云南腾冲新近系樟科润楠属两种化石及其古环境意义

角质层微细构造特征是化石植物鉴定的重要依据,实验研究了云南腾冲新近系樟科润楠属薄叶润楠Machilus leptophylla和长梗润楠(近似种)Machilus cf. longipedicellata两个化石种的表皮微细构造特征,并与现存对应种类进行了表皮构造和叶结构特征的对比分析,补充证实了两化石种均属于自然分类属性。丰富了我国樟科润楠属化石记录。鉴于大气CO2浓度与植物叶片气孔指数呈负相关关系,Machilus叶片可以作为大气CO2浓度的生物指示器。研究表明,利用该类化石叶片气孔参数可推测地史时期古大气CO2浓度,揭示了新近纪滇西地区为温暖湿润性气候。     

浙东新近纪一种栎属植物化石微细特征及其古环境指示

归于壳斗科栎属的一种植物化石黄毛青冈(亲缘种)Quercusaff.delavayi Franch采于浙江天台中新统下南山组。该化石不仅具有与现生黄毛青冈Quercus delavayi Franch相似的叶形态结构,而且两者表皮微细构造亦颇为一致,宏观和微观特征表明,当前材料与现生黄毛青冈具有一定的亲缘关系。通过研究不同时间、不同地点现生黄毛青冈的表皮微细特征,发现黄毛青冈毛基的个体发育重演了青冈亚属毛基的系统演化。进一步比较化石与现生材料的毛基参数及其他表皮特征,推论浙江天台中新世的古气候较现在温暖湿润,根据现生与化石黄毛青冈气孔比率计算出浙江天台中新世古大气CO2体积分数为(395.22±5.61)×10-6。     

浙东中新世Cinnamomum cf.bejolghota微细构造及其古环境意义

化石采自浙江天台嵊县组.该地层含丰富被子植物压型化石及少量裸子植物化石.利用叶结构分析法,依据叶脉、叶尖、叶基等稳定性特征,对一种樟科植物化石的宏观形态进行了详细的研究;结合表皮特征分析,发现该化石与现生Cinnamomum bejolghota(Buch-Ham.)Sweet在叶形、叶脉特征以及表皮脉络细胞特征、气孔器类型和毛基特征等方面均很相似,因而将当前化石定名为Cinnamomum cf.bejolghota(钝叶桂相似种).通过分析化石钝叶桂的角质层微细构造特征,结合现生钝叶桂的分布范围和生存环境恢复了浙东地区中新世的古气候和古环境特征,推测当时的气候比现在更为炎热多雨,同时认为钝叶桂从中新世至今有南迁的趋势.     

福建永安下白垩统坂头组枝脉蕨属一新种Cladophlebis yonganensis sp.nov.

对福建永安市下白垩统坂头组保存较好的真蕨类营养叶化石枝脉蕨Cladophlebis进行了叶片形态及角质层微细构造特征的分析, 该化石至少二次羽状分裂, 末二次羽轴粗, 小羽片小, 全缘, 排列紧密, 中脉明显, 侧脉密集, 多数一次分叉; 上表皮无气孔器, 细胞轮廓不清晰, 偶见表皮毛; 下表皮具气孔器, 呈纵向带状排列; 表皮细胞长方形或呈条带状; 垂周壁加厚, 较直; 平周壁波状突起; 气孔器近圆形, 具明显拱盖, 保卫细胞弱角质化, 副卫细胞分化不明显.对当前化石小羽片解剖学特征的分析填补了该属植物化石叶片角质层微细构造特征的空白, 进一步将其与现生紫萁Osmunda joponsica以及部分真蕨类化石的表皮特征进行对比, 结合宏观形态和角质层特征的分析及其与相似种类的比较, 将永安的标本命名为一新种, 永安枝脉蕨Cladophlebis yonganensis Dai et B. N. Sun, sp. nov., 并且推断当前化石代表了某一类已经灭绝的真蕨类植物.      

宁夏盐池地区宁夏拟刺葵(新种)的首次发现

宁夏盐池地区中侏罗统延安组井下发现大量茨康类拟刺葵属叶片压型化石,根据其叶部形态学和表皮构造特征建立宁夏拟刺葵(新种)Phoenicopsis(Windwardia)ningxiaensis sp.nov.He。该新种以叶脉稀疏,每枚叶片仅叶脉2～4条,表皮细胞壁直,上表皮气孔带内气孔器单列,下表皮气孔带内气孔器3或4列,上、下表皮普通表皮细胞均无乳突,副卫细胞强烈乳突为特征,区别于属内其他已知各种。当前新种的表皮构造特征反映中侏罗世气候以温暖、潮湿为主。     

云南腾冲上新统Carpinus miofangiana的发现及古气候意义

在云南省腾冲县上新统芒棒组发现了保存较好的被子植物化石密脉鹅耳枥Carpinus m io-fangianaHu et Chaney。该种化石曾在我国山东山旺组有过报道,当前化石在叶形及叶脉特征上都和山旺的标本非常相似。进一步分析了化石叶片的角质层微细构造特征,并结合叶结构分析提高了对化石植物分类鉴定的准确性。基于化石Carpinusm iofangiana与现生植物Carpinus fangiana在生态环境及其结构特征上的相似性,将Carpinus fangiana作为化石的现生对应种进行对比,并统计二者的气孔密度和气孔指数,用气孔比率的方法推测上新世的大气CO2浓度为464×10-6,基本上与Berner全球碳平衡模型GEOCARB III中CO2浓度变化曲线上的数值一致,说明C.m iofangiana叶片可以作为古大气CO2浓度变化的生物指标。最后通过化石和现生叶片角质层的对比分析推断滇西地区上新世时气候比现在温暖湿润。     

云南腾冲上新统垂丝紫荆(比较种)Cerciscf.racemosa Oliv.表皮微细构造研究

本文研究了产于滇西腾冲上新世芒棒组一种被子植物叶型化石垂丝紫荆(比较种)Cerciscf.racemosaOliv.,归于豆科紫荆属。揭示了该种叶表皮构造特征:上表皮无气孔器,表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直;下表皮具环列型气孔器,表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直;上下表皮有相同类型的毛基,毛基的根部由多细胞组成,毛基部的细胞特化成辐射状。该化石表皮微细构造的分析为恢复腾冲上新世古环境提供了古植物证据。     

辽宁阜新早白垩世几种松柏类化石微细构造及地质意义

采集了辽宁阜新盆地下白垩统的3种松柏类植物化石,分别为Cephalotaxopsis haizhouensis Shang,Elatocladus cf. dunnii Miller et Lapasha和Elatides harrisii Chow。对三者的表皮微细构造进行了详细研究,其中Cephalotaxopsis haizhouensis和 Elatocladus cf. dunnii的微细构造特征总体反映了一种温暖湿润的环境条件。根据它们的表皮构造和气孔带特征,与现生种 表皮微细构造做了对比分析,结果显示现生植物Cephalotaxus sinensis和Cephalotaxus fortunei可以作为化石植物Cephalotaxopsis haizhouensis和Elatocladus cf. dunnii的最近现存对应种,通过这两种化石植物与其最近现存对应种的气孔比率定量重建了阜 新盆地早白垩世的古大气CO2浓度。     

关于新疆准噶尔盆地中侏罗世奥勃鲁契夫银杏(Ginkgo obrutschewii Seward)叶表皮构造的讨论

通过对新疆准噶尔盆地白杨河地区中侏罗世奥勃鲁契夫银杏(Ginkgo obrutschewii Seward)模式产地及其邻区该种叶化石表皮构造的研究,笔者认为应以采自白杨河模式产地的化石材料作为认定该种主要特征的依据。尽管G.obrutschewii的外部形态和叶表皮构造可能具有一些变异特征,但综合而言,该种叶表皮构造主要特征似应为:表皮气孔器特征通常为下气孔式,上下表皮细胞均普遍发育强度不同的角质化丘状或低缓的乳状突起,垂周壁略直或微弯;气孔器单唇式,保卫细胞近孔缝处唇状加厚强烈,副卫细胞通常强烈角质化,表面常发育瘤状或团块状角质化加厚。目前对该种叶化石的采集及其表皮构造的研究尚不充分,相关研究有待进一步深入。近年来,俄罗斯学者归于本种的产于新疆福海的银杏叶片化石,及其对本种叶表皮构造特征的补充等,尚值得商榷。     

云南腾冲上新统垂丝紫荆（比较种）Cercis cf．racemosa Oliv．表皮微细构造研究

本文研究了产于滇西腾冲上新世芒棒组一种被子植物叶型化石垂丝紫荆（比较种）Cercis cf．racemosa Oliv．，归于豆科紫荆属。揭示了该种叶表皮构造特征：上表皮无气孔器，表皮细胞为多边形，垂周壁平直；下表皮具环列型气孔器，表皮细胞为多边形，垂周壁平直；上下表皮有相同类型的毛基，毛基的根部由多细胞组成，毛基部的细胞特化成辐射状。该化石表皮微细构造的分析为恢复腾冲上新世古环境提供了古植物证据。     

Biomolecular Preservation of Miocene Fossil Liquidambar from Tiantai, China and Clarkia, USA: Implications for Palaeoenvironmental Study

Biomolecular characteristics of fossil Liquidambar from the Miocene Shengxian Formation, Tiantai, Zhejiang province in eastern China and Miocene Clarkia sediment, Idaho, U.S.A., are obtained by means of Pyrolysis-Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis (Py-GC-MS). Their modern equivalent (Liquidambar formosana) collected from Nanjing, eastern China, is also analyzed for comparison. The total ion chromatograms (TIC) of modern L. formosana leaves shows abundant pyrolysates of lignin, polysaccharide, aliphatic acid, and amino acid. However, only one polysaccharide molecule, i.e., levoglucosan, is retained in fossil Liquidambar leaves from the two Miocene sites with the Tiantai specimen possessing higher intensity. As expected, some lignin pyrolysates including benzene, phenol, guaiacol, vinylphenol and their derivatives, are detected in Miocene Tiantai L. miosinica. However, the lignin components with large molecular weight other than benzene and phenol compounds, are absent in Miocene Clarkia L. pachyphyllum. Abundant pristene and homologous series of n-alk-1-ene/n-alkane pairs with a long retention time are shown in pyrograms of both Tiantai and Clarkia fossils. Based upon our Py-GC-MS data, the molecular preservation in these Liquidambar leaf samples can be ranked as the following (from high to low quality respectively): modern sample >Tiantai sample >Clarkia sample. Vinyl phenol, an important compound, is present in modern and Tiantai Liquidambar leaves, while absent in Clarkia sample, implying that vinyl phenol may be sourced from lignin for Liquidambar leaves. Our data support the hypothesis of in situ polymerization for the origin of long-chain homologous series of n-alk-1-ene/n-alkane pairs as leaf alteration products. Our data have implications of the impact of leaf degradation toward biases for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction using stable carbon isotope of fossil plants, and suggest the importance of evaluating molecular preservation of fossil leaf tissues prior to the application of carbon isotope compositions of fossil leaves.     

Bamboo Leaf and Pollen Fossils from the Late Miocene of Eastern Zhejiang,China and their Phytogeological Significance

Fossil bamboo leaves and pollen from Upper Miocene deposits of the Shengxian Formation in Tiantai and Ninghai counties,eastern Zhejiang,China represent a rare record in Asia.The distinctive pseudopetiole and parallel venation of the leaf blades and the clearly thickened annulus of the pollen aperture place them in the subfamily Bambusoideae.Morphological analysis supports the determination of these fossil leaves as belonging to the genus Bambusium and two new species are described.Bambusium latipseudopetiolus Q.J.Wang et B.N.Sun sp.nov.has a distinctly wide pseudopetiole of 0.23 cm in width and 0.40 cm in length,several vascular bundles on parallel veins,and 5–8 lateral veins on both sides of the midrib.Bambusium longipseudopetiolus Q.J.Wang et B.N.Sun sp.nov.has a distinctly long pseudopetiole of 0.60 cm in length and 0.10 cm in width,several vascular bundles on the pseudopetiole,and 6 lateral veins on both sides of the midrib.Pollen grains from the same layer provide additional evidence of bamboos.They are characterized by 32.0–51.0 μm in diameter,a round pore 3.0–4.0 μm in diameter with a broad thickened annulus 2.5–3.5 μm around,and several conspicuous secondary folds on the exine surface.The morphological analysis leads to their assignment to Graminidites bambusoides Stuchlik.These fossils are important for the study of bamboo phytogeography in China.They demonstrate that there were bamboos growing in southeastern China during the Late Miocene and that bamboos in Zhejiang begin to diversify no later than the Late Miocene.In combination with bamboo fossils from other places,it seems that bamboos had a wide distribution across southern China during the Miocene,ranging from southwestern Yun'nan to southeastern Zhejiang.     

A New Species of Rhodoleia (Hamamelidaceae) from the Upper Pliocene of West Yunnan, China and Comments on Phytogeography and Insect Herbivory

In Europe, fossil fruits and seeds of Rhodoleia (Hamamelidaceae) have been described from the Upper Cretaceous to the Miocene, whereas no fossil record of Rhodoleia has been reported in Asia, where the modern species occur. Herein, 21 fossil leaves identified as Rhodoleia tengchongensis sp. nov. are described from the Upper Pliocene of Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The fossils exhibit elliptic lamina with entire margins, simple brochidodromous major secondary veins, mixed percurrent intercostal tertiary veins, and looped exterior tertiaries. The leaf cuticle is characterized by pentagonal or hexagonal cells, stellate multicellular trichomes, and paracytic stomata. The combination of leaf architecture and cuticular characteristics suggests that the fossil leaves should be classified into the genus Rhodoleia. The fossil distributions indicate that the genus Rhodoleia might originate from Central Europe, and that migrated to Asia prior to the Late Pliocene. Additionally, insect damage is investigated, and different types of damage, such as hole feeding, margin feeding, surface feeding, and galling, are observed on the thirteen fossil leaves. Based on the damage frequencies for the fossil and extant leaves, the specific feeding behavior of insects on Rhodoleia trees appears to have been established as early as the Late Pliocene. The high occurrence of Rhodoleia insect herbivory may attract the insect-foraging birds, thereby increasing the probability of pollination.     

Leaf Cuticle Microstructure of Machilus maomingensis sp. nov. (Lauraceae) from the Eocene of the Maoming Basin, South China

Machilus maomingensis Jin et Tang, sp. nov. from the Eocene Youganwo Formation of the Maoming Basin, South China, is studied in detail from the perspective of the leaf architecture and the excellently preserved cuticle. The leaf margin is entire, the primary venation is pinnate; 6 to 8 secondary veins are present and the major secondary venation is eucamptodromous. Stomata are paracytic and occur on the lower epidermis. Trichome bases are unicellular. Oil cells are present in the upper epidermis. The new fossil species described has features of the Lauraceae, particularly of the extant genus Machilus Rumphius ex Nees, and it is most similar to Machilus chinensis (Bentham) Hemsley, an extant species distributed in southern China and Vietnam. Hence, Machilus maomingensis sp. nov. is inferred to live in a warm and humid climate. The discovery of the present fossil indicates that Machilus has existed in South China from at least the Eocene.     

甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗世阿干镇似银杏(Ginkgoites aganzhenensis Yang)的古环境意义

在甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗统窑街组发现了保存较为完整的银杏类叶片化石。对当前化石宏观特征与镜下微观构造进行研究,并将其鉴定为阿干镇似银杏（Ginkgoites aganzhenensis）。在此基础上,统计了该种下表皮的气孔参数,并利用气孔指数法和气孔比率法恢复研究区中侏罗世早期的古大气CO₂浓度,探讨这两种方法的准确性。分析结果表明,气孔指数法获得的古大气CO₂浓度为974×10-6,落在了GEOCARB Ⅲ的可信误差范围之外;气孔比率法重建的古大气CO₂浓度为1 823×10-6,处于GEOCARB Ⅲ可信误差范围之内。这说明对于当前化石而言,利用气孔比率法恢复古大气CO₂浓度更加合适,数据十分接近GEOCARB Ⅲ的最佳拟合线,表明似银杏也是恢复古大气CO₂浓度的一种理想植物。通过计算得出当时的温度比现在高7.2℃,反映了宝积山盆地中侏罗世阿林期到巴柔期为温暖潮湿的温带气候环境。     

东海盆地丽水凹陷CO2分布特征及成藏主控因素

基于丽水凹陷钻井和地震资料,综合天然气地球化学参数、基底断裂和岩浆底辟发育特征等,研究丽水凹陷CO₂的分布特征及其成藏主控因素.研究结果表明,丽水凹陷CO₂纵向上主要分布在灵峰组、明月峰组下段及元古界基底片麻岩中,不同层位CO₂的含量差别很大;平面上,温州13-1、丽水35-7和南平5-2 CO₂气藏均位于岩浆底辟体之上或者附近,同时周围亦发育断层,而丽水36-1高含CO₂气藏和LF-1井含CO₂气藏周围底辟不发育,均紧邻灵峰凸起西侧的控洼断裂.丽水凹陷幔源CO₂成藏主要受早中新世和晚中新世两期火山岩浆活动的影响,这两期火山活动将幔源CO₂带到地壳浅层,通过砂体侧向输导进入有利圈闭聚集成藏.      

浙东中新世Betula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney的发现及古气候重建

随着古气候和古环境研究的日渐深入,“特有种气候分析法”成为新生代定量重建古气候研究的重要方法之一。使用这一方法分析了浙江东部天台中新统下南山组的古亮叶桦（Betula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney）压型化石,研究了其叶结构特征及表皮微细构造,定量推论浙江天台中新世时年平均温度为12.5～22.1℃,春季平均温度为13.0～23.1℃,较现在温暖。我国内蒙、吉林、山东、云南等地的新近系发现过古亮叶桦,分布的北界为42°N。其现存最近亲缘种亮叶桦（Betula luminifera）生活在101～119°E,23～34°N之间,海拔500～1800 m的山区,是我国特有树种。亮叶桦分布范围的缩小显示中新世一段时期我国气候逐渐变冷的趋势。     

新疆沙尔湖中侏罗世狭叶拟刺葵（Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer）的古环境意义

新疆沙尔湖煤田中侏罗统西山窑组产出大量茨康类植物化石.通过选取4块狭叶拟刺葵Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer化石作为研究对象,在详细揭示其角质层微细构造、统计气孔参数并测定其碳同位素组成的基础上,定量重建研究区中侏罗世早期阿林期至巴柔期古大气CO₂浓度、古温度、古海拔高度,测算该植物的水分利用率.结果表明,狭叶拟刺葵平均气孔指数值5.90%,基于气孔比率法获得的古大气CO₂浓度为（1240.16±122.75）×10-6,该值处于GEOCARB Ⅲ碳平衡模型可信误差范围内.测得植物化石角质层碳同位素δ13C_p平均值-23.07‰,计算出该植物水分利用效率272.06 mmol/mol,重建沙尔湖中侏罗世早期平均温度16.8~20.7℃,古海拔高度196.7 m.整体而言,新疆沙尔湖地区在中侏罗世早期属于一种高CO₂浓度、气候温暖湿润的环境.