比对相似材料参数的影响。结果表明:根据相似材料配比方案得出的相似材料力学性能能够满足煤岩相似模型试验的要求。研究结果可为水力压裂模拟试验中相似材料的选择及配比提供参考和借鉴。      

水库型滑坡模型试验相似材料的研制及应用

相似材料的研制是滑坡模型试验的关键。在相似材料的研究基础上,通过大量的配比试验,结合模糊综合评价法对不同配比材料的相似性进行比较,研制出同时模拟物理力学性能相似和渗流作用相似的水库型滑坡相似材料,这种材料由标准砂、滑体土、膨润土和水溶液混合而成。同时通过库水作用下滑坡模型试验评价该材料的相似效果,记录水位升降过程中坡内的孔隙水压力变化、渗流变化、滑面形态及裂缝形成发展过程。试验结果表明,库水对岩土体物理力学性质的弱化和坡内指向临空面的渗透压力是滑坡产生的主要诱发因素;水库型滑坡的破坏模式为有多级滑面的牵引式破坏;试验观测的浸润线与理论计算结果基本吻合。该相似材料的物理力学性能和渗流效果均能达到试验相似要求,模拟库水作用下滑坡变形破坏过程的效果良好,是一种比较理想的水库型滑坡模型相似材料。研究结果为进一步开展大型水库型滑坡模型试验提供了科学依据。     

低强度高脆性崩塌物理模拟相似材料配比研究

随着全球极端气候事件频发,近年在我国西南山区,时常出现大型高位崩塌灾害,造成重大人员伤亡与财产损失。物理模拟试验常用于崩塌机理研究,而试验使用的材料性质对试验结果的影响是显著的,模型试样的制作是物理模拟试验成败的关键之一。本文以贵州现场调查典型高位崩塌为原型,选取控制强度和脆性的相似材料,引入脆性评价指标,设计正交试验方案进行低强度、高脆性崩塌模型材料配比试验,讨论各材料对试样参数影响规律;选择脆性指标较低的6组配比试样开展碎裂试验,选择堆积特征与现场相符的第20组材料配比为物理模拟最优配比。     

Water absorption process effect on strength of Ayazini tuff,such as the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), flexural strength and freeze and thaw effect

Tuffs have been used as a construction material possibly since ancient times. In Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, there are numerous buildings constructed by tuff. Tuff has been a local construction material, during the Roman, Seljuk and Ottoman periods. Even though tuffs have relatively low durability and low strength values compared to marble, etc., they have survived with no major deterioration failures on many historical buildings. It has also been preferred because of its high porous texture, lightweight and easy shaping and process properties in the building sector. Naturally, it would be easily affected by water and humidity because of its porous structure. However, having this kind of structure leads to poor durability properties due to keeping water in it. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the tuff quarried from the region and possible water effect, which may lead to degradation of its strength and durability of the material, thereby shortening the life span of the building structure used. Samples, which were tested after exposing to water and the freeze and thaw effects, were measured at a certain time. In this study, uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength tests were conducted on test samples. The test results indicate that water may deteriorate the tuff’s strength properties and durability of the materials in due time.     

Monitoring of the temperature–moisture regime in St. Martin’s Cathedral tower in Bratislava

Buildings are often composed of materials with a porous structure. Moisture in the masonry has a destructive impact caused by cycles of drying–wetting and freezing–thawing. A new sensor principle for monitoring moisture in the masonry is presented herein. This sensor utilizes changes in the thermal conductivity of porous structures when they are filled with moist air, water, or ice depending on the existing thermodynamic conditions. Herein, the “hot-ball” method is used to measure the thermal conductivity. The moisture sensor is prepared for porous material corresponding to the parent material, whether it is rock, brick, or concrete. This parent sample is taken from a borehole drilled into the wall. Methodology for moisture sensor calibration is also presented. Sensors were placed in the masonry walls of St. Martin’s Cathedral tower in the North, South, and West orientations. The sensors were placed in the plaster and bricks at depths up to 60 mm in the wall surface, just below the window sill. The temperature–moisture regime was monitored from August 19th, 2011 to March 30th, 2012. Changes in temperature and moisture were then correlated with meteorological data.     

A developed technique for measuring water content in oil-contaminated porous media

Water content is an important physical parameter for soil, vadose zone, and porous aquifer. Accurate measurement of water content in oil-contaminated porous media is critical for the research on oil pollution process and remediation in soil and groundwater systems. In this study, an improved water content calculation formula for oil-contaminated porous media was proposed based on the theory of oven-drying method, and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the applicability and accuracy of the formula for several types of manually prepared oil-contaminated porous media with different water contents. Furthermore, the measuring method and calculation formula, which can be used to determine the water content of porous media sampled from the oil-contaminated sites, were proposed for the first time in this study based on the improved formula. The experimental results showed that the improved formula was very accurate when used to calculate the water contents of diesel-contaminated sand, gasoline-contaminated mild clay, and engine oil-contaminated sand, indicating that it was widely applicable to oils with different volatile ability as well as porous media with different texture. This study meets the urgent need for accurate determination of water content in oil-contaminated porous media, and it solves the technical problem that the existing water content measuring methods cannot be applied directly in the field study.     

A viscoelastic model for the dynamic response of soils to periodical surface water disturbance

In many instances soils can be assumed to behave like viscoelastic materials during loading/unloading cycles, and this study is aimed at setting up a viscoelastic model to investigate the dynamic response of a porous soil layer of finite thickness under the effect of periodically linear water waves. The waves and homogeneous water are described by potential theory and the porous material is described by a viscoelastic model, which is modified from Biot's poroelastic theory (1956). The distributions of pore water pressures and effective stresses of various soils such as silt, sand, and gravel are demonstrated by employing the proposed viscoelastic model. The discrepancies of the dynamic response between the simulations of viscoelastic model and elastic model are found to be strongly dependent on the wave frequency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲁西南高氟区生活饮用水供水模式研究

为有效解决鲁西南高氟区生活饮用水供水安全问题,在水文地质环境地质调查的基础上,通过水质分析、岩土样分析、综合评价研究,查明高氟水的分布规律、圈定生活饮用水找水靶区。结合供水水源空间分布特征、供水现状及供水方式,因地制宜,提出了3种供水模式:以浅层孔隙水或岩溶裂隙水为水源的集中供水模式;以深层孔隙水为饮用水源集中供水并且以浅层孔隙水为生活用水水源的分散供水模式,以及以地表水为主要水源的集中供水模式。供水模式的划分可为鲁西南高氟改水工作及供水安全问题提供技术支持与保障。     

论晋北石炭二叠系紫色高岭石粘土的成因

晋北地区石炭二叠系煤层中与四号及九号煤伴生的含有机质的软质耐火粘土,即高岭石粘上,俗称紫矸或紫木节。对紫矸的成因过去有两种看法:(1)原生沉积的;(2)后期风化残积“由煤变来的”。笔者认为除这两个因素同时存在外,还与成岩后生作用中有机酸的淋滤和高岭石的重结晶、有序化等有关,尤其是后期风化表生作用使有机质氧化淋滤去SiO_2形成一水软铝石、褪色、溶蚀多孔、质地疏松,形成今日所见紫色高岭石粘土。     

石油污染多孔介质含水量测定技术

石油污染多孔介质中含有石油和水分,采用传统的烘干法测定其含水量时,水分和油分会同时产生挥发,无法准确测定含水量。在传统烘干法测定含水量的基础上,根据水分和油分不同的挥发特征,提出了石油污染多孔介质含水量的定义和计算公式,测定了不同石油在多孔介质中的烘干损失系数,建立一种测定石油污染多孔介质含水量的改进烘干法。结果表明:该法测定的石油污染多孔介质的含水量与实际值的误差约为0.10%~0.50%,低于传统方法的测定结果,可用于室内各项石油污染多孔介质的模拟研究。     

Upscaling of Navier–Stokes equations in porous media: Theoretical, numerical and experimental approach

The accurate estimation of hydraulic conductivity is important for many geotechnical engineering applications, as the presence of fluids affects all aspects of soil behaviour, including its strength. Darcy’s law is the key experimental (or phenomenological) equation employed to model ground water flow. Yet, this phenomenological equation can be linked to a more fundamental microscale model of flow through the pore spaces of the porous material. This paper provides an experimental verification of the relationships between Darcy’s law (macroscale) and the Navier–Stokes equations (microscale) for actual complex pore geometries of a granular material. The pore geometries are experimentally obtained through state-of-the-art X-ray computer assisted micro-tomography. From the numerical modelling of the microscale flow based on actual pore geometries, it is possible to quantify and visualize the development of pore-scale fluid preferential flow-paths through the porous material, and to assess the importance of pore connectivity in soil transport properties.     

论中国岩溶铝土矿的成因与生物和有机质的成矿作用

中国铝土矿以石炭纪溶型硬水铝石为主,占世界同类型矿床的９０％以上。其形成条件因长期处于湿热的古热带地区,铝硅酸盐岩石（包括基底碳酸盐岩石中粘土民页岩夹层）经强烈的风化,特别是经作用产生粘土质、铝凝胶等胶体一碎屑物质,经水流冲刷并作短程搬对盆地而成为湖沼沉积、海浪或泻湖沉积。生物和衍生的有机质的成矿作用遍及各个阶段;如早期风化淋滤作用,搬运阶段的护胶作用,沉积水盆中有机物的吸附、分解及净化作用,同生     

Time-dependent changes in the strength of repair mortar used in the loss compensation of stone

Repair mortar and mixture of repair mortar with porous limestone sand aggregate were tested under laboratory conditions. Water absorption properties and micro-fabric analyses with a combination of strength tests were applied to assess the durability and compatibility of repair mortar with porous limestone. Uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength were measured after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days of casting. Durability was tested by comparing strength test results of samples kept air dry, water saturated, dried in drying chamber, freeze–thaw and non-standardized freeze–thaw cycles. The results indicate that with time various trends in strength were observed. In general, limestone aggregate content decreases more the compressive strength more than the flexural strength of the mortar. Standardized freeze–thaw tests of saturated samples caused a rapid material loss after 25 cycles, while freeze–thaw tests of undersaturated samples demonstrated that even after 100 cycles the test specimens still have a significant strength. Water-saturated samples that contain 50% of limestone aggregate have a 50% loss of strength in comparison with saturated repair mortar, while air-dry and water-saturated repair mortar has a minor strength difference after 90 days. The use of smaller amounts of porous limestone aggregate in repair mortar allow the preparation of repairs that are compatible with the monuments of Central Europe that were constructed from porous limestone.