咸淡水过渡带的多组分离子交换行为研究

以大沽河下游海水入侵砂质含水层为研究对象,采集地下淡水、海水和含水介质样品,并测定其组成和性质。通过渗流装置模拟咸淡水驱替过程,测定驱替过程中含水介质的渗透性参数和主要离子的变化规律,并尝试用数值模拟方法定量研究水敏感性影响下的多组分离子交换过程。研究结果表明,海水驱替淡水情况下,Na+能将砂土吸附的Ca2+、Mg2+、K+交换出来,Na+-Ca2+、Na+-K+交换速度很快,而Na+-Mg2+交换反应持续时间较长;在淡水驱替海水的过程中,溶液中的Ca2+、Mg2+将介质吸附的Na+、K+交换出来,但Ca2+-Na+交换起主导作用。含水介质的动力学参数和突破曲线的拐点变化均进一步验证了咸淡过渡带的水敏感性现象,多组分离子的交换行为导致了水敏感现象的发生。     

人工回灌条件下滨海砂质含水层渗透性的时空演变特征

人工回灌补给滨海含水层是海水入侵修复经常采用的工程措施,然而人工回灌条件下滨海砂质含水层经常出现渗透性显著降低的现象,其含水介质渗透性的时空演变规律仍不清楚。本文以青岛市大沽河下游咸水入侵区含水层砂样为研究对象,通过利用不同尺度的室内砂柱淡咸水驱替试验,对定水头和定流速条件下人工回灌咸淡水驱替过程中砂质含水层渗透性的时空演变特征进行了研究。结果表明：当淡水驱替咸水时含水介质的渗透性会发生显著变化,整个砂柱的渗透性先降低后回升,原因是回灌过程中砂柱中的黏土矿物发生释放、迁移、沉积;定水头条件下,在砂柱的前半段存在一个淘空区,渗透系数是初始渗透系数的1.6~2.0倍,砂柱其它部分渗透性是先降低再轻微回弹;定流速条件下,砂柱的渗透系数随时间的变化均呈现先降低后升高趋势,且砂柱各段离入水口的距离越远其渗透系数的值越小;砂柱黏粒含量的变化规律与渗透性的演化特征相吻合。研究成果可为人工回灌治理滨海含水层海水入侵提供一定的科学依据。     

不同粘土矿物水敏性特征

通过改变砂样中的粘土矿物的种类和含量,结合咸淡水之间的单一和驱替实验,研究不同粘土矿物的水敏性特征。在单一的咸水和淡水情况下,当砂柱中的粘粒含量≤1.5%(重量比)时,其渗透系数基本不发生改变,即使粘粒含量从1.5%增加10%,其渗透系数也仅下降约一个数量级。各种粘土矿物中,蒙脱石导致含水介质渗透系数的下降最为明显,高岭土和伊利石约是其影响值的一半。咸淡水驱替实验中,加入蒙脱石颗粒的砂柱的渗透系数急剧下降,当蒙脱石含量达3~4%时,渗透系数已经下降的极低,可以看作不透水层,而加入高岭土和伊利石的砂柱的渗透系数没有急剧变化。对于这种现象的解释是:不同类型的粘土颗粒吸附不同数量的水分子,形成数量和大小不同的胶体团,使得介质渗透系数的变化量不同。     

大沽河下游咸水入侵区含水砂层水敏感性评价

通过室内砂柱的水平渗流试验,对大沽河下游成水入侵区含水砂层的水敏感性进行了评价。对海水入侵治理的注淡压成和抽成方案过程中含水层的渗透性变化进行了研究．提出了控制和减小方案实施过程中含水砂层渗透性降低的方法和措施。研究结果表明：该含水层具有显著的水敏感性特征,注淡压成过程导致其渗透性下降幅度超过了两个数量级;注淡和抽成的流速分别超过21ml／min和42ml／min时,亦能引起含水砂层水敏感性的发生,称为临界流速;淡水驱替咸水过程中存在一个临界离子强度-7638us／cm,驱替水的离子强度不宜小于该值以避免水敏性的发生。     

冀东地区咸淡水界线变化的机理及阶段性分析

对冀东地区咸水体的野外调查发现,当前该地区咸淡水界线和1980年相比发生了不同程度的偏移,最大变化量达6.35 km;同时发现咸淡水界线附近咸水、微咸水的开发利用是影响咸淡水界线变化的外界因素,含水介质条件是影响咸淡水界线变化的内在因素。通过对区域水文地质条件的综合分析,笔者把咸淡水界线的改变划分成初始、中间和最终三个阶段。     

某核反应堆预选区含水介质渗透性变化特征

在简要介绍预选区水文地质条件基础上,主要通过压水试验、抽水试验等水文地质试验得出各种水文地质参数从而分析预选区含水介质渗透性变化特征以及地层渗透性变化规律。     

多孔介质中水气交替注入微观渗流模拟

针对水气交替注入(water-alternating-gas,WAG)过程中,油气水三相渗流的微观机理认识不足和油气水三相流体在多孔介质中分布规律认识不准确等问题,基于三维孔隙网络模型,应用孔隙级模拟方法,从微观角度模拟了不同润湿性多孔介质中的WAG驱替过程.结果表明:连通性较好的多孔介质中,原油主要在前两轮的WAG循环中被驱替出来;在前两轮WAG驱替之后,流体饱和度和分布规律达到比较稳定的状态,但在完全水湿模型中油相仍然在多孔介质中流动.得出的WAG驱替过程中各相流体饱和度的变化规律、各相流体分布规律和驱替类型,较好地阐述和解释了多孔介质中的微观驱替机理.     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水赋存分布

根据地层水赋存状态,在塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水中区分出3种不同的类型:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水和储层下部层间水,并分析了不同类型水体的化学—动力学特征。塔河油田奥陶系油藏储层非均质性强,油水分布规律十分复杂。背景储层缝洞发育程度不同,油气驱替程度不同,储集空间大小不同,其相应的油水分布规律、油藏开发动态及含水动态都不尽相同。本文总结了这些不同点并探讨了其油气勘探意义。     

苏北平原地下咸淡水形成与含水介质的关系

据第四纪沉积环境、海水进退过程,分析了地下咸淡水与含水介质的形成及关系。环境同位素表明,地下水与含水介质不属同生关系,而晚于含水介质形成,同生水已排泄入海。     

基于以气驱水技术的含水地层灌浆改性试验研究

当对含水地层进行灌浆改性时,通常会受到土体孔隙中自由水的不利影响。为此,考虑将以气驱水技术应用于含水地层化学灌浆中,以提高改性效果。对饱和黏土与粉质砂土开展以气驱水可行性试验,结果显示在饱和粉质砂土中充气驱替孔隙中自由水具有较好的可行性,在饱和黏土中则难以顺利进行。这是因为土体内部孔隙大小会直接影响初始进气值Pc,同时充气压力亦不能超过极限压力Pmax,否则土体内部会发生劈裂破坏,形成大范围空气通道;研制含水地层以气驱水化学灌浆模拟装置,以粉质砂土为研究对象进行对比试验,试验结果显示在以气驱水技术的辅助下进行化学灌浆可更加显著地改善原有土体的渗透性、无侧限抗压强度与微观结构,电子显微镜扫描也显示出相似结果,这是因为通过充气能够在含水地层中产生空气隔幕,为浆液提供良好的灌注、凝硬环境。     

准饱和多孔介质中圈闭气体对渗透系数的影响

含圈闭气体的地下水流称为准饱和流,准饱和流中的圈闭气体对含水层渗透系数有重大影响。通过柱试验开展了粉砂、细砂、中砂和粗砂4种介质圈闭气体饱和度与准饱和渗透系数关系的研究。结果表明:圈闭气体饱和度明显受介质的粒径影响,在细粒介质中圈闭气体饱和度明显较大;4种介质圈闭气体饱和度在0~15%范围内,准饱和渗透系数与完全饱和相比减少了32.82%~56.38%,且准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间可表达为一个负线性相关的经验公式;该公式与Faybishenko公式等效,但形式简单,参数较少,使用方便;准饱和渗透系数的变化规律可概化为圈闭气体占据了原有的有效孔隙,造成原有效孔隙度减少,从而使渗透系数减小。利用该理论,Kozeny-Carman方程能较准确地描述准饱和渗透系数的变化规律,而基于哈根-泊肃叶方程的渗透系数公式则存在较大误差,不适用于描述准饱和渗透系数;试验结果证明了室内测定饱和渗透系数时排除圈闭气体的必要性。     

Modeling of subsidence and stress-dependent hydraulic conductivity for intact and fractured porous media

Summary This study investigates the changes in deformation and stress dependent hydraulic conductivities that occur as a result of underground mining in intact and fractured porous media. The intact porous medium is assumed to be comprised of regularly packed spherical grains of uniform size. The variation in grain size or pore space due to the effect of changing intergranular stresses results in a change in rock hydraulic conductivity. A model is developed to describe the sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to effective stresses through Hertzian contact of spherical grains. The fractured porous medium is approximated as an equivalent fracture network in which a single fracture is idealized as a planar opening having a constant equivalent thickness or aperture. Changes in fracture aperture as a result of changes in elastic deformation control the variation of hydraulic conductivity. A model is presented to illustrate the coupling between strain and hydraulic conductivity. Subsidence induced deformations that result from mining induced changes in hydraulic conductivity in both intact and fractured media. These changes are examined and compared with results from a mining case study.     

An integrated linear/non-linear flow model for the conduit-fissure-pore media in the karst triple void aquifer system

Most karstic aquifer media may be characterized as the triple-void media with highly-varied hydraulic properties, including matrix pore, fissure and conduit, in which liner flow may co-exist with non-linear flow. In this paper, an attempt is made to couple linear flow with non-linear flow in a single unified flow governing equations by introducing the concept of equivalent hydraulic conductivity (EHC) and deriving a general Darcys law for various flow. The expression of EHC in the karst conduit and fissure are also derived. The procedures of numerical implementation are demonstrated via an ideal model and a case study of karst aquifer system in the Beishan Ore Formation area, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China.     

含水介质对地下水污染曝气修复的影响

为进一步研究地下水曝气原位修复技术的影响因素,采用室内实验的方法系统地研究了含水介质对原位曝气技术修复地下水污染的影响。研究结果表明:大量水相中的柴油在曝气的开始阶段被去除,随着时间的延长,污染物去除率不断增加,但增加的幅度逐渐减小。污染物去除率与时间关系曲线符合对数曲线规律,相关方程为y=alnx+b,R2=0.802 4～0.907 1,相关性较好。含水介质的渗透系数对地下水污染修复的影响较大,渗透系数与污染物的去除率基本呈正相关关系,渗透系数越大,污染物的去除率越大;含水介质密度与污染物去除率基本呈负相关关系,含水介质密度越大,污染物的去除率越小。     

Estimating aquifer thickness using multiple pumping tests

A method to estimate aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity has been developed, consisting of multiple pumping tests. The method requires short-duration pumping cycles on an unconfined aquifer with significant seasonal water-table fluctuations. The interpretation of several pumping tests at a site in India under various initial conditions provides information on the change in hydrodynamic parameters in relation to the initial water-table level. The transmissivity linearly decreases compared with the initial water level, suggesting a homogeneous distribution of hydraulic conductivity with depth. The hydraulic conductivity is estimated from the slope of this linear relationship. The extrapolation of the relationship between transmissivity and water level provides an estimate of the aquifer thickness that is in good agreement with geophysical investigations. The hydraulically active part of the aquifer is located in both the shallow weathered and the underlying densely fractured zones of the crystalline basement. However, no significant relationship is found between the aquifer storage coefficient and initial water level. This new method contributes to filling the methodological gap between single pumping tests and hydraulic tomography, in providing information on the variation of the global transmissivity according to depth. It can be applied to any unconfined aquifer experiencing large seasonal water-table fluctuations and short pumping cycles.     

On estimating the earthquake-induced changes in hydrogeological properties of the Choshuishi Alluvial Fan, Taiwan

The hydrological response of the Choshuishi alluvial fan to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake shows that the earthquake did impact the aquifer. The possible earthquake-induced changes in hydrogeological properties were investigated in this study. First, contour maps of the hydrologic anomaly, seismic factors, and vertical ground-surface displacement were compared qualitatively. Bulls eye patterns were found on the contour maps of hydraulic conductivity, coseismic groundwater-level change and vertical ground-surface displacement but did not occur with other seismic factors. The more permeable zones of the aquifer were found to coincide with the locations of greater vertical ground-surface displacement and coseismic groundwater-level change in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. This indicates that the change of the hydrogeologic properties of Choshuishi alluvial fan due to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake may have mainly occurred in the highly permeable zones. Fractal, cross semivariogram and cross correlogram analyses were performed to quantitatively measure the persistency, variability and similarity, respectively, of spatial hydrologic response, seismic factors and hydraulic conductivity. The groundwater-level change, earthquake intensity, and vertical ground-surface displacement were found to show antipersistent tendencies while other factors showed the opposite. Higher correlations were found between hydraulic conductivity and groundwater-level change in aquifers 2–1 and 2–2, and between hydraulic conductivity and vertical ground-surface displacement in aquifer 3. Changes in porosities and hydraulic conductivity were evaluated in the main aquifers of the Choshuishi alluvial fan based on the data of hydrologic anomaly and the vertical ground-surface displacement. While both approaches show that the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake has impacted the Choshuishi alluvial fan by reducing its porosity and hydraulic conductivity, these changes were not significant relative to natural variation in hydraulic conductivity.This revised version was published in May 2005 with correction to the rubric.     

Evaluation of methods for determination of hydraulic properties in an aquifer–aquitard system hydrologically connected to a river

Field and laboratory methods have been used to determine the hydraulic properties in a multiple-layer aquifer–aquitard system that is hydrologically connected to a river. First, hypothetical pumping tests in aquifer–aquitard systems were performed to evaluate the feasibility of MODFLOW-PEST in determining these parameters. Sensitivity analyses showed that: the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer has the highest composite sensitivity; the vertical hydraulic conductivity has higher composite sensitivity than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquitard; and a partial penetration pumping well in an aquifer layer can improve the quality of the estimated parameters. This inverse approach was then used to analyze a pumping-recovery test conducted near the Platte River in southeastern Nebraska, USA. The hydraulic conductivities and specific yield were calculated for the aquitard and aquifer. The direct-push technique was used to generate sediment columns; permeameter tests on these columns produced the vertical hydraulic conductivities that are compatible with those obtained from the pumping-recovery test. Thus, the combination of the direct-push technique with permeameter tests provides a new method for estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity, determined from grain-size analysis, is smaller than the horizontal one but larger than the vertical one determined by the pumping-recovery test.     

含水层压密引起其特征参数变化的实验

水文地质参数在含水层压密过程中不断变化,这是诸多地面沉降模型实际应用中的难点之一。就含水层压密对水文地质参数的影响开展了初步的实验,结果表明,压密前后含水层的渗透系数和给水度发生了较大的变化。其中：渗透系数随模拟含水层介质压密过程的变化几乎呈线性的减小趋势,线性拟合决定系数为0.959 2~0.997 1;给水度随着含水层的压实而表现出下降的趋势较为复杂,随介质类型的不同而有差异。渗透系数和给水度的下降速度在不同介质中也有一定的差异。在本研究的实验模型尺度下,给水度和渗透系数呈现一定的线性正相关关系,一次线性相关函数斜率为0.001 3~0.005 1,截距为0.011 6~0.038 1,基本相近且在相同数量级。     

Nonaqueous liquid pool dissolution in three-dimensional heterogeneous subsurface formations

A three-dimensional numerical flow and contaminant transport model is developed to investigate the effect of variable hydraulic conductivity on average mass transfer coefficients associated with the dissolution of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pools in heterogeneous, water-saturated subsurface formations. Randomly generated, three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity fields are used to represent a heterogeneous confined aquifer. Model simulations indicate that the average mass transfer coefficient is inversely proportional to the variance of the log-transformed hydraulic conductivity. A power law correlation relating the Sherwood number to the variance of the log-transformed hydraulic conductivity and appropriate Peclet numbers is developed. A reasonable fit between predicted and numerically determined mass transfer coefficients is observed.     

Variations in hydraulic conductivity with scale of measurement during aquifer tests in heterogeneous, porous carbonate rocks

 Previous studies have shown that hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer seems to increase as the portion of the aquifer tested increases. To date, such studies have all relied on different methods to determine hydraulic conductivity at each scale of interest, which raises the possibility that the observed increase in hydraulic conductivity is due to the measurement method, not to the scale. This study analyzes hydraulic conductivity with respect to scale during individual aquifer tests in porous, heterogeneous carbonate rocks in southeastern Wisconsin, USA. Results from this study indicate that hydraulic conductivity generally increases during an individual test as the volume of aquifer impacted increases, and the rate of this increase is the same as the rate of increase determined by using different measurement methods. Thus, scale dependence of hydraulic conductivity during single tests does not depend on the method of measurement. This conclusion is supported by 22 of 26 aquifer tests conducted in porous-flow-dominated carbonate units within the aquifer. Instead, scale dependency is probably caused by heterogeneities within the aquifer, a conclusion supported by digital simulation. All of the observed types of hydraulic-conductivity variations with scale during individual aquifer tests can be explained by a conceptual model of a simple heterogeneous aquifer composed of high-conductivity zones within a low-conductivity matrix. Received, January 1997 Revised, August 1997, November 1997 Accepted, November 1997