一般块体方法理论解验证

裂隙岩体一般块体方法能够解决任意大小裂隙、任意形状工程岩体的岩石块体识别及稳定性计算问题。它在块体识别的过程中,将复杂的块体分解为若干个简单的凸形块体,从而使复杂块体的一系列问题大大简化。边坡和地下硐室是野外最常见的岩体建筑物,本文分别选择了一个边坡和一个地下硐室,从块体识别、块体规模、下滑力、摩擦力、粘滞力、稳定性系数等角度对该方法进行了验证。通过解析的方法求得上述两种模型中各个物理量的解,然后把求得的这些解析解与一般块体算法和程序的求解结果进行了比较。结果表明,一般块体方法的算法与程序是正确的。     

确定边坡潜在滑面的块体理论方法及稳定性分析

基于复杂边坡一般由多种岩性组成,且其稳定性往往受岩体结构控制,加之边坡滑面的逐步形成特点,本文提出了采用块体理论确定复杂边坡滑面位置方法,并采用Sarma极限平衡法及其它滑面形状分析了某大型边坡工程的稳定性,验证了所提方法的正确性。     

基于三维裂隙网络模拟的有限块体面积判断法

水工建筑物深开挖边坡中大量出现的随机楔体,他们是由广泛分布于裂隙岩体中的结构面切割而成。首先应用随机不连续面三维网络模拟技术建立不连续的概率模型,在此基础上,搜索出临空面迹线上所有的闭合凸多变形,根据文中提出的“面积判断”法,判断块体是否为有限块体。工程实例模拟的结果说明了该方法的合理性。     

基于块体单元法的岩石边坡安全系数研究

岩石边坡因其结构面数量众多、块体系统及其滑动方式复杂,给危险块体组合的搜索及其安全系数计算带来很大困难。基于块体单元法,对岩石边坡中的危险块体组合搜索及其安全系数的计算方法进行了研究。首先,在块体元强度折减计算的成果下,根据屈服面贯通理论提出搜索危险块体组合的新方法;然后,对安全系数计算方法进行研究,建议在位移突变判据下采用双线性交叉法计算安全系数;最后,进行了单面、双面和多面滑动以及复杂块体系统的算例分析,并与刚体极限平衡法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,由于块体单元法考虑了力与力矩的平衡及结构面上应力的非均匀分布,其计算结果更准确。该方法有望广泛应用于复杂岩石边坡稳定分析。     

某水电站引水洞进口侧山体边坡块体识别

某水电站进口侧山体边坡岩体为完整性较差的中--薄层状灰岩,岩体中主要发育3 条断层、1 组岩脉和4 组优势节理,严重影响了该山体边坡的稳定性。根据结构面分布,采取块体理论搜索边坡上的关键块体,通过赤平投影法找出边坡上所有的非空裂隙锥,将这些非空裂隙锥与临空面组合,从而获得所有可动块体; 利用矢量法计算不同运动形式下块体JP 编号、净滑力即可获得关键块体。结果表明: 该水电站引水洞进口侧山体边坡有4 块关键块体( JP 编号为00010111、00110111、10110111、 10111011) ,为该边坡稳定性的进一步研究提供了基础。     

汤屯高速公路某变质砂岩边坡块体稳定性评价

汤屯高速公路存在大量变质砂岩组成的高边坡,岩体质量一般较好,但结构面发育,组合形成大量潜在失稳块体,这些块体的稳定性状况直接影响边坡安全.本文选取一个典型边坡,通过对边坡结构面详细地质素描,查明构成可能失稳块体的边界条件,并利用块体理论对可能失稳的块体在各种工况下的稳定性进行计算,并结合块体工程特性,对边坡的稳定性进行系统评价.该研究成果对该边坡的支护优化设计提供了基础资料,同时对同类型的边坡设计具有一定的指导意义.     

基于自由面上环路对应节理无限切割的关键块体搜索

关键块体理论在评价工程裂隙岩体稳定性中得到了广泛应用。然而,一方面岩体中节理数量众多,关键块体的搜索将耗费较多机时;另一方面,极少数偶然出现的块体识别也会极大地增加计算量。因此,开发有针对性和灵活的关键块体搜索方法就非常重要。首先将研究区域分解成凸子区域,找出自由面上的闭合环路,然后利用环路的组成节理以及与其相交节理进行空间无限切割来识别该环路是否对应关键块体。该方法针对性强,能较好地适应人为规定的判别条件,如搜索楔形体以及后缘切割限定等,并能顺利实现凹面体的关键块体搜索,且编程实现简单。以某挂帮矿的顶柱为实例进行关键块体的搜索,验证了上述方法的可行性。     

凸块体的一种几何建构方法

块体的描述和建构是工程岩体稳定分析过程中不可或缺的重要环节。方程表示是描述和建构工程开挖面上所有可能出现的块体几何模型的有效途径。现有块体建构方法没有采用凸块体方程表示这种途径,其结果虽然可以建构任意复杂的块体,但由于缺少配套的参数化描述方法,所建构的块体难以得到精确的几何描述。为此,提出凸块体的一种几何建构方法。首先,建立了以边界平面的单位外法向量和原点距为输入变量的凸多面体的一种方程表示形式;其次,给出了凸多面体方程的基于单纯形方法的一种求解算法,以及输入变量的辨识方法;最后,引入控制变量,建立了凸块体的几何建构方法。通过算例,演示了工程开挖面上所有可能出现的类型、任意形状和大小的凸块体的参数化描述能力和几何建构能力。     

基于块体化程度确定裂隙岩体表征单元体

表征单元体（REV,或典型单元体）的存在是应用连续介质方法研究岩体问题的前提,因此,裂隙岩体表征单元体研究是岩体力学及岩体水力学中的一个基础问题,表征单元体的存在与否可以从不同物理参数的角度进行分析。从岩体块体化程度的角度对其存在性进行了较系统的分析,把岩体中由裂隙圈闭形成的孤立块体的总体积在岩体中所占体积百分比定义为裂隙岩体的块体化程度。介绍了GeneralBlock软件的基本分析过程,利用软件建立了三维裂隙岩体模型。根据国际岩石力学学会的裂隙分级,针对5个延展性级别、7个间距级别建立了35种岩体结构模型。利用GeneralBlock对这35种岩体进行了块体识别,分别讨论了这35种岩体结构的块体化程度随着模型范围变化的波动情况。由于所建立的岩体结构模型是随机的,对每种结构的每个研究范围进行了5次随机实现。结果表明,对所有的35种岩体,表征单元体的尺寸在4～8倍间距之间,不超过8倍间距。     

边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统的开发与研究

提出了复杂形态块体几何建模的切割法, 在此基础上, 对石根华等人提出的块体理论作了改进和完善。并基于Windows操作平台, 开发了一套实用方便、实用的边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统。经大量的实例 (例如三峡工程船闸高边坡 )检验结果表明, 该系统可以作为对边坡中复杂形状块体稳定性进行现场快速评价的实用工具。     

A generalized procedure to identify three‐dimensional rock blocks around complex excavations

This paper presents a generalized procedure for the identification of rock blocks formed by finite‐sized fractures around complex excavations. It was assumed that the study domain could be partitioned into a finite number of subdomains, where each either was, or could be, approximated by a convex polyhedron, and the fractures were finite in size and disc shaped and were defined using the location of the disc center, orientation, radius, cohesion coefficient, and friction angle. These may be either deterministic fractures obtained from a field survey or random fractures generated by stochastic modeling. In addition, the rock mass could be heterogeneous; i.e. the rock matrix and individual fractures could have different parameters in different parts. The procedure included: (1) partitioning of the model domain into convex subdomains; (2) removing noncontributive fractures. A fracture was deemed contributive when it played a part in block formation; i.e. it formed at least one surface with some of the blocks; (3) decomposing the subdomains into element blocks with fractures; (4) restoring the infinite fractures to finite discs; and (5) assembling the modeling domain. Our procedure facilitates robust computational programming, and is flexible in dealing with the problem of a complex study domain and with rock heterogeneity. A computer code was developed based on the algorithm developed in this study. The algorithm and computer program were verified using an analytical method, and were used to solve the problem of block prediction around the underground powerhouse of the Three Gorges Project. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于有限结构面的三维复杂块体切割研究

岩体的块体结构和结构面网络模型生成,是进行各种力学分析和场分析的基础。详细研究了有限结构面进行复杂块体切割的过程,提出了相应的算法,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。为描述块体切割后的复连通特性,在块体数据结构中添加了有向壳的概念。结构面可以为简单的凸多边形,也可采用形态更加复杂的凹多边形。通过面-面求交线、交线环路搜索形成有向环、有向环包含关系分析形成有向面、有向面拓扑搜索形成有向壳和有向壳包含关系分析形成块体等过程,将有限结构面分别与各块体进行切割运算,形成进行块体切割的一般方法。在切割过程中将得到的有向环,有向面、有向壳和块体分别进行拓扑有效性校核,满足要求后得到最终的块体和结构面网络模型。选取4个算例来验证该方法的可行性。计算结果表明,该方法可以对复杂块体进行有效地切割,结构面可以选择包括凹形面在内的复杂多边形,方法具有普遍意义。     

Developing an algorithm for reconstruction blocky systems in discontinuous media: three‐dimensional analysis

Block detection is one of the important steps in all discontinuous methods of analysis such as discontinuous deformation analysis and discrete element method. It is in fact a pre‐processing step for these methods. This paper describes a new approach to the problem of geometrically defining polyhedral rock blocks created by the intersection of planar discontinuities in a rock mass. An approach is developed based on the concept of using matrices with integer elements that mostly represent vertices, edges, or face numbers and their connections. Using square matrices with integer elements and performing edge/face regularization reduce the size of the matrices because of elimination of unnecessary faces, edges, and vertices; speed and accuracy of block tracing operation will be increased. This algorithm is able to trace and identify all kinds of blocks including convex and concave blocks formed by limited or unlimited fractures. The simplicity of the procedure makes it very attractive. The algorithm was programmed in C#.Net by over 8100 code lines; several examples are presented to show application of the algorithm in different situations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某电站地下厂房裂隙发育规律及其对围岩稳定性的影响

裂隙岩体内的洞室围岩块体稳定问题是抽水蓄能电站地下厂房建设中要解决的重要工程地质问题。为了在厂房开挖之前较准确地预测不稳定块体的发育位置,本文以某抽水蓄能电站为例,对厂房探洞内的裂隙进行统计分析,结合厂房区构造断层的发育情况,确定了裂隙发育规律;根据裂隙发育规律将厂房区岩体划分为A、B、C、D、E 5个构造分区;并利用Unwedge程序,以各分区裂隙组合为基础,确定可能形成的块体位置,评价了其稳定性状况。研究结果表明,裂隙受多期构造控制,在一定范围内具有方向性,A、E区优势裂隙与构造产状接近,B、C、D区优势裂隙与构造产状斜交;裂隙在厂房上、下游侧边墙各形成6处潜在不稳定块体,顶拱处形成10处潜在不稳定块体,右端墙处形成1处潜在不稳定块体。     

输电线路杆塔危岩威胁等级评价方法研究

从影响滚石击中塔体时的能量以及塔体被滚石击中的可能性出发,提出现场评价危岩对塔体威胁等级的方法。该方法考虑了边坡形状、塔位与山体的相对位置、坡上危岩的数量和大小以及坡脚滚石的数量和大小等因素。当边坡总体坡度相同时,上缓下陡的折线边坡,滚石落地速度最大;而内凹的曲线边坡,滚石落地速度最小。位于山体内凹一侧的塔位,塔体受危岩威胁最大,而位于山体凸出一侧的塔位,受危岩威胁最小。     

A new stereo‐analytical method for determination of removal blocks in discontinuous rock masses

The paper provides a new stereo‐analytical method, which is a combination of the stereographic method and analytical methods, to separate finite removable blocks from the infinite and tapered blocks in discontinuous rock masses. The methodology has applicability to both convex and concave blocks. Application of the methodology is illustrated through examples. Addition of this method to the existing block theory procedures available in the literature improves the capability of block theory in solving practical problems in rock engineering. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic stability analysis of a rock block using the block theory and Newmark method

Seismic stability analysis of a rock block is an important issue in the field of rock mechanics and rock engineering. To solve this problem, the block theory and the Newmark method are combined, and a general method for seismic response of a rock block is introduced. First, the formation method of a three-dimensional rock block, which includes establishing a topological relationship among the block-polygon face-edge-vertex and dividing a complex block into convex subblocks, is presented, and the simplex integration method is employed to calculate the volume of a rock block and the areas of the polygonal faces. Second, the assumptions and algorithms of the general method for seismic response of a rock block are detailed. The dynamic analysis is carried out in time step. In each time step, the key technologies including analysis of the seismic force and motion mode, trial of the incremental displacement, check for the block entrance, and update of the motion parameters are performed in order. Last, two verification examples and three application examples including a wedge, a rock block of slope, and a combined rock block are used to analyze the correctness and practicality of the general method. The results show that, for a given ground motion record, the Newmark program can effectively simulate the dynamic response process of the motion mode, velocity, and safety factor of the rock block, and the permanent displacement under the earthquake action is obtained, which provides a quantitative parameter to evaluate the dynamic stability of a rock block.     

考虑岩桥破坏的块体稳定性分析方法

经典块体理论在进行块体可移动性分析和稳定性计算时是分步独立进行的,默认不可移动块体是稳定的,对不可移动块体不再进行稳定性分析。实际工程中,某些阻碍岩石块体运动的“岩桥”可能发生破坏,使得不可移动块体发生滑动。当块体的规模比较大时,在重力作用下破坏局部岩桥的可能性会增高。文中提出一种考虑岩桥破坏的块体稳定性分析方法,不再默认不可移动块体绝对稳定,计算块体稳定系数时,将阻碍块体移动的岩桥的抗剪切力纳入到块体的抗滑力中。该方法首先找出块体所有可能的滑动面和裂隙交线,识别块体沿每一个方向运动时需要破坏的岩桥,基于摩尔-库仑强度准则计算出块体沿每个方向运动时的稳定系数,然后,选取最小的稳定系数作为块体的实际稳定系数,最小稳定系数对应的方向即为块体最有可能的运动方向。