基于目标框架法的辽河口湿地生态脆弱性评估

河口滨海湿地生态服务功能突出,生境脆弱易损,研究其生态脆弱性对滨海湿地生态环境保护与管理具有重要意义。本文以辽河口滨海湿地为例,基于“干扰-敏感-恢复”评估框架,选取17个指标,构建滨海湿地生态脆弱性评价指标体系,以GIS技术为支撑,综合运用插值法、综合指数法,探究辽河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性空间分布特征,分析生态脆弱性变化的影响因素。结果表明:入海河口污染、河口地区人类开发活动和自然淤涨对河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性的影响较为突出;2014年辽河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性总体态势良好,区域生态脆弱性指数为1.67,整体处于不脆弱状态;空间上,辽河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性表现为中部高于四周,由入海河口向外逐步减弱的格局特征。     

高强度人类活动对泉州湾滨海湿地环境的影响及其对策

由于滨海湿地丰富的资源和优越的环境,人们对其进行了大规模的开发利用,导致了滨海湿地的丧失与生态退化。滨海湿地位于陆地-海洋-大气相互作用最活跃的地带,具有非常重要的生态意义。总结泉州湾滨海湿地水动力、地貌、生态、环境质量的特征,分析围填海、养殖、污染物排放及人工生态工程等对滨海湿地的影响。结果表明,随着社会经济的快速发展以及人类活动的显著增强,泉州湾滨海湿地面积减小,输水及输沙的路径和方式发生变化,湿地环境质量显著下降,生物多样性及生物量减少。为了实现泉州湾滨海湿地的可持续发展,提出了如下对策:(1)加强围海造地的科学管理,提倡新的围海造地方式;(2)开展海岸整治与生态修复,建设特色湿地公园;(3)挖掘海洋文化特色,发展生态旅游。本研究揭示高强度人类活动对滨海湿地环境的影响,为开展滨海湿地研究、整治与修复,为制定滨海湿地开发利用与保护对策提供科学依据。     

基于犌犐犛／犚犛的旅顺滨海湿地景观格局时空动态变化研究

文章以地理信息系统与遥感作为技术支持,以2000年和2009年两个时相的ETM/TM影像为主要数据,以马尔科夫模型为预测方法,对旅顺滨海湿地景观格局的演变趋势进行了分析和预测。研究结果表明,旅顺滨海湿地景观总体呈减少趋势,主要转化为建设用地,滨海湿地景观受到了人类活动的严重干扰。预测到2020年海岸湿地将减少331 hm2,到2030年将减少571 hm2,减幅分别高达到23．6％和40．7％,湿地保护形势非常严峻。     

海岸带脆弱性评估方法研究进展

海岸带脆弱性源于气候变化、海平面上升、人类活动的共同作用,而海岸带脆弱性评估的误差主要是来自海岸环境演化预案和社会经济发展预案的不确定性。为了提高评估精度,应确定海岸系统内、外部驱动力及其关键变量,研究自然和人类活动共同作用下的海岸系统演化过程、海岸系统风险发生的机制、以及海岸系统承载力和阈值,通过遥感和地理信息系统技术集成,建立适用的预案,用于脆弱性综合评估。     

1976年以来江苏盐城滨海湿地景观变化及驱动力分析

基于1976年的地形测绘数据和1987,1992,1997,2002,2007年的遥感数据提取土地利用和景观的时空变化,进而分析近40 a来江苏盐城滨海湿地的景观变化和驱动力。研究表明:自1976年以来盐城滨海湿地中的自然湿地总面积呈逐渐减少的趋势;景观的主要变化特征表现为以獐茅、碱蓬群落为代表的自然湿地的大面积减少,和以鱼塘、农业用地为代表的人工湿地的大面积增加。景观指标分析表明盐城滨海湿地景观总体上有破碎化程度加剧的趋势。结果分析认为,这种变化既受到政策导向型的各类滩涂开发等人为干扰活动的影响,也受到滨海湿地自然演化和潮滩蚀淤等自然因素的影响。尽快改变盐城滨海湿地现有的开发利用模式,使各种人类活动对整个生态系统的压力减到最小,以获得经济、社会、生态效益的统一。     

滨海湿地生态修复若干问题探讨

滨海湿地是地球上生产力最高、生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一,然而由于强烈的人为活动,滨海湿地遭到严重破坏甚至丧失。滨海湿地退化是世界各国普遍面临的问题,退化滨海湿地生态系统的修复也已成为国际上生态学研究的热点。本文在分析国内外研究进展的基础上,从生态退化诊断、修复目标、修复措施、修复监测、修复成效评估等几个关键问题对滨海湿地生态修复进行了探讨。滨海湿地生态退化诊断主要采用参照系统对比法,即选取退化生态系统干扰前、邻近未受干扰或干扰小、或参考多方面资料而构造的假设生态系统等作为参照进行对比;生态修复最终目标不是简单地恢复生态系统的结构和功能,更重要的是建立一个能自我维持、自我调控或在较少人为辅助下能健康运行的滨海湿地生态系统;生态修复途径包括自然恢复、人工促进生态修复和生态重建,只有在自然恢复不能实现的情况下,才考虑采取人工促进生态修复或生态重建;生态修复监测参数包括结构参数和功能参数,监测覆盖施工前、施工期和施工后全过程;滨海湿地生态修复成效评估需同时考虑生态结构、生态功能及生态服务。目前,我国滨海湿地生态修复尚存在退化机制及恢复机理认识不足;滨海湿地生态修复技术储备不足,关键技术不能满足需求;修复的区域空间尺度较小,系统性和完整性不足,缺乏国家和区域生态修复规划;滨海湿地生态修复后期管理、监测、成效评估不足。为此建议:①注重滨海湿地恢复生态学的基础理论研究;②强调滨海湿地生态修复的系统性、综合性和完整性,推动整体规划、区域统筹、系统修复;③加强典型滨海湿地的生态修复关键技术研发,如红树林生态系统功能恢复和提升技术,海草、盐沼植物等种苗人工繁殖和种植技术,珊瑚有性繁殖技术和珊瑚礁生态系统功能恢复技术等;④注重滨海湿地生态修复的后期管理及公众参与。     

盐城海岸带湿地景观演变分析

为深入了解海岸带湿地景观演变过程和演变原因,对其进行有效保护和合理开发利用,以3个时期多光谱遥感影像和1个时期江苏省盐城市植被分布图为数据基础,结合现场调查数据,进行了研究区海岸带湿地景观演变分析并探讨了其变化的原因。研究结果表明:盐城海岸带湿地在近30a(1980-2008年)间,自然湿地(河口水域、盐蒿滩、芦苇沼泽、互花米草滩)的面积呈不断减小趋势,人工湿地(养殖水域、盐田)、建设用地和耕地面积则呈不断增长趋势,湿地景观演替方向总体上表现为自然湿地向人工湿地转移占主导,自然湿地之间的相互演替速度较缓慢,大面积自然湿地已消失且单个湿地景观斑块面积变小、形状趋于简单化,景观破碎化逐年加剧。造成这一结果的原因是人类活动与自然因素的综合作用,尤其是人口增长、经济利益驱使等,使人类对湿地的干扰力度不断增强,湿地围垦成为盐城海岸带湿地演变的主要原因。     

我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范的现状与分析

滨海湿地是地球上十分重要的一类生态系统, 可为人类社会提供诸如调节气候、降解污染、碳汇氮汇等众多生态服务功能。近年来, 由于气候变化和围填海等开发活动的影响, 我国滨海湿地面积锐减, 功能退化, 面临多种生态问题。为应对滨海湿地退化及日益凸显的生态环境问题, 滨海湿地保护和修复工作逐渐受到重视, 滨海湿地生态修复工程项目的数量和规模也随之急剧增加。滨海湿地生态修复技术规范对滨海湿地生态修复工作具有重要意义, 然而我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范体系尚不完善, 导致滨海湿地生态修复项目实施无序以及生态修复成效低等问题。本文全面搜集了我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范, 对检索到的规范进行分类统计与分析, 从而揭示其存在的问题, 主要包括规范体系系统性不足、生态修复理念滞后、规范之间缺乏协调性、规范可操作性差、规范更新迟滞等。针对存在的问题提出了相应的对策建议, 为完善我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范体系、不断推进我国生态文明建设进程提供参考。     

中国滨海湿地退化评估

依据定量化目标和相应的资料获得性,确定了滨海湿地退化评估的8个指标,并对指标的估值方法作了规定,将滨海湿地的退化划分为5个等级。对我国28个滨海湿地区段的退化状况进行估值,属严重退化的4个、中度退化的14个、轻度退化的10个。导致我国滨海湿地退化的主要原因,包括了气候变化、海洋灾害等自然过程为主导的因素,也包括了海岸带围垦、海岸工程建筑、生物资源过度利用、环境污染等人为作用为主的因素。据此,缓解滨海湿地退化、改善滨海湿地环境的主要对策应包括制度体制的完善、自然保护区的建设、管理体系的协调发展、生态补偿制度的建立等。     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地景观破碎化分析

以莱州湾南岸滨海湿地为例,利用遥感和GIS技术对滨海湿地景观特征及景观破碎化程度进行了分析。结果表明,莱州湾南岸滨海湿地景观破碎化严重,整体斑块密度为6.7个/km2,廊道密度为0.01 km/hm2,人工景观破碎化程度比自然景观高,人类活动是造成莱州湾南岸滨海湿地景观破碎化的主要原因。最后本文从景观生态学角度对莱州湾南岸滨海湿地退化进行了定量评价。     

胶州湾湿地动态变化的遥感分析及质量评价

通过对1988、1997、2002和2005年4个时相Landsat卫星遥感数据的解译,得到了各年份胶州湾湿地的变化情况,由此建立了海岸湿地质量定量评价体系。分析结果表明:随着环胶州湾沿岸城市化进程的加快,近20年来胶州湾湿地退化状况日渐严重。初期阶段,自然湿地不断被人工湿地占据,后期又出现湿地向非湿地类型的转化。针对胶州湾湿地的现状,从湿地保护与城市、社会、经济统一协调发展的角度出发,提出了缓和人与自然的矛盾、保护胶州湾湿地的建议。     

Dealing with erosion along the Danube Delta coast. The CONSCIENCE experience towards a sustainable coastline management

The most severe shoreline retreat (over 20 m/year) along the Danube Delta coast has been recorded in the coastal stretch confined by the Sulina branch (north) and Sahalin spit island (south). This erosive trend is caused by the natural evolution of some stretches of the Danube Delta coast, but strongly enhanced by the human activities. Human interventions result in the dramatic decrease in quantity of sediments reaching the coast and in the disruption of natural sediment circulation in the coastal area. EUROSION FP5 Project developed four concepts to be used in coastal studies: coastal sediment cell, coastal resilience, favourable sediment status and strategic sediment reservoir. The main objectives of this study regard the application of the CONSCIENCE methodology and test of the concepts in order to identify and understand the main threats for Sulina - Sahalin littoral cell, especially the coastal erosion one, as well as to provide a sound working methodology for coastal managers to deal with these threats. The sediment budget computed in previous studies, as well as the field observations, indicate a lack of sediments for the littoral cell (unfavourable sediment status). In order to asses the vulnerability of the coast to short term extreme events (especially storms), simulations of water level changes were performed and calibrated with the field observations. A processes based numerical model was used to simulate the storm induced water level variations and the main input data were the bathymetry of the active beach, wind direction and speed (storm scenarios) and the characteristics of water and air. The results show large water level increases for the central part of the study zone, especially for northern wind directions.The main solution proposed to deal the problems arising from a sediment-starved coast, vulnerable to the extreme events, is artificial nourishment. Two strategic sediment reservoirs were identified, both of them at the northern boundary of the cell: the sediments dredged periodically from Sulina mouth and the sediments accumulated in Musura Bay, just north of Sulina jetties. The transfer of these sediments towards the central part of the littoral cell Sulina - Sahalin would decrease the erosion rates to a natural level and restore the natural coastal resilience. The methodology developed in CONSCIENCE Framework and applied to Danube Delta coastal zone provided good results when problems and solutions for the coastal zone were to be identified and tested. This methodology and its related results can be applied by the local coastal managers to Sulina - Sahalin littoral cell, while this experience can be extended to other similar environments facing the same problems.     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地资源环境及其开发利用

分析了莱州湾南岸滨海湿地资源与环境的空间结构特征，对目前湿地资源开发的主要方式及开发过程中出现的问题，如湿地自然景观显著改变、自然资源严重衰退和湿地环境污染不断加剧等进行初步探讨。提出了莱州湾南岸滨海湿地资源开发与利用的宏观对策。     

海阳市典型砂质海岸侵蚀机制与防护对策研究

海阳市砂质海岸资源丰富,延绵近120 km,尤以万米沙滩浴场著称,但近年岸滩侵蚀严重影响其社会经济发展.本研究基于海阳市羊角畔两侧长约20 km典型砂质海岸连续3 a的海岸线蚀和典型剖面蚀淤调查,定量化研究海滩侵蚀及其变化,辅以一维数值模型,研究人类活动影响下的泥沙运动特征和海滩侵蚀机制.研究结果表明,调查区42.5％和5.90％的砂质海岸分别处于侵蚀和强侵蚀状态,羊角畔东侧海岸侵蚀强度高于西侧,海阳港至海阳核电厂之间海滩侵蚀强度最高,海滩侵蚀强度与人类活动扰动程度密切相关.海岸工程、临海养殖和人为采砂导致海阳市部分砂质海岸侵蚀严重的主要原因,导致羊角畔两侧海岸侵蚀机制也不同.基于各岸段侵蚀机制特征有针对性地提出退养还滩、凸堤拆除和沙滩喂养等对策,以减缓海阳砂质海岸侵蚀威胁.     

ON TIDAL INLETS OF CHINA

Tidal inlets should be distinguished from tidal channels which connect open sea at both ends. In China, tidal inlets may be grouped into (1) embayment-lagoon type on sandy or rocky coast, (2) estua-rine inlets on the mouths of small or medium rivers which may be on mud plain coast, and (3) artificial inlets enclosed by breakwaters. Improvement of navigation channels of these inlets follows the same principle using O'Brien P-A formula. Where accurate oceanographical and littoral drift data are not available, a careful analysis of coastal morphology and sedimentology may provide a useful clue for the evaluation of the value of inlets in navigation.     

人类活动对海岸带灾害环境的影响

综述了在环渤海西南岸海岸带科学考察中发现的由于人类活动引起的海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、滨海湿地萎缩、海岸带污染和环境恶化等海岸带灾害,指出如何在发展经济的同时合理开发海岸带并使之可持续发展将是开发者首先考虑问题。     

Sea Level Variations and Geomorphological Changes in the Coastal Belt of Pakistan

The UNEP in its regional seas program in 1989 has included Pakistan in a group of countries which are vulnerable to the impact of rising sea level. If the present trend of sea level rise (SLR) at Karachi continues, in the next 50 years the sea level rise along the Pakistan Coast will be 50 mm (5 cm). Since the rising rates of sea level at Karachi are within the global range of 1-2 mm/year, the trends may be treated as eustatic SLR. Historical air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) data of Karachi also show an increasing pattern and an increasing trend of about 0.67°C has been registered in the air temperature over the last 35 years, whereas the mean SST in the coastal waters of Karachi has also registered an increasing trend of about 0.3°C in a decade. Sindh coastal zone is more vulnerable to sea level rise than Baluchistan coast, as uplifting of the coast by about 1-2 mm/year due to subduction of Indian Ocean plate is a characteristic of Baluchistan coast. Within the Indus deltaic creek system, the area nearby Karachi is more vulnerable to coastal erosion and accretion than the other deltaic region, mainly due to human activities together with natural phenomena such as wave action, strong tidal currents, and rise in sea level. Therefore, The present article deals mainly with the study of dynamical processes such as erosion and accretion associated with sea level variations along the Karachi coast and surrounding Indus deltaic coastline. The probable beach erosion in a decade along the sandy beaches of Karachi has been estimated. The estimates show that 1.1 mm/year rise in sea level causes a horizontal beach loss of 110 mm per year. Therefore, coast eroded with rise in sea level at Karachi and surrounding sandy beaches would be 1.1 m during a period of next 10 years. The northwestern part of Indus delta, especially the Gizri and Phitti creeks and surrounding islands, are most unstable. Historical satellite images are used to analyze the complex pattern of sediment movements, the change in shape of coastline, and associated erosion and accretion patterns in Bundal and Buddo Islands. The significant changes in land erosion and accretion areas at Bundal and Buddo Islands are evident and appear prominently in the images. A very high rate of accretion of sediments in the northwestern part of Buddo Island has been noticed. In the southwest monsoon season the wave breaking direction in both these islands is such that the movement of littoral drift is towards west. Erosion is also taking place in the northeastern and southern part of Bundal Island. The erosion in the south is probably due to strong wave activities and in the northeast is due to strong tidal currents and seawater intrusion. Accretion takes place at the northwest and western parts of Bundal Island. By using the slope of Indus delta, sea encroachment and the land area inundation with rising sea level of 1 m and 2 m have also been estimated.     

Sea Level Variations and Geomorphological Changes in the Coastal Belt of Pakistan

The UNEP in its regional seas program in 1989 has included Pakistan in a group of countries which are vulnerable to the impact of rising sea level. If the present trend of sea level rise (SLR) at Karachi continues, in the next 50 years the sea level rise along the Pakistan Coast will be 50 mm (5 cm). Since the rising rates of sea level at Karachi are within the global range of 1-2 mm/year, the trends may be treated as eustatic SLR. Historical air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) data of Karachi also show an increasing pattern and an increasing trend of about 0.67°C has been registered in the air temperature over the last 35 years, whereas the mean SST in the coastal waters of Karachi has also registered an increasing trend of about 0.3°C in a decade. Sindh coastal zone is more vulnerable to sea level rise than Baluchistan coast, as uplifting of the coast by about 1-2 mm/year due to subduction of Indian Ocean plate is a characteristic of Baluchistan coast. Within the Indus deltaic creek system, the area nearby Karachi is more vulnerable to coastal erosion and accretion than the other deltaic region, mainly due to human activities together with natural phenomena such as wave action, strong tidal currents, and rise in sea level. Therefore, The present article deals mainly with the study of dynamical processes such as erosion and accretion associated with sea level variations along the Karachi coast and surrounding Indus deltaic coastline. The probable beach erosion in a decade along the sandy beaches of Karachi has been estimated. The estimates show that 1.1 mm/year rise in sea level causes a horizontal beach loss of 110 mm per year. Therefore, coast eroded with rise in sea level at Karachi and surrounding sandy beaches would be 1.1 m during a period of next 10 years. The northwestern part of Indus delta, especially the Gizri and Phitti creeks and surrounding islands, are most unstable. Historical satellite images are used to analyze the complex pattern of sediment movements, the change in shape of coastline, and associated erosion and accretion patterns in Bundal and Buddo Islands. The significant changes in land erosion and accretion areas at Bundal and Buddo Islands are evident and appear prominently in the images. A very high rate of accretion of sediments in the northwestern part of Buddo Island has been noticed. In the southwest monsoon season the wave breaking direction in both these islands is such that the movement of littoral drift is towards west. Erosion is also taking place in the northeastern and southern part of Bundal Island. The erosion in the south is probably due to strong wave activities and in the northeast is due to strong tidal currents and seawater intrusion. Accretion takes place at the northwest and western parts of Bundal Island. By using the slope of Indus delta, sea encroachment and the land area inundation with rising sea level of 1 m and 2 m have also been estimated.     

美国东海岸海滩养护工程对中国砂质海滩旅游资源开发与保护的启示

借鉴美国长期以来东部海岸的海滩养护工程投入大量资金物力所取得的显著成效，提出了中国砂质海滩资源开发面临的问题，如海岸侵蚀造成砂质海滩资源丧失、砂质海滩旅游资源面临严重的污染、砂质海滩旅游资源的利用程度差异悬殊、砂质海滩旅游资源的人为破坏严重等，预见到中国实施海滩养护工程将是大势所趋，该工程将会被纳入国家或地方海岸综合规划管理与相关法律中。