中国古生界油气勘探前景展望

几十年来,中国古生代海相成油一直是国内外石油地质学家关注的大问题,1984年塔里木盆地沙参2井实现古生代海相油气重大突破,首次证明"中国古生界海相含丰富的石油".但中国古生界海相油气前景如何?其一认为是油气勘探重点战略接替领域,其二认为前景不大,只是天然气勘探的辅助领域之一。本文从近10年来古生界油气勘探重大进展、古生界油气资源潜力、有利的地质构造条件、多时代成油组合、广泛的勘探领域等方面论述了中国古生界海相油气勘探前景巨大,将是中国油气勘探重要的战略接替领域之一。      

对中国海相盆地油气资源战略选区的思路

中国古大陆的地质构造演化、盆地性质和盆山转换过程以及资源分布，决定了我国油气勘探战略方针应为两个并举：海域区勘探和陆上区勘探同时并举；陆上区应为古生代海相盆地和陆相盆地同时并举。中国陆地上的海相油气盆地主要分布在特提斯构造域中，具克拉通基底的塔里木、鄂尔多斯和四川盆地三大海相盆地是当前我国油气资源重要勘探开发区，具有巨大的资源潜力。中国古大陆发育有两个构造层次的海相盆地，早古生代海相盆地沉积了海侵和海退序列两套烃源岩。晚古生代一早印支期的早期海侵序列以储集层为主、烃源岩次之；海平面下降期的盆地具生储双重性。油气勘探开发的实践证明，三大海相盆地在生烃、储集、成藏上具有三个共性：(1)原型盆地演化和沉积序列相同，具五个层系的烃源岩；(2)加里东构造运动形成夭折前陆盆地，造就了古隆起和构造掀斜，形成浅海深水盆和古暴露面；(3)古岩溶碳酸盐岩与上覆晚古生代海侵地层组成了储集成藏体系。     

对中国海相盆地油气资源战略选区的思路

中国古大陆的地质构造演化、盆地性质和盆山转换过程以及资源分布，决定了我国油气勘探战略方针应为两个并举：海域区勘探和陆上区勘探同时并举；陆上区应为古生代海相盆地和陆相盆地同时并举。中国陆地上的海相油气盆地主要分布在特提斯构造域中，具克拉通基底的塔里木、鄂尔多斯和四川盆地三大海相盆地是当前我国油气资源重要勘探开发区，具有巨大的资源潜力。中国古大陆发育有两个构造层次的海相盆地，早古生代海相盆地沉积了海侵和海退序列两套烃源岩。晚古生代一早印支期的早期海侵序列以储集层为主、烃源岩次之；海平面下降期的盆地具生储双重性。油气勘探开发的实践证明，三大海相盆地在生烃、储集、成藏上具有三个共性：(1)原型盆地演化和沉积序列相同，具五个层系的烃源岩；(2)加里东构造运动形成夭折前陆盆地，造就了古隆起和构造掀斜，形成浅海深水盆和古暴露面；(3)古岩溶碳酸盐岩与上覆晚古生代海侵地层组成了储集成藏体系。     

值得重视的海域海相油气勘探

当前我国海域油气的勘探领域和勘探层位大部分局限于新生界,而对古生代海相地台沉积、特提斯海相沉积、南海生物礁、南海和冲绳等深水盆地领域的勘探涉足不深。通过海域海相油气的地质调查与研究以及新区评价,认为在我国海域拓宽找油的战略选区,力争海域海相油气勘探获得突破、发现储量规模大的整装油田是有可能的。     

塔里木盆地海相原油地球化学研究

塔里木盆地海相地层巨厚，生油条件较好，是中国勘探海相油气的希望所在。针对已发现的海相原油，从原油物性、原油的有机地球化学特征、成熟度３个方面对塔里木盆地原油进行了阐述和总结。     

“柴达木盆地油气地质”主题专辑目次

正柴达木盆地是我国西北三大含油气盆地之一,已有近60年的油气勘探历史,但目前油气勘探与开发的目的层主要是中新生界。随着塔里木、准噶尔等盆地古生代海相地层油气勘探的突破,柴达木盆地古生界烃源岩与油气成藏条件研究越来越受到人们的重视。     

旧话重提：“康山古油藏”质疑

中国在以往几十年陆相盆地的油气勘探中取得了举世瞩目的成就。随着国民经济和油气勘探形势的进一步发展,中国海相地层的油气勘探也日渐提到了地质勘探学家、石油经济学家和管理决策层的面前。然而,中国海相地层油气勘探是一项十分艰难的工作,存在种种难题和困惑,要实现中国海相油气勘探的新突破,必须集思广益,群策群力,解放思想,勇于探索。为此,本刊特开辟“讨论·探索”栏目,此栏目将围绕我国海相油气勘探中的难点、热点且存在不同认识、意见分歧较大的问题展开讨论,旨在提出问题,引人思考;各抒己见,深化认识;促进学术,推动海相地层的油气勘探。我们热忱地欢迎从事海相油气地质的专家学者们踊跃发表自己的意见和看法。     

中国当前油气地化研究的三个方向

<正> 1 海相油气生成研究近十年来,通过塔里木盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界海相油气生成的研究,我国在该领域取得了重要进展,发现了大气田,也发现了大油田,四川海相石炭系天然气也有了一些重要的发现和研究成果。在中国海相地层中找油是一个相当艰难的领域,这主要是由于我国古生界至三叠系的海相地层中缺乏有机质丰度高的台盆相沉积,普遍存在有机质丰度低,演化程度高和构造变动强烈的情况,但这种情况并不是绝对的,中国的大地构造背景是复杂的、多变的,因此在时间和空间上总会出现     

中国海相层系油气地质理论的继承与创新

我国海相碳酸盐岩层系分布面积广,残余厚度大,油气显示多。由于我国海相碳酸盐岩的复杂性和勘探难度大的客观条件,制约了对碳酸盐岩层系油气资源潜力的认识。陆相生油理论的建立以及陆相盆地的成功勘探,使我国的石油工业走上了独立自主发展的道路。中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探经历了几多兴奋,几多困惑,勘探实践表明,随着理论认识的升华、科学技术的进步,新发现的海相碳酸盐岩层系油气田越来越多,越来越大,是我国油气资源战略接替的重要领域。中国东部的陆相油气勘探理论及国外海相油气勘探理论均不能有效的指导我国海相层系的油气勘探,海相油气地质理论必须在继承陆相与国外海相油气地质理论基本要素基础上,进一步创新适用于我国海相碳酸盐岩特点的油气地质理论。     

海相成油新理论与塔河大油田的发现

塔里木盆地北部超亿吨级塔河油田是中国第一个海相古生界大油田,它的发现、探明与创新理论的指导及采用先进技术有直接关系,本文阐述古生代海相成油理论、塔河油田的发现、基本特征及前景展望。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.