黑土侵蚀速率及其对土壤质量的影响

利用¹³⁷Cs示踪法,研究了东北黑土耕作土壤的流失厚度和速率,探讨了水土流失对土壤机械组成、有机质、土壤水分、容重及其N、P含量的影响。结果表明:研究区侵蚀坡面¹³⁷Cs的分布深度在0～25cm,¹³⁷Cs的活度在1246.05±85.90～1499.45±101.73Bq/m²,侵蚀厚度可达0.316～0.433mm/a,侵蚀强度3033.6～3940.3t/km²·a,已属于中度侵蚀水平。水土流失造成土壤质地粗化,从坡顶向坡底,耕层土壤有机质增加、容重变化不大,含水量增加,土壤养分的“贫化”现象明显。     

东北漫岗黑土区春季冻融期浅沟侵蚀

浅沟侵蚀是东北漫岗黑土区农耕地上常见的水蚀类型,往往对坡耕地造成严重的破坏。2005年春季,通过对两个小流域浅沟侵蚀的调查测量,发现该区浅沟侵蚀相当严重,两流域分别形成浅沟14条、16条,浅沟总长度分别达3 269 m、2 146 m,浅沟密度分别为908 m/km2、766 m/km2,侵蚀深度分别为0.17 mm、0.16 mm,侵蚀模数分别达181.8 t/km2、173.6 t/km2。2005年春季两流域浅沟侵蚀期的径流深分别是6.8 mm、7.7 mm。分析表明,研究区在春季表层土壤解冻、地表裸露和存在季节性冻土层的条件下,春季融雪及强降水易造成强烈的浅沟侵蚀。在分布上,浅沟一般位于坡面的中下部,而且多发育在瓦背状坡面的集流水路上。另外,耕作措施对浅沟的形成和发展也有重要影响。     

长江中上游土壤自然侵蚀量及其估算方法

首先阐述了土壤侵蚀可分为自然侵蚀和人为加速侵蚀,自然侵蚀是自地球形成以来就普遍存在的一种自然现象;继而从夷平面、河流阶地、沉积盆地等侵蚀和堆积地貌形迹论述了第四纪以来长江中上游土壤自然侵蚀存在的佐证事实;在此基础上,依据侵蚀沉积相关原理,利用沉积物的厚度、面积和沉积时段分别计算了洞庭湖流域、鄱阳湖流域和古云梦泽流域全新世以来的自然侵蚀量,它们分别为264.2t/km² · a、 312.5t/km² · a和297.0t/km² · a;同时,本文还辅以川西和三峡地区的对比实验小区资料,现代自然侵蚀量分别为342.0t/km² · a、 75~270t/km² · a佐证历史自然侵蚀量。长江上中游区域的自然侵蚀量介于264.0t/km² · a ~342.0t/km² · a之间。流域平均自然侵蚀量是现代侵蚀量的50%~60%之间;本研究成果有助于对长江中上游现代土壤侵蚀的属性、演变过程有一个科学的认识;同时可为生态保护、环境友好建设目标提供背景参照物。     

东北漫岗黑土区浅沟侵蚀发育特征

东北黑土区是中国重要商品粮基地之一,沟道恶性扩张,已成为导致该区土地退化主要原因之一.利用全球定位系统和传统方法测量浅沟形态参数,结合地理信息系统(GIS)平台计算流域尺度的沟蚀现状,分析东北黑土区浅沟侵蚀发育特征,并对比分析其与黄土高原浅沟侵蚀发生的地貌因子之间的异同.研究表明,研究区浅沟分布密度0.56～0.93 km、km2,年侵蚀模数达到118～199 m3/km2,浅沟破坏面积占流域面积比例达0.11%～0.19%,浅沟沟壑密度已经达到中度和强度侵蚀,处于快速发展时期;研究区浅沟的临界汇水面积大于黄土高原,分布的临界坡度小于黄土高原,这主要由黑土区坡长坡缓的特点决定.     

黄土陡坡裸露坡耕地浅沟发育过程研究

根据黄土陡坡地浅沟地形特征参数,在室内人工建筑浅沟发育初期的雏形模型,研究浅沟发育不同阶段沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩张和沟槽下切变化规律,分析浅沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明,浅沟发育不同阶段对应于不同的浅沟侵蚀过程。浅沟发育初期,沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩展和沟床下切均相对活跃,且溯源侵蚀速率大于沟壁扩张速率和沟床下切速率;浅沟发育中期,以沟槽下切和沟壁扩张为主;浅沟发育后期,以沟壁扩张为主,但沟壁扩张速率明显小于浅沟发育的初期和中期阶段。浅沟发育初期和中期阶段,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的58%;浅沟发育后期,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的26%~59%。     

海南省松涛水库流域土壤侵蚀及控制方案

采用RS和GIS技术,基于USLE方程实现了热带地区海南岛松涛水库流域2003~2005年平均土壤侵蚀的定量模拟,通过情景分析研究了流域土壤侵蚀控制方案。结果表明:流域内潜在土壤侵蚀量约为4261万t/a,超过容许土壤流失量的60倍;在植被的保护下,现有年均土壤侵蚀量约为51.46万t/a,主要集中在退化的林地、浆纸林和橡胶林;流域平均土壤侵蚀模数略低于容许土壤流失量,但空间分布不均,部分区域侵蚀发育强烈;如对经济林、园地和耕地采取水土保持措施或恢复林草植被,能有效控制流域内土壤侵蚀,分别减少侵蚀量22.46万t和14.15万t,减少侵蚀面积98.48km²和65.90km²。     

黑土区土壤侵蚀的REE示踪法研究

应用定位小区段面法实验和稀土元素示踪剂检测,选择吉林省长春市净月开发区和永吉县的两块黑土实验小区进行土壤侵蚀过程研究,探讨了稳定性稀土元素示踪法应用于黑土区土壤侵蚀、沉积、分布和发生过程研究的可能性,并计算出坡面不同部位的侵蚀量与相对侵蚀量,较好地描述降雨对坡面的侵蚀过程。实验表明,坡面的土壤侵蚀率随降雨时间而加大;7°~12°坡面的最大土壤侵蚀量出现在坡面中部和下部(为Nd、Sm和Eu所标记的坡段)。降雨时间和地形坡度大小影响土壤颗粒运动的速度和方向,是土壤侵蚀发生的主要因素。     

我国水土保持工作现状、问题和对策

本文回顾了我国水土保持工作的历史并将其划分为4个阶段.对占国土面积38.2%的367万km²水土流失状况、成因类型和地域分布作了分析.对建国以来累计治理水土流失面积60万km²,建设基本农田1.5亿亩,营造水土保持林5亿多亩,以水土保持措施使每年增产粮食150亿kg、增产果品250亿kg,每年减少土壤侵蚀11亿t、增加保水能力180亿m³,以及水土保持在立法、科研、教育等方面取得的成就作了总结.对目前存在的主要问题及部分地区水土流失面积扩大危害加剧趋势,论文从依法治理、实施全国水土保持规划纲要、抓好7大江河和17片重点治理工程、加强教育和科研等方面提出了具体对策.     

长江上游输沙尺度效应研究

利用长江上游DEM、降雨、土地利用、土壤类型数据库,计算出通用土壤流失方程中代表影响侵蚀产沙的各因子,建立这些因子以及流域面积与长江上游268个水文站以上流域输沙模数回归关系,探讨上游侵蚀输沙的尺度效应。结果显示长江上游输沙模数与流域面积之间呈负幂函数单元回归关系,而且这一关系主要产生于降雨侵蚀力因子和土壤可蚀性因子随流域面积的变化。长江上游输沙模数随流域面积增大而降低主要发生在大约1×10⁴~1.58×10⁵km²之间。在考虑了影响侵蚀产沙因子对输沙模数的作用后,输沙模数与流域面积之间呈正幂函数相关,反映出上游输沙近源沉积的特征。分析还发现长江上游各主要支流输沙模数变化与流域尺度大小的关系和原因有明显不同。     

山前洪积扇坡面细沟侵蚀跌坑特征的试验研究

跌坑的出现是坡面侵蚀过程中的重要现象,标志着细沟侵蚀正在发育,跌坑的贯穿标志着细沟的形成。采用土槽冲刷模型试验,选取流量、坡度、冲刷时间和坡面形态作为影响跌坑发育的因子结合正交试验调查了不同试验条件下跌坑发育特征及影响因素。结果表明：影响跌坑发育的因素主次为冲刷时间、流量、坡面形态、坡度;跌坑沿坡面连续分布,深度具有波动性,沿坡向下呈现先增大后减小的趋势,最大值一般发育在坡面中部;根据跌坑的发育特征将坡面细沟侵蚀划分为片蚀、细沟雏形、细沟发育和细沟调整四个阶段;坡面细沟侵蚀跌坑深宽积与土壤侵蚀量具有较显著线性关系。研究结果对输油管线水毁及水土流失防治具有一定的参考价值。     

The value of a physically based model versus an empirical approach in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion for loess-derived soils

A data set on soil losses and controlling factors for 58 ephemeral gullies has been collected in the Belgian loess belt from March 1997 to March 1999. Of the observed ephemeral gullies, 32 developed at the end of winter or in early spring (winter gullies) and 26 ephemeral gullies developed during summer (summer gullies). The assessed data have been used to test the physically based Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM) and to compare its performance with the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion.Analysis shows that EGEM is not capable of predicting ephemeral gully cross-sections well. Although conditions for input parameter assessment were ideal, some parameters such as channel erodibility, critical flow shear stress and local rainfall depth showed great uncertainty. Rather than revealing EGEM's inability of predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this analysis stresses the problematic nature of physically based models, since they often require input parameters that are not available or can hardly be obtained.With respect to the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this study shows that for winter gullies and summer gullies, respectively, over 80% and about 75% of the variation in ephemeral gully volume can be explained when ephemeral gully length is known. Moreover, when previously collected data for ephemeral gullies in two Mediterranean study areas and the data for summer gullies formed in the Belgian loess belt are pooled, it appears that one single length (L)–volume (V) relation exists (V=0.048 L^1.29; R²=0.91). These findings imply that predicting ephemeral gully length is a valuable alternative for the prediction of ephemeral gully volume. A simple procedure to predict ephemeral gully length based on topographical thresholds is presented here. Secondly, the empirical length–volume relation can also be used to convert ephemeral gully length data extracted from aerial photos into ephemeral gully volumes.     

Development of gullies and sediment production in the black soil region of northeastern China

Gully erosion is an important environmental hazard in the black soil region of northeastern China. It is a primary sediment source in the region which needs appropriate soil conservation practices. Gully incision in rolling hills typical of this region was monitored using real-time kinematic GPS to assess the rates of gully development and the resultant sediment production. From 2002 to 2005, gully heads in the study area retreated between 15.4 and 33.5 m, giving an average retreat rate of 8.4 m yr^− 1. Field measurements showed that total sediment production due to gully erosion during the three years ranged between 257 and 1854 m³ yr^− 1, which is equivalent to 326 to 2355 t yr^− 1, with gully-head retreat accounting for 0 to 21.7% (4.4% in average). The sediment delivery ratio was especially high during the summer rainy season (56% in average). Sediment production by ephemeral gullies and permanent gullies was 1.5 times greater than that from surface erosion. Gully heads retreated faster in the spring freeze–thaw period than in the summer. The stage of gully development could be identified based on short-term changes in the gully erosion rate.     

Characteristics, controlling factors and importance of deep gullies under cropland on loess-derived soils

Several studies describe the formation and importance of shallow ephemeral gullies under cropland (depth<0.8 m). Some of these gullies may develop into channels with a depth of more than 0.8 m (up to 4 m). Despite their spectacular nature, these deep gullies have not yet been studied in detail. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to analyze the characteristics and the controlling factors of these deep gullies, as well as their importance in terms of sediment production.Comparison of a dataset with 28 deep gullies, formed in the period 1985–2003 and 123 shallow ephemeral gullies formed in the period 1994–1999 in central Belgium indicates that the deep gullies have clearly different morphological characteristics compared to shallow ephemeral gullies. Several factors were analyzed to understand the formation of deep gullies. Plotting runoff contributing area versus slope of the soil surface at the gully head indicates that the topographical threshold for deep gully formation is significantly larger compared to ephemeral gully formation. Deep gullies form on short, steep valley sides and their position is strongly affected by the presence of linear landscape elements. All deep gullies incised on landscape positions with a very erodible soil horizon at shallow depth. Analysis of causative rainfall showed no significant differences in incision thresholds between rills and shallow ephemeral gullies on the one hand and deep gullies on the other hand.The relation between area-specific sediment yield in central Belgium and drainage area, indicates that the development of deep gullies contributes significantly to the sediment output of small rural catchments and causes peaks in the mean area-specific sediment yield that are up to a factor of three higher compared with catchments where shallow ephemeral gullying occurs.     

克拜东部黑土区侵蚀沟遥感分类与空间格局分析

近百年来,东北黑土区侵蚀沟的大量发育带来了一系列严重的社会经济问题,弄清侵蚀沟的类型、数量及分布情况是进行水土流失治理和生态环境建设的前提条件。以黑龙江省克拜东部黑土区作为典型研究区,采用2005年SPOT-5高分辨率卫星影象,结合野外调查,根据侵蚀沟的活跃程度,将黑土区的侵蚀沟分为活跃性、半活跃性和稳定性三种类型,阐述了不同类型侵蚀沟的影象特征和遥感分类方法,为利用遥感手段在区域尺度上对侵蚀沟进行快速调查提供了一种新途径。在对侵蚀沟进行信息提取和空间插值后,形成研究区不同类型侵蚀沟密度图,探讨了克拜东部黑土区侵蚀沟分布的空间格局特征及其影响因素,认为地貌发育过程中的“分水岭迁移”现象是造成该地区侵蚀沟密度东西差异的重要原因。     

基于DEM的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区沟谷网络节点研究

选择黄土高原3个典型地貌类型区为试验样区,基于数字高程模型(DEM)沟谷网络与沟谷网络节点自动提取技术,得到了各样区沟谷网络节点,并从地貌形态学、沟谷成因学以及水文学原理出发,对不同级别沟谷网络节点水流累积属性进行了深入分析,结合数理统计方法获得了：(1)同一沟谷系统不同分辨率沟谷网络节点水流累积量均值分级统计规律;(2)不同地貌类型样区相同分辨率沟谷网络节点水流累积量均值分级统计规律。该结论能够有效解释黄土高原丘陵沟壑区各级沟谷系统的形成机理及其空间分异规律,同时能够合理地说明沟谷系统发育与地表侵蚀、切割强度之间的相互关系。     

坡耕地增长对沟谷发育的影响——以四川西昌大箐梁子为例

为了研究近50 a来土壤加速侵蚀的状况和原因,收集了四川西昌大箐梁子1957年、1979年、2000年航空影像,应用立体像对获取高程信息生成DEM,并利用DEM纠正航片获取正射影像。同时,利用三期正射影像获取土地利用变化和沟谷变化信息,通过野外调查与验证,分析了沟谷形成、发育特点及与坡耕地增长的密切关系。研究表明,西昌大箐梁子沟谷发育,到1957年已形成部分稳定或半稳定冲沟,1970年代后期,大量草地被开垦为耕地,且多为坡耕地,土壤抗蚀能力降低,土壤侵蚀由此加剧,沟蚀增强,人为加速了沟谷侵蚀的发育。     

Medium-term evolution of a gully developed in a loess-derived soil

Field surveys in the Belgian loess belt revealed the presence in many forested areas of large, permanent gully systems, most of which are currently inactive. In cultivated areas, such gullies can only be observed in cross-sectional soil profiles through hollows, as virtually all such large gullies are currently infilled with colluvium. Little is known about the spatial distribution, initiation and temporal evolution of these large, permanent gully systems on loess-derived soils. Therefore, the medium-term evolution of a gully initiated in a cultivated area on loess-derived soils southwest of Leuven (Belgium) in May–June 1986, was studied over 13 years. Two intense rainfall events created this (ephemeral) gully, which was not erased by subsequent tillage. Between June 1986 and the December 1999, eight field surveys were conducted to measure gully dimensions. During two surveys, topographic indices (e.g., slope and drainage area) were also measured. Daily rainfall for the measuring period were obtained from a rainfall station located some 10 km southwest of the gully. Analysis of rainfall data showed that no extreme rainfall event was required to initiate such large (permanent) gullies, as observed in forested areas and through cross-sectional profiles in cultivated fields in the Belgian loess belt. Return periods of the event that caused the gully varied between <1 year and 25 years, depending on the assumptions used for defining event rain intensity. Once established, length, surface area and volume of the studied gully evolved with time, cumulative rainfall or cumulative runoff, following a negative exponential relation. This accords with observations reported for gullies in Australia and the USA. This study shows that a degressive increase of gully extension, can be largely explained by the evolution of a “slope–drainage area” factor (S×A, which is proportional to stream power) with time. While gully length and gully surface area asymptotically evolve towards a final value, gully volume decreased at a given point in time. From this, it is inferred that sediment deposition will potentially infill the gully to such an extent that the farmer can drive across it. From this moment on, the combined effect of water and tillage erosion in the gully drainage area, will lead towards rapid infilling. This expected evolution of a gully in cultivated fields accords with observations of large infilled gully systems in cultivated areas in eastern Belgium. The permanent gullies observed under forest are attributed to the fact that after severe gully erosion, this area was reforested or abandoned. Therefore, the sediment source was cut off and the gully was not filled in by sediment deposition.     

东北漫岗黑土区切沟侵蚀发育特征

随着人们对土壤侵蚀空间尺度认识的加深, 发育在更大空间尺度上的切沟愈来愈受到重视。切沟是土壤侵蚀的重要组成部分, 但现有的土壤侵蚀模型尚未包括切沟侵蚀部分。本研究利用高精度差分GPS, 在对东北典型漫岗黑土区切沟监测的基础上, 借助GIS 平台生成DEM, 通过DEM 的叠加分析, 探讨了沟内蚀积变化特征。并在此基础上, 提出了东北切沟侵蚀的概念模型, 认为冬春季冻融侵蚀产生沟内堆积-雨季径流产生侵蚀的过程可能是该区切沟发育的一种重要模式。     

The characteristics of gully erosion over rolling hilly black soil areas of Northeast China

In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from the active gullies selected in representative black soil area, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multi-temporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and used for further analysis. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, we discussed the erosion–deposition characteristics within gully and a developing model for black soil gully area of Northeast China was proposed. The results are: (1) The analysis of the monitored gully data in 2004 indicated that the retreat of gully head reached more than 10 m, gully area extended 170–400 m2, net gully eroded volume 220–320 m3,and gully erosion modulus 2200–4800 t?km?2?a?1. (2) Compared with the mature gully the initial gully grows rapidly, and its erosion parameters are relatively large. The erosion parameters have not only to do with flow energy, but also with the growth phase. (3) There are significant seasonal differences in gully erosion parameters. The extension of gully area and width dominates in winter and spring without marked net erosion while changes mainly occur in gully head and net erosion in rainy season. (4) It is remarkable for freeze-thaw erosion in the black soil area of NE China. The gully wall of SG2 extended 0.45 m under freeze-thaw effect in 2004, and the distance of gully head retreated maximally 6.4 m. (5) Due to freeze-thaw action and snowmelt, gully is primarily in the interior adjustment process in winter and early spring. There are much more depositions compared with that during rainy season, which can almost happen throughout the gully, while erosion mostly occurs near head, esp. for gullies having a relatively long history of development. On the other hand, the process of energy exchange with exterior dominates in rainy season. It is considered that this cyclic process is an important mechanism for gully growth in high latitude or/and high attitude regions.