多云天气下海南岛海风环流结构的数值模拟

利用WRF-Noah耦合中尺度模式对海南岛2012年7月5日的多云海风个例进行三维高分辨率数值模拟,重点分析多云天气条件下复杂地形区域的海风环流结构及其演变特征。通过观测资料与模拟结果的对比发现,WRF模式能够合理地模拟出岛屿四周的海风演变特征。与少云海风日相似,多云海风日中全岛海风于12时开始形成,15时海风发展最为强盛,影响范围最广,18时全岛海风的辐合程度最强,海风辐合区是主要的潜在降水区域。对比山区与平坦地区的海风环流发现,山区海风环流强盛期为13—18时,而平坦地区海风环流强盛期为15—18时。复杂的山地对海风环流结构有直接和间接的影响:一方面在山地地形动力阻挡和抬升作用下,海风环流变得更加清晰完整,间接延长了海风环流的维持时间;另一方面局地地形热力作用形成的谷风环流与海风几乎同时产生和消亡,两者汇合后,谷风的瞬间加强会引起海风锋锋消,瞬间减弱会引起海风锋锋生;两者同相叠加会使得海风环流结构更加完整。相比之下,平坦地区的海风受到的地形动力和热力作用小,海风水平分布比较规则,海风环流垂直结构的变化主要取决于不同方向海风之间的相互作用。     

青岛地区8月一次海风环流实例分析和WRF模拟

根据青岛地区2006年8月份浮标站、岸基站和陆地站观测资料及探空加密测风资料,分析了8月21日到22日一次典型的海、陆风环流过程,并进行了WRF数值模拟和检验分析.观测数据分析表明:海、陆风环流在垂直方向分别具有闭合环流,海风环流发展高度远高于陆风环流,海风环流午后发展最强盛,海风在底层最先发展并在底层最先消失,风速大小随高度减小,发生海风环流时青岛站与浮标站的海陆气温差在4℃以上,海风环流向内陆推进大约40多千米;WRF模式较好地模拟了海风环流发生发展的完整过程,并揭示了海风环流与半岛北部相向风场的相互作用,在半岛中部地区存在辐合上升区.     

天津地区城市热岛环流与海风环流相互作用的研究

利用中尺度数值模式（TJ WRF）模拟资料及天津加密自动气象站资料等,选取几个典型天气过程（城区附近局地强雷暴天气过程、受海风影响明显的无天气过程）个例,分析研究天津城市热岛环流与海风环流的空间结构特征及相互作用;重点对城市热岛环流与海风环流相互作用触发局地强雷暴的机制进行分析。结果表明：城市热岛环流的伸展高度基本在800 hPa 附近、空间范围约为20 km、环流内有弱的辐合上升;海风环流的伸展高度在800~750 hPa、空间范围40~60 km,海风环流前沿海风锋的伸展高度为950~900 hPa,垂直上升速度平均为0.2 m·s-1 ,略强于城市热岛环流。海风环流对城市热岛环流有明显消弱作用,城市热岛环流对海风环流有一定的阻挡作用,其阻挡的程度与城市热岛环流强度有关。随海风环流向内陆推进,海风环流与城市热岛环流相遇出现叠加,叠加后的辐合上升运动明显加强,最大上升速度可达0.6 m·s-1,并在不稳定天气形势条件下能触发局地强雷暴天气的出现。     

城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的数值模拟研究进展

在沿海城市地区,城市热岛环流和海风环流往往同时存在;它们在空气污染物的传输和扩散中均起至关重要的作用,对强对流天气亦有重要的触发作用.随着城市化的发展,空气污染等环境问题变得越来越严峻,突然性强对流天气所造成的灾害也越来越严重.因此,沿海城市地区城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的研究受到日益广泛的关注.本文回顾了近30 a来国内外关于城市热岛和海风环流相互作用数值模拟的研究历史,分析了目前的研究现状及存在的一些问题,概述了城市化、城市热岛对海风环流的影响,海风对城市热岛、城市热岛环流的影响,以及城市热岛环流和海风环流的耦合效应.最后,本文提出了一些有待于研究或需深入研究的问题;这些问题的研究将有助于进一步揭示沿海城市地区空气污染动力学机制、强对流天气触发机制.     

多云天气下海南岛地形对局地海风环流结构影响的数值模拟

采用WRF中尺度天气预报模式,针对海南岛多云天气条件下的一次典型海风个例,对局地海风环流结构进行数值模拟,分析海风环流的演变特征,并通过设计改变海南岛地形的敏感性试验,探究地形对海南岛局地海风环流结构以及云水分布的影响。结果表明:海岛西部陡峭的山区造成海风强迫抬升,偏南背景风使得海岛北部高空回流明显,海岛西部、北部的海风结构较为完整;地形高度越高,海岛南部山区的阻挡作用越强,西部地区的海风高空回流特征越显著,西部、西北部云水混合比的位置也越深入内陆;受南海季风的影响,与晴空天气相比,多云天气下海风强盛期全岛的最大风速稍大,海风在垂直方向上达到的高度更高;移平地形后,多云天气下全岛风速平均仅减少2~3 m·s^-1,而晴空天气下全岛风速则大大减弱,即多云天气下海风环流水平结构受地形的影响比晴空天气下弱。     

一次冷锋过境后的海风三维结构数值模拟

为研究大尺度系统风对海风的影响以及海风三维结构特征,利用山东省123个地面自动站资料、青岛地区三十多个内陆及沿海、海岛观测站以及奥帆赛场3个浮标站资料,对2006年8月21日青岛一次海风个例进行了分析,并利用美国俄克拉荷马大学风暴分析预测中心开发的ARPS(the Advanced Regional Prediction System)模式,对海风过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果发现:在较强的离岸风背景下,当内陆气温高于海面气温2℃左右时,海风也可以发生。海风首先在海岸线附近的海上开始,发展的同时向内陆及远海地区推进。海风低层环流很浅,主要位于500 m以下。在较强的偏北离岸风下,海风向内陆推进的距离很短。偏北的大尺度系统风由于渤海冷下垫面的影响,不利于青岛海风的维持。海风开始时,在1500～2500 m高度处同时有反环流出现,但直到傍晚前后,海风的垂直环流圈才发展得比较清晰,其高度也更接近地面。海风消亡后,高层的垂直环流圈及反环流维持3 h左右才逐渐消亡。     

海南岛海风三维结构的数值模拟

利用中尺度模式WRF对2012年4月12日海南岛在无明显天气系统强迫下产生的一次典型的海风个例进行了数值模拟,目的在于揭示海南岛海风的三维结构及其演变特征。通过与观测资料的比较可以看出,WRF模式能够较为合理地模拟出此次海南岛海风的演变特征。海风环流开始时间较我国其他地区偏晚,午后开始形成,15—18时达强盛时期,夜间21时海风转为陆风环流。南北向的海风维持时间和强度明显大于东西向的海风环流,而东西部的海风环流开始时间、维持时间和强度都相差不大。午后辐合线主要分布在岛屿城市较密集的北部和西北部沿海地区,污染物不易扩散而导致灰霾等天气,这样的分布与岛屿形状及地形密切相关。在向岸型背景风作用下,岛屿南部海风环流向内陆传播了约80 km,远大于东西部;岛屿西南部五指山和鹦哥岭两座山岭之间形成了强烈的沿峡谷分布的西南气流。垂直方向：白天岛屿西南部山地对海风起到了抬升、加强的作用,大地形结合向岸型背景风共同作用使得高空回流减弱;东部和北部平原地区的海风环流结构较完整,东部海风垂直伸展达1.8 km,而北部18时海风环流高度可达2.5 km。12时,海南海岸线附近的位温梯度大幅增大,从而激发了四面的海风;海风锋后是水汽储备的大值区,18时,岛屿山脉南侧(迎风坡)和岛屿中心东北部极易产生暴雨等强对流天气。     

2013年宁波地区一次海风锋对雷暴过程影响分析及数值模拟

利用浙江省常规气象站观测资料、地面自动站加密资料、新一代多普勒天气雷达资料、NCEP GFS分析资料以及WRF中尺度模式,对2013年7月29日发生在宁波市地区的一个局地强雷暴天气过程进行了诊断分析和数值模拟。通过对天气环流和数值模拟结果的分析发现：本次强雷暴过程发生在较稳定的大气背景下,主要影响系统是中尺度辐合线海风锋;多普勒雷达出现弱窄带回波时,对应中尺度辐合线海风锋;海风锋向内陆推进时,对应站点温度降低、湿度增大。WRF模式能较好地模拟出此次雷暴过程以及宁波地区低层海风锋环流,高空回流随时间和空间的演变特征;海风锋的锋生造成的地转强迫促使次级环流加强,在东西风辐合线西侧有垂直上升运动出现;通过与敏感试验的对比可知,海陆热力差异是影响雷暴降水强度、海风锋水平垂直环流的重要因素。     

青藏高原冬季雪盖增大对夏季东亚大气环流影响的数值试验

利用二维非线性能量（Ｅ－ε）闭合的边界层数值模式,研究了中纬度地区海岸日间局地海风环流的特征,并对不同海风特性条件下的ＴＩＢＬ高度廓线用幂指数关系进行了数学拟合。对大量的数值试验结果分析表明,ＴＩＢＬ廓线幂指数（α）的取值与海风特性有关,其大小在０．４－１．１之间,α＝０．５只在海风充分发展时的陆上适用,文中还给出了不同海风发展程度（阶段）下的α取值。     

江苏近海岸夏季两类海风锋特征及其对强对流的激发

利用观测资料、ECMWF Era-interim资料、江苏风塔资料、降水融合资料等,对江苏沿海区域夏季海风锋进行统计与诊断分析,并对海风锋激发强对流过程进行数值模拟。结果显示,海风锋主要显现在较稳定的高压系统边缘地带,可分为两类:Ⅰ类为海上西伸副高控制下的海风锋;Ⅱ类为大陆高压入海环流下的海风锋,Ⅱ类海风锋环流具有更多局地系统,常有强对流天气伴随。海风锋垂直剖面要素结构显示,来自海上的低层偏东风u分量构成海风锋前缘,影响锋面垂直抬升运动位置及强度。锋面附近二级环流,影响海风锋系统的环境不稳定性。海风锋在近海岸地区相遇内陆对流系统时,沿岸风塔资料在风的时序上出现突然的风向转变和迅速的风速增大。同时区域对流有效位能CAPE(convective available potential energy)的高值区显著增强。配合水汽通量辐合中心,构成有利于强对流系统激发及加强的环境条件。数值模拟显示,CAPE的水平分布指示了内陆强对流系统与海风锋的相对移动,CAPE的垂直分布显示海风锋激发强对流时能量增强与释放,强中心在2 h内迅速减弱。     

非绝热加热对赤道地区平均纬向环流的作用——非线性响应

本文设计了一个两层非线性原始方程模式,做低谱展开,求出非线性方程组的解;讨论了在外参数变化情况下解及其相应环流的演变;并与线性响应作了对比。此外,还讨论了定常解的稳定性。 主要结论是:(1)非绝热加热各分量在非线性响应中能强迫出更为接近实际的赤道地区平均纬圈环流圈。(2)在非线性响应中,潜热加热对纬圈环流的作用是最主要的。随着外参数——湿度的变化,解出现突变现象,其对应的赤道地区平均纬圈环流从一个定常态变到另一个定常态;其中对流潜热的作用最为明显,感热加热的作用是次要的。(3)在非线性响应和线性响应中,辐射加热对环流的作用不同;潜热加热对环流的作用相似,但在前者中它要强得多。      

Properties of the circulation classification scheme based on the rotated principal component analysis

Summary The study addresses some methodological issues of application of principal component analysis (PCA) to the classification of circulation patterns. The obliquely rotated PCA in T-mode (i.e. with time observations corresponding to variables and grid points to realizations) is applied to 500 hPa geopotential heights over Europe and adjacent parts of Atlantic Ocean. The solutions are examined for various numbers of principal components rotated, and for both raw and anomaly data, with the aim to find the way of determining the optimum number of circulation types. This is done, among others, by examining temporal and spatial stability of solutions, their compliance with simple structure requirements, and temporal behaviour of classifications. Some of the solutions that are pre-selected according to the rule based upon the separation between successive eigenvalues prove to perform considerably better than unselected ones; some of them do not. Which pre-selected solutions should be given preference is impossible to decide in advance, without a detailed scrutiny. Nevertheless, even after such a scrutiny is done, more than a single classification are acceptable. The final choice of the optimum solution depends on the aims of the intended study: It should balance the demands on statistical stability of types and on resemblance between types and daily patterns classified with them.With 6 Figures     

不同形式的加热对冷锋环流影响的数值研究

利用原始方程模式对３种加热形式影响冷锋环流的情形作了数值计算，结果显示，大尺度凝结潜热释放对冷锋非地转环流和锋区垂直运动的影响最大，使之明显增强，它有可能在短时间内使冷锋暧区中产生强的暴雨系统，积云对流加热也能使锋面环流增强，但影响较小；感热加热增强冷锋环流，而且可能是锋区多重雨带产生的一种驱动因子。     

ZONAL MEAN STRUCTURES OF THE EXTRATROPICAL TROPOSPHERE

The study of mean circulation fields requires evaluation of eddy foreings in the atmosphere.Due to the difficulty in calculating the eddy forcings on theory,the mean state equations including the eddy forcings were used mostly for diagnostic studies only.Using the geostrophic perturbation solutions obtained by McHall (1991a),we may deal with theoretically the eddy fluxes and their convergence.This allows us to employ the mean state equations for the study of mean circulation fields.It will be found that the time averaged zonal mean structure and circulation of the troposphere at middle and high latitudes can be reproduced basically in terms of the mass and momentum balances in geostrophic wave circulations.     

A THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA OF TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE AND THEIR RELATION TO THE ONSET OF THE SUMMER MONSOON

Multiple equilibria and their stability in tropical atmosphere are investigated through β-plane barotropic models with consideration of heating and dissipation. We have derived the solutions of the model equations corresponding to the multiple equilibria or the steady flows first, and then establish the criteria for the stability of steady flow by use of the Liapunov direct Method. When these criteria are applied to the solutions of equilibria obtained, stable flows, which are closely related to the different patterns of quasi-stationary circulation in the tropical region, are found. The configurations of these stable flows and the shift between two of them as season changes provide quite reasonable explanations to many fundamental problems of tropical circulation features such as the catastrophe mechanism of the onset and the break-active cycle of the Asian summer monsoon. It follows that the onset or the abrupt transition of the Asian summer monsoon could be attributed to the multiple equilibrium property of the tropical circulation resulted from the advective nonlinearity, which provide another explanation among others.     

Poleward heat flux by an ocean gyre

A calculation to determine the poleward heat flux by an oceanic subtropical gyre is described. The circulation is given by Stommel's (1948) barotropic wind-driven model, and the temperature field is treated as a passive tracer. Air-sea heat exchange is parameterized as linearly proportional to the difference between air and sea temperatures. The problem so formulated reduces to the solution of the advection-diffusion (heat) equation for the temperature. The results show how ocean circulation, with a narrow western boundary layer, transports significantly more heat than does a symmetric circulation. A more intense circulation transports more heat but the increase levels off beyond a certain point. A wide ocean basin transports more of its heat by conduction than does a narrow basin. Approximate analytical solutions for both weak and strong circulations yield results that agree semiquantitatively with the numerical results.     

用自由模对1998年夏季阻塞形势的诊断分析

签于大气自由模和阻塞高压的重要性 ,首先简要介绍阻塞高压与中国夏季降水的关系及 1998年夏季 5 0 0hPa异常环流场 ;然后利用 2 1波菱形截断的谱方法求出无粘性、无强迫正压涡度方程的自由解 ,即和实际大气流场十分接近的大气自由模 ,并讨论其特征 ;最后利用大气自由模的特征诊断分析了实际大气的环流特征 ,并重点用其分析了 1998年夏季的大气环流异常形势。结果表明大气自由模能很好地反映大气环流大尺度特征 ,而略去了中、小尺度涡旋 ;大气自由模的流场和绝对涡度场之间的散点图反映了 (q ,Ψ )的函数关系是分段线性或非线性的 ,尽管实际流场与绝对涡度场之间的点阵图反映两者之间成不同斜率的线性函数关系 ,但点阵比较发散 ,不能突出某些重要系统 ;1998年夏季实际大气自由模态突出了大气环流的重要特征 ,例如 ,越赤道气流、西风急流、副热带高压、阻塞高压及两极的边界效应等 ;通过自由模态的特征可以识别出纬向流及阻塞高压的持续异常 ,利用自由模的稳定性判断阻塞高压的稳定性 ,不稳定模态可以维持一段较长的时间 ,且由于这些不稳定的模存在 ,才使 1998年 6月中旬到下旬的中高纬阻塞高压稳定维持。     

三峡库区对局地暴雨和江面大风影响的理论模型

从考虑水汽凝结潜热作用的两维非静力平衡方程组出发,利用江陆边界条件,从理论上求得适用于陆地水体的解析解。结果表明,当0〈k〈1.0℃·km-1时（k为水汽凝结潜热）,江风环流比陆风环流强,两岸比江面容易形成暴雨;当k〉1.0℃·km-1时,江风环流比陆风环流弱,江面比两岸容易形成暴雨;当0.5℃·km-1≤k≤0.9℃·km-1时,江陆面上方低层易出现大风。在江陆风环流中心附近流线出现与锋面类似的间断面,可用于解释雷达图上的海陆面上空类切变线的线状回波。此回波与冷锋相遇,易形成暴雨。     

Surface Synoptic Circulation and Daily Precipitation in Catalonia

Summary Catalonian daily precipitation patterns were obtained by means of S-mode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to subsets built up according to synoptic surface airflow. Daily data from November to April 1990–1994 from 45 raingauge sites in Catalonia without missing data were used. Eight circulation classes for days in this period were considered. A Precipitation Activity Index (PAI) was calculated for each station and class, leading to the determination of the highest activity regions for each subset. In addition, we determined which circulation type produced most precipitation at each station of the network. Separate PCAs were performed for each of the eight classes considered and the first four Varimax rotated solutions were interpreted for each circulation type. The physical meaning of the rest of the factors were omitted as they were associated with local behaviour. Finally, some concluding remarks on the cyclogenic properties of the Western Mediterranean Basin and the diversity of the extracted patterns are presented and supported by the authors experience in forecasting in Catalonia. Received February, 11, 1997 Revised May 23, 1997     

Reconciling theories of a mechanically driven meridional overturning circulation with thermohaline forcing and multiple equilibria

It has recently been suggested that the structure and strength of the meridional overturning circulation in the global ocean is governed by the input of mechanical energy to the system by winds and tides. However, it is not clear how this suggestion relates to the existence of multiple equilibria of the meridional overturning circulation, which depends on thermohaline feedbacks and is more consistent with a buoyancy-driven view of the circulation. Both theories have been illustrated by box models in the past (Stommel in Tellus 13:224–230, 1961; Gnanadesikan in Science 283:2077–2079, 1999). Here we incorporate these two theories into a single box model in an attempt to reconcile the roles of mechanical and buoyancy forcing in driving the meridional overturning circulation. The box model has two equilibrium solutions, one with sinking at high northern latitudes as in the present-day Atlantic, and one without. The circulation is mechanically driven, but the northern sinking can be thought of as a release valve which acts as a sink of potential energy when the surface water at high northern latitudes is dense enough to convect. While the source of energy comes from mechanical forcing, the presence or otherwise of multiple equilibria is therefore determined by thermohaline feedbacks. In some areas of parameter space an oscillation between the model’s two circulation regimes occurs, reminiscent of a bipolar seesaw.