环渤海地区雾天气分型及预报方法

利用环渤海地区常规气象观测资料和NCEP位势高度、风速再分析资料,采用天气学方法分析了环渤海地区雾天气过程。结果表明:环渤海区域性雾天气出现时500 hPa高空天气形势有3种:纬向气流型、低槽型、高压脊型;地面形势有4种:锋面气旋型、高压前部型、均压场型、弱高压型。针对天气形势的槽脊和高、低压中心等特点设计客观自动识别系统,进而基于T639模式输出产品计算了多个水汽条件、层结稳定条件和风速条件因子,经过诊断分析及相关分析后选取1000 hPa温度露点差、1000 hPa风速、925与850 hPa温度差和M指数4个参数作为物理量诊断因子,建立天气形势自动识别与T639模式输出物理量诊断相结合的预报系统,给出环渤海地区雾天气出现时间和空间范围未来1~3 d的预报,试验结果表明取得了较好效果。     

基于高分辨率资料的湿螺旋度指标及其对成都强降水的预报应用

为了更好的提高成都地区(30.1°N-31.5°N,103°E-104.9°E)强降水的预报准确率,利用国家气象中心(T639)高分辨预报场(0.28°×0.28°)资料以及加密自动站降水量资料对成都地区2011-2012年汛期(7-9月)共计15例强降水个例进行湿螺旋度指标的统计分析,分别归纳总结出3 h、24 h内强降水发生、发展及落区分布的判据。利用这些判据对2013年6月20日以及7月8日发生在成都地区的两例强降水过程进行检验,同时根据这些判据对成都2013年6-8月强降水过程进行检验评分并投入业务试应用。结果表明,低层湿螺旋度对成都区域性暴雨的预报准确率较高。700 h Pa和850h Pa湿螺旋度正值区的分布对强降水落区分布有较好的预报效果,强降水出现在700 h Pa湿螺旋度正、负值等值线密集区(靠近正值一侧),以及850 h Pa正值区;当700 h Pa连续5~8个3 h维持在20×10-11~80×10-11Pa·s-3湿螺旋度时,出现区域性暴雨天气;当700 h Pa连续5~8个3 h维持在20×10-11~140×10-11Pa·s-3湿螺旋度时,出现区域性大暴雨天气;当不同层次上出现300×10-11~500×10-11Pa·s-3时,可能出现局地强对流天气,如大风、短时强降水等。     

天津港秋冬季低能见度数值释用预报研究

本文利用近5年(2009—2013年)天津港资料,分析了该地区大气能见度的分级特征。采用7年秋、冬季NCEP(2006—2012年)和地面资料,通过相关分析给出了对港口低能见度天气有高影响的高、低空物理量因子;排除沙尘和降水天气,针对不同区间的能见度样本,利用BP神经网络方法分类训练了3个统计模型;并与WRF天气模式产品对接,采用分步筛选法,研发了天津港秋、冬季72 h时效的逐时能见度BP释用预报产品。经过3年业务运行,检验结果表明:对逐时能见度而言,BP释用预报对10 km以下低能见度比WRF模式的预报技巧显著提高,达到10.5%~35.4%;其中对0.5 km大雾的预报技巧总体相当,但当WRF预报有降水时,WRF模式预报结果略优;对0.5~1 km的大雾预报,WRF模式的预报技巧1%,BP释用预报提高到了14%~21%。日最低能见度的检验表明:对小于1 km的大雾过程,BP释用预报的TS评分平均达到75%,比WRF预报技巧提高了24%;对1~10 km的低能见度过程,比WRF的预报技巧平均提高了60%。     

云贵准静止锋雾的中尺度环境场分析及短期预报着眼点

通过对1995—2010年贵州08时能见度资料及地面天气图的普查,选取76次云贵静止锋雾天气过程,分析了云贵高原东部贵州山区区域性静止锋雾的时空特征;利用高空和地面天气图,对天气环流形势和影响系统进行统计分析,总结静止锋雾的天气系统特征,并进一步以两次典型个例为代表,对两类典型静止锋雾展开详细的中尺度环境场分析,归纳静止锋雾短期预报的着眼点。研究表明,贵州区域性静止锋雾呈"西多东少"的分布特征,区域性静止锋雾的高空环流条件为多槽脊型、两槽一脊型、横槽型和一槽一脊型。短期预报重点考虑500 h Pa在100°E以西大多有南支槽存在,云贵高原上空存在中空急流;700 h Pa同样有急流存在;850 h Pa表现为切变或偏南气流影响,前者冷暖气流同时加强,静止锋活跃,水汽在低层辐合,湿层较厚,雾与降雨同时出现;后者出现在静止锋减弱期间,偏南暖湿气流增强,中低层暖平流加强。     

镇江市寒潮特征分析及中、短期预报模型

对镇江地区1980-2010年寒潮天气过程及相关物理量统计分析结果表明:寒潮强度与范围成正比,强寒潮和特强寒潮只发生在镇江市4个基本观测站均达到寒潮标准的情况下。寒潮酝酿阶段500 h Pa超长波以波1、波2为主要波型,暴发阶段波3为主要波型。冷空气影响镇江前,500 h Pa纬向平均有效位能有2次能量积聚过程,纬向平均动能在25-45°N内加强,西风指数在35-55°N内出现≥30 m·s~(-1)的峰值。寒潮强度越强,冷空气影响前1~3天500 h Pa寒潮关键区温度和位势高度越低。冷空气影响前后,镇江站最低气温、最低地温、平均气压和850h Pa温度的降(增)幅均随时效增长而增大。利用超长波、纬向平均有效位能、纬向平均动能及西风指数的中期变化结果,通过权重法建立寒潮中期预报模型;利用"CMA最新寒潮等级方法"的判别标准,确定寒潮发生具体日期;根据500 h Pa寒潮关键区温度、位势高度,镇江850 h Pa温度、日最低气温、地表温度的短期变化情况,建立寒潮短期强度等级预报模型。建立的寒潮中、短期预报模型,对2011-2016年镇江出现的15次寒潮过程全部报出,并报准5次强寒潮中的4次寒潮强度等级。     

陇东冰雹天气特征分析及预报预警

利用2008-2013年常规观测资料、区域站和自动站资料以及灾情资料,对收集到符合标准的陇东地区53个冰雹个例进行了强对流天气诊断分析,建立了陇东冰雹天气概念模型,通过对物理量及雷达产品特征的分析,确立了预报指标,并利用2014年部分个例进行了效果检验。结果表明,700 h Pa与500 h Pa温差、K指数、SI指数、LI指数、θse_(500)-θse_(700)、-20℃及0℃高度层、0~6 km垂直风切变等物理量指标对陇东地区0~12 h冰雹的潜势预报提供了很好的参考;而回波强度、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量、45 d BZ强回波顶高度、H45d BZ-H0、最强回波对应的高度等雷达产品预报指标则对12~30 min冰雹临近预报预警提供了定性甚至定量化的判据。     

我国中部区域人工增雨天气系统分型及典型天气系统特点

利用常规气象观测资料、自动站观测资料和探空资料等,对所选取的2004—2013年共78例降水过程进行分析,将中部区域春秋季降水过程分为3个类型:低槽/切变线冷锋型、低涡(西南涡/西北涡)气旋型、低槽/切变线冷高压型。统计结果表明,中部区域春秋季降水出现概率最多的类型依次为切变线冷锋型、低槽冷锋型和西南涡类型,各天气类型的雨区移动方向均以自西向东为主,低层700 h Pa和850 h Pa多存在西南或偏南急流,水汽主要来自于孟加拉湾。分析中部区域3种主要降水类型特征及其增雨潜力区位置发现:1)低槽冷锋类型降水一般出现在500 h Pa和700 h Pa低槽前部、地面冷锋后部,多为连续性降水;其增雨潜力区主要位于500 h Pa低槽前部、700h Pa槽前和西南急流出口区的左侧,以及地面冷锋后部或锋线附近区域。2)切变线冷锋类型降水多出现在地面冷锋后部、低层切变线两侧附近;其增雨潜力区主要位于700 h Pa和850 h Pa两切变线之间且较靠近700 h Pa切变线一侧、急流出口左侧的带状区域。3)西南涡波动类型降水一般出现在低涡中心及700 h Pa暖式切变线两侧附近,降水持续时间较长;其增雨潜力区主要位于700 h Pa和850 h Pa低涡中心附近及暖式切变线北侧区域。     

基于EC细网格产品在乌鲁木齐机场低能见度预测中的释用

利用2015—2018年乌鲁木齐机场航空例行天气报告(METAR报)、ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting)细网格数值预报产品对影响能见度的主要因子进行分析,提取与低能见度相关性高的物理量作为预报因子,采用SVM方法,分别基于Poly、RBF核函数建立乌鲁木齐机场未来21 h能见度预报模型。结果表明:(1)基于预报因子区间分类的SVM模型物理意义明确,试验结果较好;以RBF为函数建立的SVM模型(SVM-RBF)预报能力更好,其训练样本预测的TS评分0.84,准确率89.20%。(2)SVM-RBF模型的检验样本中,预报准确样本的预报误差整体偏小;在漏报样本中则有能见度越低、预报误差越大的特点,模型的振荡性明显。(3)结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究SVM-RBF模型对天气过程的预报表现,发现模型对于特定天气形势下引发的低能见度天气,预报误差较小且预报提前量较大。     

赣州市4—6月暴雨天气系统的配置及概念模型

针对1997—2012年期间4—6月赣州地区发生的暴雨天气过程,采用数理统计方法进行时空统计分析,并利用常规天气图、云图、赣州雷达图等资料,对2002—2012年41次暴雨天气过程,进行天气形势分型及特征分析。结果表明:1赣州暴雨多出现在每年5和6月,年平均5.4次,暴雨落区集中在赣州地区的东部、北部和中部地区。2产生暴雨天气的主要影响系统有:500 h Pa低槽和副高,700 h Pa低涡、急流,850 h Pa切变线、急流,低压倒槽和冷空气等,可以归结为低槽型和副高低槽并存型两种天气系统概念模型。3红外云图上具有带状波动特征,云带上多MCC(MCS)活动等。4雷达回波上主要有絮状回波结构、"列车效应"。5弱云系和弱回波影响下也能导致暴雨天气过程发生。     

山东滨州市冰雹天气分型和预报方法研究

利用山东滨州市7个国家气象站与61个人影作业站点观测资料,结合高空观测及探空、ECMWF再分析等资料,对2001—2011年滨州降雹时空分布特征、天气系统和物理量特征、降雹形势分型和预报方法进行研究。得出:(1)降雹日数年均8.6次,总体呈现明显下降的年际变化特征;4—10月可降雹,6—7月降雹最多;降雹主要出现在14时—翌日02时;北部沿海相对较多。(2)降雹形势主要有5种类型:冷涡型降雹、低槽型降雹、横槽型降雹、西北气流型降雹、其他小范围降雹。根据冷涡中心位置冷涡型划分为两个关键区;低槽型可分为前倾槽、阶梯槽、较深低槽、与中低纬度共同作用的槽;横槽型降雹范围广、破坏性大;西北气流型存在连续性。(3)4类13种物理量具有不同分布特征和变异系数,均具有较好的代表性。不同月份、不同降雹影响程度和影响系统,物理量具有较明显差别。(4)0℃层高度在1370~5331m时,7种物理量可用于预报冰雹,K≥17℃、T850-500≥25℃、LI≤2℃、SRH≥0.1m^2·s^-2、SSI≥240、SWEAT≥100、Cape≥2J·kg^-1时可能降雹。6月、7—8月和其它月分别有3种、1种、3种物理量指标组合可用于预报冰雹,物理量的组合和数值有差异。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on