冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数的计算

推导了冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数计算方程，并编制了湿空气热物理参数计算程序。该程序能快速，精确地计算冷却物冷藏间内不同气流速度，不同气压的湿气热物理参数。     

一种简便实用的湿空气性质计算方程

对几个经验的蒸气压力方程以及水汽化潜热方程等进行数理统计处理，给出了这几个经验方程的参数，运用这些经验方程建立了一种湿空气性质计算方程，方程计算结果最大相对误差不超过０．３５０％。关键词     

重力异常源深度探讨

对不同深度内异常密度的分布与不同阶次谐波分量间的关系作了两种假设，利用ＧＥＭ１０Ｃ地球模型的２～３６阶球谐系数计算了在这两种假设下不同阶次的球谐系数所对应的异常场源深度。结合已知的地球物理信息讨论了本文计算结果的合理性。     

用水准资料计算剪应变公式的推导

严密推导了利用水准资料计算地壳垂直剖面内剪应变量的两套公式，并分别阐述了其不同的物理含义和地质含义。这两套公式分别表示垂直剖面内两组不同方向间的地壳表层的垂直剪应变，第一个模型表征地壳表层倾斜变化的程度，第二个模型表征地壳表层曲率变化的程度，二者从不同的侧面反映了地壳变化的状态。     

抽水试验方法和成井工艺类型对热储层水文地质参数的影响

水热型地热资源计算评价中,热储层水文地质参数的选取对地热资源的计算评价起关键性作用。由于地热井的施工成本较高,多数抽水试验没有合适的观测孔,往往采用稳定流抽水试验参数,作为地热资源计算评价的依据,稳定流抽水具有难以避免的局限性,使得人们对热储层水文地质参数不能较为准确的掌握。除试验方法之外,求参方法的选取,以及成井工艺的差别,对热储层水文地质参数均会产生较大影响。该文利用开展地热同层回灌的两眼地热井,分别采用不同抽水试验的方法、求参的方法,和不同的成井工艺类型3种条件,对比分析了热储层水文地质参数的差异及关系,为地热资源计算评价及地热尾水回灌方案提供参考。     

TI—59计算器在矿产储量计算中的应用(下)

程序四、矿体厚度换算程序不同的矿产储量计算方法,需要矿体在某一特定方向的厚度参数,如:真厚度M、水平厚度M＇或铅垂厚度M〃等。在已知钻孔中矿体视厚度L、矿体内孔斜天顶角A、方位角B、矿体倾角C和倾向方位角D的前提下,各厚度值可以用下式求出。     

地球物理数据网格化参数的确定及模型的选择

根据地质目标体不同,探测深度不同,物探测网所采用的比例尺不同,相同比例尺测量,由于异常细节差异,点线距不同,使得不同比例尺测网采集同一物探数据,由于网格化差异,异常形态不同。为了尽可能准确体现地下地质体的异常范围、异常形态,正确的选择网格化方法,使后期异常解释更准确,该文介绍了如何正确选择地球物理数据网格化参数的方法。     

计算固体潮潮汐参数的非数字滤波调和分析方法

介绍了计算固体潮潮汐参数（潮汐因子和相位滞后）的非数字滤波调和分析方法的原理、计算公式和程序。选用中纬度点两年重力固体潮理论值和兰州水管倾斜仪ＥＷ分量１９８７～１９９７年期间的观测数据作试验计算,将其计算结果与维尼迪柯夫调和分析方法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,非数字滤波调和分析方法所得周日频段内主要波群的潮汐参数与维尼迪柯夫调和分析计算结果无明显差别,且非数字滤波调和分析方法还有利于用时值直接研究固体潮观测结果中的长周期波信息和求解非潮汐变化的特征因子。     

俯冲带地震循环的数值模拟——以日本Tohoku MW9.0地震为例

基于滑移弱化摩擦准则,以日本2011年Tohoku MW9.0地震为例,建立一个以物理规律控制地震循环过程的二维有限元数值模型。结果显示,参考模型在1 000 a间的6次大地震表现出特征地震的规律,地震重复周期约161 a,单位破裂长度地震矩为1.13×1020 Nm/km,在两次大地震中间会发生一次5.62×1018 Nm/km的小地震。参考模型的数值结果与地表同震GPS位移、震间GPS速度分布具有较好的一致性。模型弹性参数的不确定性对同震以及震间形变的影响有限,模型粘性参数主要影响震间形变场。数值计算也显示,假设震间形变仅由断层运动规律所决定,那么在一个地震周期内,模型空间重力异常基本上随时间均匀变化,在大陆一侧距海沟100 km处可达-370 μGal;速度场的变化主要发生在震后约5 a的时间内,此后基本保持稳定增加。     

陆地热泉硅华研究进展与展望

陆地热泉硅华是活动地热环境下，富含硅酸盐热液流体在地表形成的沉积物，其独特的微生物结构及地球化学特征对潜在地热资源、古环境、古气候、早期生命起源等研究具有重要指示意义。尽管近年来地质学家对形成陆地热泉硅华的热源类型、硅华结构特征、共生矿物、同位素及微量元素特征、微生物在成岩中的作用等方面做了不少研究，但由于热泉硅华沉积－成岩过程中受包括热储岩性、热泉水蒸发冷却、ｐＨ 值 改 变、微 生 物 生 长 等复杂外界条件影响，其形成环境、发育特征和控制因素等系列科学问题有待深入探讨。在国内外大量文献调研的基础上，结合近期对云南腾冲热海地热区硅华的研究，综述了目前国内外对陆地热泉硅华的研究进展，总 结 了 陆地热泉硅华具有矿物种类多样、结构形态丰富、地球化学特征复杂、与地热系统热源关系密切等基本特征，还总结了影响陆地热泉硅华形成中冷却、蒸发、ｐＨ 值、阳离子效应、微生物活动等非生物和生物控制因素，提出了当前陆地热泉硅华研究存在硅华结构成因解释不明确、微生物与热泉硅华微结构间的关系及微量元素和同位素地球化学研究薄弱、人类活动对硅华沉积影响使得研究更复杂等问题，指出下一步应加强同位素分馏、微量元素及常量元素在硅华沉积－成岩中的作用机理研究；通过全面的地球物理－化 学－微生物关系分析，明确热泉硅华成因；弄清控制硅华沉积的因素及微生物在硅华生长中的作用；深入了解热泉硅华形成的复杂性及其在全球范围内的相关性，从而更加全面地认识陆地热泉硅华沉积，并为下一步研究提供启示。      

Effect of the Zagros Mountains on the spatial distribution of precipitation

In order to examine the effect of the Zagros Mountains on precipitation, first, the annual and Seasonal rainfall indices （rain days frequency, rain amount, daily rainfall intensity, and heavy rains） from 43 stations in 1995 - 2004 between the 30° N to 35° N parallels over the mountain range were analyzed. Second, the effect of the Zagros Mountains was studied through the computation of the spatial correlations between the precipitation parameters and the topographic indices （station site elevation, station mean elevation within a radius of 2.5 km, mean elevation of 9 blocks along each of the eight Cartesian directions, and the elevation differences of these 9 blocks from the station mean elevation）. The results showed that in the cold season the maximal rainfall occurs on the upper range of west slope, while in warm season it spreads over the study area. The correlations between precipitation and elevation indices were positive on the north of the stations and negative on the south of the stations, that is, the higher elevations of the stations to the north force the uplifting of the moist air masses and increase rainfall at the stations, while the lower elevations to their south lead the movement of the moist air masses to the stations. This is due to the fact that these stations or slopes are exposed to the moist air masses coming from the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. The heavy rain days and the summer sporadic rain events do not show significant correlations with the topographic indices. The findings indicate that the Zagros Mountains intensify the cold period frontal rains especially over the west slope and block the moist air masses from entering the interior parts of the country. Moreover, these mountains play a secondary role in creating rain days. But they are very important in the production of precipitation in the area. Therefore, their absence will decrease the amount of rainfall to their west and, in return, expand the dry climates of their west and east.     

Structure analyses of the explosive extratropical cyclone: A case study over the Northwestern Pacific in March 2007

The synoptic situation and mesoscale structure of an explosive extratropical cyclone over the Northwestern Pacific in March 2007 are investigated through weather station observations and data reanalysis. The cyclone is located beneath the poleward side of the exit of a 200 hPa jet, which is a strong divergent region aloft. At mid-level, the cyclone lies on the downstream side of a well-developed trough, where a strong ascending motion frequently occurs. Cross-section analyses with weather station data show that the cyclone has a warm and moist core. A ‘nose' of the cold front, which is characterized by a low-level protruding structure in the equivalent potential temperature field, forms when the cyclone moves offshore. This ‘nose' structure is hypothesized to have been caused by the heating effect of the Kuroshio Current. Two low-level jet streams are also identified on the western and eastern sides of the cold front. The western jet conveys cold and dry air at 800–900 hPa. The wind in the northern part is northeasterly, and the wind in the southern part is northwesterly. By contrast, the eastern jet carries warm and moist air into the cyclone system, ascending northward from 900 hPa to 600–700 hPa. The southern part is dominated by the southerly wind, and the wind in the northern part is southwesterly. The eastern and western jets significantly increase the air temperature and moisture contrast in the vicinity of the cold front. This increase could play an important role in improving the rapid cyclogenesis process.     

1011号台风“凡亚比”粤西暴雨二次加强过程的分析

为了能够深入了解1011号台风"凡亚比"粤西暴雨过程发生发展机制,采用天气学诊断方法、Ncep1°×1°再分析资料和观测降水资料对凡亚比登陆后在广东西部地区造成的两次暴雨过程进行了研究。通过初步诊断分析得到以下结论:粤西暴雨二次增强的主要原因是强冷空气侵入和水汽输送增加,二次增强过程偏南风主导的水汽条件造成了暴雨增强。假相当位温的垂直剖面显示暴雨主要发生在等值线密集陡峭的区域,等值线的斜率增加对暴雨二次增强有指示作用。湿位涡在暴雨区为上正下负的垂直分布形式,对流层上层高值位涡向下传递,高层干冷空气与低层暖湿气流交汇促使降水增加。     

龙口市浅层地温能赋存条件及开发适宜性分区

浅层地温能作为绿色可再生能源,若能得到广泛应用可大大降低城市建筑能耗、缓解环保压力。本文通过现场热响应试验、水文地质钻探与调查研究,查明了龙口市研究区范围内地层的热物性参数、水文地质条件、地温场特征及浅层地热赋存条件,结合层次分析法与指标法展开适宜性分区,并得到以下研究成果：研究区浅层地温能主要分布于深层黏土、砂层及基岩中;钻孔平均导热系数为2.11W/m·K,平均换热量为42.53W/m;研究区地下水型换热系统适宜区面积为0.995km2,适宜性中等区面积为29.21km2,适宜性差区面积为34.795km2;地埋管型换热系统适宜性中等区面积为59.886km2,适宜性差区面积为4.94km2。     

Development of in-situ testing equipment of rock and soil thermophysical properties

A mobile in-situ testing equipment used to detect geotechnical thermophysical properties was developed. The equipment is composed of a heat pump, frequency pumps, an electric tee joint regulator valve, some sensors, an electric control system, data acquisition and control system, which can do tests under the condition of extracting and storing subsurface heat. Applying the line source and the cylinder source heat transfer model, and combining the parameters estimation, the average thermophysieal property parameters of rock and soil will be calculated, which provides the basis for designing the ground source heat pump systems.     

Development of in-situ testing equipment of rock and soil thermophysical properties

A mobile in-situ testing equipment used to detect geotechnical thermophysical properties was developed. The equipment is composed of a heat pump, frequency pumps, an electric tee joint regulator valve, some sensors, an electric control system, data acquisition and control system, which can do tests under the condition of extracting and storing subsurface heat. Applying the line source and the cylinder source heat transfer model, and combining the parameters estimation, the average thermophysical property parameters of rock and soil will be calculated, which provides the basis for designing the ground source heat pump systems.     

An Analysis and Modeling Study of a Sea Fog Event over the Yellow and Bohai Seas

In this study, a sea fog event which occurred on 27 March 2005 over the Yellow and Bohai Seas was investigated observationally and numerically. Almost all available observational data were used, including satellite imagery of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-9, three data sets from station observations at Dandong, Dalian and Qingdao, objectively reanalyzed data of final run analysis (FNL) issued by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) results. Synoptic conditions and fog characteristics were analyzed. The fog formed when warm,moist air was advected northwards over the cool water of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, and dissipated when a cold front brought northerly winds and cool, dry air. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS modeling with a 6km×6km grid, initialized and validated by FNL data, was designed. A 48h modeling that started from 12 UTC 26 March 2005reproduced the main characteristics of this sea fog event. The simulated lower visibility area agreed reasonably well with the sea fog region identified from the satellite imagery. Advection cooling effect seemed to play a significant role in the fog formation.     

四川盆地强暴雨过程诊断及中尺度分析

为了探索四川盆地暴雨天气发生发展的机制,利用云图和美国环境预报中心的全球再分析资料,针对2010年8月18—19日出现的暴雨过程进行环流形势、物理量场及中尺度特征分析,结果表明：暴雨过程中不断有低压槽东移,西太平洋副高西伸至盆地东部,暖湿气流通过低层绕流等方式进入盆地;在低层辐合高层辐散和热力不稳定的条件下,随着干冷空气入侵,对流运动异常强烈,促使强降水发生,湿位涡等值线密集带对暴雨落区预报有较好的指示意义。中尺度对流系统各阶段特征明显,与中尺度气旋演变有很好的相关性。     

广东“龙舟水”降水量成因分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、NOAA的OLR资料及GLDAS/NOAH的陆面资料对"龙舟水"前后的特征进行分析,结果表明:"龙舟水"期间,北半球中高纬度维持稳定的大气环流形势,有利于将冷空气引导至华南沿海;副热带高压加强西伸、孟加拉湾维持稳定的槽区,使得华南沿海暖湿气流加强,强暖湿气流为"龙舟水"过程的强降水提供充足的水汽和能量;旺盛的对流为降水提供动力条件;"龙舟水"过程前后的广东地区下垫面状况(陆面过程)的差异,对"龙舟水"期间该地区一些具体对流事件的启动和发展也有影响。     

淮河源区中更新世黄土堆积的元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义

利用地球化学元素分析方法,对淮河源区中更新世黄土、古土壤剖面含有的化学元素及多种化学元素指标进行了分析。研究表明:区内中更新世以来的气候变化,主要以湿热气候为主,淋溶及氧化作用较强;表现在气温上HT-1~HT-3的气温较低,HT-4~HT-7的气温高,HT-8的气温又相对较低,其变化趋势表现为中更新世经历了从早期寒冷转湿热转温干,中期凉干转暖湿到晚期温湿转暖湿。