典型黑土区小流域浅沟侵蚀季节差异分析

通过2005年对黑龙江鹤山农场两个小流域进行定位观测,研究了典型黑土区浅沟侵蚀特征及其季节差异,并对作物类型和耕作措施对浅沟侵蚀的影响进行了分析。结果表明,两流域年浅沟侵蚀量达285.9 m³ km^-2和290.8 m³ km^-2,仅浅沟侵蚀量就超过了黑土区的土壤允许侵蚀量。浅沟侵蚀量呈现出沿坡面波动的变化,沿坡面向下存在浅沟侵蚀的强弱交替带。春夏浅沟侵蚀在侵蚀强度、浅沟形态及主要影响因素3个方面存在差异,春季浅沟侵蚀受融雪、冻融影响显著,侵蚀较夏季严重;与春季相比,夏季浅沟长度变短、宽度变大、深度变浅,浅沟体积与长度的相关性较春季差,这与夏季暴雨历时短、雨强大以及植被盖度大有关。耕作措施和作物类型影响浅沟侵蚀深度和浅沟分布,尤其在夏季比较明显。     

The value of a physically based model versus an empirical approach in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion for loess-derived soils

A data set on soil losses and controlling factors for 58 ephemeral gullies has been collected in the Belgian loess belt from March 1997 to March 1999. Of the observed ephemeral gullies, 32 developed at the end of winter or in early spring (winter gullies) and 26 ephemeral gullies developed during summer (summer gullies). The assessed data have been used to test the physically based Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM) and to compare its performance with the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion.Analysis shows that EGEM is not capable of predicting ephemeral gully cross-sections well. Although conditions for input parameter assessment were ideal, some parameters such as channel erodibility, critical flow shear stress and local rainfall depth showed great uncertainty. Rather than revealing EGEM's inability of predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this analysis stresses the problematic nature of physically based models, since they often require input parameters that are not available or can hardly be obtained.With respect to the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this study shows that for winter gullies and summer gullies, respectively, over 80% and about 75% of the variation in ephemeral gully volume can be explained when ephemeral gully length is known. Moreover, when previously collected data for ephemeral gullies in two Mediterranean study areas and the data for summer gullies formed in the Belgian loess belt are pooled, it appears that one single length (L)–volume (V) relation exists (V=0.048 L^1.29; R²=0.91). These findings imply that predicting ephemeral gully length is a valuable alternative for the prediction of ephemeral gully volume. A simple procedure to predict ephemeral gully length based on topographical thresholds is presented here. Secondly, the empirical length–volume relation can also be used to convert ephemeral gully length data extracted from aerial photos into ephemeral gully volumes.     

Medium-term evolution of a gully developed in a loess-derived soil

Field surveys in the Belgian loess belt revealed the presence in many forested areas of large, permanent gully systems, most of which are currently inactive. In cultivated areas, such gullies can only be observed in cross-sectional soil profiles through hollows, as virtually all such large gullies are currently infilled with colluvium. Little is known about the spatial distribution, initiation and temporal evolution of these large, permanent gully systems on loess-derived soils. Therefore, the medium-term evolution of a gully initiated in a cultivated area on loess-derived soils southwest of Leuven (Belgium) in May–June 1986, was studied over 13 years. Two intense rainfall events created this (ephemeral) gully, which was not erased by subsequent tillage. Between June 1986 and the December 1999, eight field surveys were conducted to measure gully dimensions. During two surveys, topographic indices (e.g., slope and drainage area) were also measured. Daily rainfall for the measuring period were obtained from a rainfall station located some 10 km southwest of the gully. Analysis of rainfall data showed that no extreme rainfall event was required to initiate such large (permanent) gullies, as observed in forested areas and through cross-sectional profiles in cultivated fields in the Belgian loess belt. Return periods of the event that caused the gully varied between <1 year and 25 years, depending on the assumptions used for defining event rain intensity. Once established, length, surface area and volume of the studied gully evolved with time, cumulative rainfall or cumulative runoff, following a negative exponential relation. This accords with observations reported for gullies in Australia and the USA. This study shows that a degressive increase of gully extension, can be largely explained by the evolution of a “slope–drainage area” factor (S×A, which is proportional to stream power) with time. While gully length and gully surface area asymptotically evolve towards a final value, gully volume decreased at a given point in time. From this, it is inferred that sediment deposition will potentially infill the gully to such an extent that the farmer can drive across it. From this moment on, the combined effect of water and tillage erosion in the gully drainage area, will lead towards rapid infilling. This expected evolution of a gully in cultivated fields accords with observations of large infilled gully systems in cultivated areas in eastern Belgium. The permanent gullies observed under forest are attributed to the fact that after severe gully erosion, this area was reforested or abandoned. Therefore, the sediment source was cut off and the gully was not filled in by sediment deposition.     

东北漫岗黑土区春季冻融期浅沟侵蚀

浅沟侵蚀是东北漫岗黑土区农耕地上常见的水蚀类型,往往对坡耕地造成严重的破坏。2005年春季,通过对两个小流域浅沟侵蚀的调查测量,发现该区浅沟侵蚀相当严重,两流域分别形成浅沟14条、16条,浅沟总长度分别达3 269 m、2 146 m,浅沟密度分别为908 m/km2、766 m/km2,侵蚀深度分别为0.17 mm、0.16 mm,侵蚀模数分别达181.8 t/km2、173.6 t/km2。2005年春季两流域浅沟侵蚀期的径流深分别是6.8 mm、7.7 mm。分析表明,研究区在春季表层土壤解冻、地表裸露和存在季节性冻土层的条件下,春季融雪及强降水易造成强烈的浅沟侵蚀。在分布上,浅沟一般位于坡面的中下部,而且多发育在瓦背状坡面的集流水路上。另外,耕作措施对浅沟的形成和发展也有重要影响。     

Development of gullies and sediment production in the black soil region of northeastern China

Gully erosion is an important environmental hazard in the black soil region of northeastern China. It is a primary sediment source in the region which needs appropriate soil conservation practices. Gully incision in rolling hills typical of this region was monitored using real-time kinematic GPS to assess the rates of gully development and the resultant sediment production. From 2002 to 2005, gully heads in the study area retreated between 15.4 and 33.5 m, giving an average retreat rate of 8.4 m yr^− 1. Field measurements showed that total sediment production due to gully erosion during the three years ranged between 257 and 1854 m³ yr^− 1, which is equivalent to 326 to 2355 t yr^− 1, with gully-head retreat accounting for 0 to 21.7% (4.4% in average). The sediment delivery ratio was especially high during the summer rainy season (56% in average). Sediment production by ephemeral gullies and permanent gullies was 1.5 times greater than that from surface erosion. Gully heads retreated faster in the spring freeze–thaw period than in the summer. The stage of gully development could be identified based on short-term changes in the gully erosion rate.     

Dating of small gully formation and establishing erosion rates in old gullies under forest by means of anatomical changes in exposed tree roots (Southern Poland)

Small gullies occur in forested gully systems on the undulating loess plateau in southern Poland. The old gully hillslopes are mainly covered with 200-year old beech trees in contrast with the surface of the summit plateau, which is cultivated agricultural land. Beech roots are exposed in the gullies through erosion. Wood vessels in the root tree rings divide into early wood and late wood and, after the roots are exposed, start to make fewer vessels. These anatomical changes in root tree rings allow us to date erosion episodes.Small gullies form in a different manner on the valley floor and on hillslopes. In valley bottoms, erosion features are often formed at some distance from one another, and in time small gullies combine to form a single, longer one. Depending on local conditions, such as the hillslope profile, hillslopes may exhibit headward erosion or may be eroded downwards. Hilllope gullies may be transformed into side valleys as a result of gradual widening and deepening.Dating the exposure of roots indicates that small gullies had already formed in the valley system by 1949. Intensive gully erosion was recorded between 1984 and 2002, during intense precipitation in 1984 and, of particular note, during the extraordinary flood of 1997 which affected all of Central Europe. The mean rate of small gully erosion in the old gully system studied is 0.63 m/year. On hillslopes the mean gully erosion rate is 0.21–0.52 m/year, and on the valley bottoms 0.18–1.98 m/year. High bottom erosion rates resulted from the emergence of long gullies during the erosion episodes in 1984 and 1997. Sheet flow in valley floors intensifies at times of heavy rainfall which causes long gullies to form.Taking into account the fact that conditions favoured erosion, the rate at which the old gullies under forest were transformed should be considered slow. New side gullies form slowly within the valley and it appears that if erosion progressed at the rate observed, new side valleys would take a few hundred years to form.     

Sediment yield variability in Spain: a quantitative and semiqualitative analysis using reservoir sedimentation rates

An existing dataset of area-specific sediment yield (SSY) for 60 catchments in Spain that was retrieved from sediment deposition rates in reservoirs [Avendaño Salas, C., Sanz Montero, E., Rayán, C., Gómez Montaña, 1997. Sediment yield at Spanish reservoirs and its relationship with the drainage basin area. In: Proceedings of the 19th Symposium of Large Dams, Florence, 1997. ICOLD (International Committee on Large Dams), pp. 863–874] reveals that catchment area alone explains only 17% of the variability in SSY. In this study, an attempt to explain the remaining variability in SSY was made using a quantitative and a semiqualitative approach for 22 catchments. During a field survey, the 22 selected catchments were characterised by topography, vegetation cover, lithology, shape and the presence of gullies in the broad vicinity of the reservoir. This information was used to develop a factorial scoring index model that provides a fairly accurate and reliable prediction of SSY. A classical multiple regression model using climatic, topographic and land use properties derived from regional datasets could not explain as much variance as the qualitative index model, nor did it appear to be as reliable. The same conclusion could be drawn when using the CORINE soil erosion risk map of southern Europe. The low prediction capability of the multiple regression models and the CORINE soil erosion risk map could be attributed mainly to the fact that these methods do not incorporate gully erosion and that the land cover data are not a good representation of soil cover. Both variables have been shown to be of great importance during the field surveys. Future assessments of SSY could be quickly and efficiently made using the proposed factorial scoring index model. In comparison with other models, which demand more data, the index model offers an alternative prediction tool.     

东北低山丘陵典型区侵蚀沟分布特征及其地形影响研究

东北低山丘陵区是重要的粮食主产区和商品粮基地,高强度的农业垦殖造成了严重的水土流失,侵蚀沟危害日益加剧。选择东辽河上游106.5 km²的区域为研究区,基于分辨率2 m的遥感影像,在GIS人工预判读侵蚀沟的基础上,野外实地验证并测量了研究区内长度≥50 m、且深度≥0.5 m的侵蚀沟的几何参数与经纬度;基于DEM获取了侵蚀沟所在坡面的坡度、坡向和高程等空间信息;分析了研究区侵蚀沟的基本特征与时空演化趋势,探讨了坡度和坡向对侵蚀沟发育的影响。结果表明：① 目前研究区已形成侵蚀沟322条,分布密度为3.0条/km²,沟壑密度为0.8 km/km²,割裂度为1.4%,侵蚀沟发展速度快,沟蚀强度已达强烈程度,应引起足够重视。② 侵蚀沟主要分布在6°~9°的坡耕地上,坡度对沟蚀的影响明显,坡耕地高强度垦殖是沟蚀加剧的主要驱动力;③ 阳坡（S、E）上侵蚀沟分布相对较多,而阴坡（N）上侵蚀沟分布最少,坡向对沟蚀也有一定影响。研究成果为认识东北低山丘陵区侵蚀沟发生与演化提供了科学数据。     

Some effects of the Tiga Dam on valleyside erosion in downstream reaches of the River Kano

Some of the effects of a lower river stage on valleyside fluvial processes are examined in downstream reaches of the Tiga Dam in the Kano River basin. The focus is on valley-bottom gullies which responded clearly and quickly to the lower height of flow in the Kano River channel in these reaches. The characteristics of the valley-bottom gullies at a time before the construction of the Tiga Dam were compared with those of the same gullies when the Tiga Dam was in operation.It is clear that valley-bottom gullies along the Kano channel changed from the typical, savanna shallow types (pre-Tiga) to deeper ones (post-Tiga). For example, the depth of the gully mouth increased from 1.3 m to 2.02 m, the gullies lost their alluvial deposits on the gully floors and a dual-cycle gully shape was established. The incision was rapid and intense, lasting not more than three wet seasons.It is argued that the construction of major dams on savanna streams would usually escalate fluvial processes on the valleyside slopes downstream, and that the maintenance of perennial flow in the relevant river channel would shorten the relaxation time required for a new equilibrium to occur.     

基于DEM的黄土沟谷横剖面形态特征研究——以宜君、延安、绥德为例

选用1:10 000高精度5.0 m分辨率的DEM数据,在陕北地区,按黄土地貌演化序列次序,遴选分别代表黄土残塬沟壑、梁状丘陵沟壑、峁状丘陵沟壑地貌的宜君、延安、绥德3个流域,研究其中1 831个沟谷横剖面19个因子的形态特征,利用主成分分析法确立核心因子,分析结果表明：① 沟谷深度、宽度、横剖面面积、宽深比、侵蚀度与不对称性指标的主成分累积贡献率为95.02%,为黄土沟谷横剖面核心指标;② 随级别的增加,3个流域沟谷宽度、横剖面积、宽深比、侵蚀度均呈现总体增加的态势,与黄土地貌发育阶段具有明显的空间耦合性,尤其是宽深比与侵蚀度指标,反映出低级别黄土沟谷溯源侵蚀现象明显,以下切侵蚀为主,而高级别沟谷沟沿线后移,以侧向侵蚀拓宽为主的规律;③ 随级别增加沟谷深度呈现先增后降的态势,并在中级别沟谷出现拐点,与实地调研发现沟谷在中级别下切侵蚀遇到基岩的现象相吻合。     

川中丘陵区和三峡地区小流域侵蚀产沙的塘库沉积137Cs断代

选择川中丘陵区和三峡地区四川盐亭、南充和重庆开县的4个小流域,采集塘库沉积泥沙137Cs样品,确定了1963年以来塘库淤沙量,并据此分析了流域输沙模数和侵蚀模数。研究表明,开县春秋沟的淤沙模数最高,为1869t.km-2.a-1;盐亭武家沟和集流沟分别为701t.km-2.a-1和710 t.km-2.a-1;南充天马湾沟为566 t.km-2.a-1。对小流域地貌特征的分析和谷地水田取样结果表明,除塘库淤积区外,各小流域谷地内基本无泥沙淤积。因此,除南充天马湾沟按现有水面面积作为淤积面积求算的淤沙模数明显偏小外,其他小流域的塘库淤沙模数基本可以表征各研究小流域的侵蚀模数。对研究小流域侵蚀产沙影响因素的分析表明,除降雨和土地利用状况外,地形起伏、土壤抗蚀性及岩层产状也是三地侵蚀程度差异的重要原因。     

黄土陡坡裸露坡耕地浅沟发育过程研究

根据黄土陡坡地浅沟地形特征参数,在室内人工建筑浅沟发育初期的雏形模型,研究浅沟发育不同阶段沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩张和沟槽下切变化规律,分析浅沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明,浅沟发育不同阶段对应于不同的浅沟侵蚀过程。浅沟发育初期,沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩展和沟床下切均相对活跃,且溯源侵蚀速率大于沟壁扩张速率和沟床下切速率;浅沟发育中期,以沟槽下切和沟壁扩张为主;浅沟发育后期,以沟壁扩张为主,但沟壁扩张速率明显小于浅沟发育的初期和中期阶段。浅沟发育初期和中期阶段,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的58%;浅沟发育后期,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的26%~59%。     

Anthropogenic alluvial sediments in North Carolina Piedmont gullies indicate swift geomorphic response to 18th century land-use practices

ABSTRACT

Gullies are common erosional features in the Piedmont of North Carolina that have often been studied as indicators of poor land-management practices. However, the timing of gully formation, and thus the specific practices that caused their formation, has been largely overlooked in the literature. Here, we use the timing of gully formation to examine the geomorphic and anthropogenic triggers for erosion in the Piedmont. To do this, we mapped 74 gullies in the landscape and found that most contained alluvium within the gully or in alluvial fans. Soil pits were dug at a subset of the gully sites (16 in alluvium, 1 in colluvium, and 1 upland comparison) and examined for soil development, organic content, and particle size. Seven charcoal fragments were sampled from the soil pits and were radiocarbon dated. Radiocarbon ages cluster in the late 1700s, which suggests that early European settlers had an immediate impact on the landscape through deforestation and agriculture. The swift response of the landscape to deforestation and agriculture indicates that the argillic Piedmont soils are pre-disposed to erosion. Our results highlight the importance of erosion prevention as reforested farmland is cleared during urban expansion.     

Dynamics and driving factors of late Holocene gullying in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER)

The issue of determining the driving factors in gullying, apart from land use, is somewhat lagging in comparison with the study of their physical modelling and control technology. Available information focuses on the basic ideas of climatic control, anthropic determinism and internal “authigenic” dynamics. High resolution chronology of cyclic systems, common in extensively gullied areas, can provide a clue to the weight of each factor. This paper reports a study of this kind, focusing on two gully catchments in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), but backed by an extensive regional survey. By integrating tracing and correlation of unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units and soils with radiocarbon dating, a detailed chronology was obtained for the last 5000 years. This could be compared with proxy climate reconstructions of similar detail. Clear evidence of climatic control emerged; gully filling is triggered by decreased stream transport capacity and increased sediment supply during transitions towards drier climate phases, while gully entrenchment appears to take place at the start of moist intervals, for the reverse reasons. A broader consideration of geological setting, however, puts forward a more general interpretation. These gullies actually formed, in the beginning, as part of the land surface response to sudden, very recent tectonic events, which created accommodation space for temporary sediment stores. They should then be seen in the frame of the Discontinuous Ephemeral Stream (DES) concept; as such, they are intrinsically non-linear and complex phenomena, whose response is linearized by a strong climatic–vegetational forcing, acting on both channel flow and sediment supply.     

Sediment concentration changes in runoff pathways from a forest road network and the resultant spatial pattern of catchment connectivity

Hydrological connectivity is a term often used to describe the internal linkages between runoff and sediment generation in upper parts of catchments and the receiving waters. In this paper, we identify two types of connectivity: direct connectivity via new channels or gullies, and diffuse connectivity as surface runoff reaches the stream network via overland flow pathways. Using a forest road network as an example of a landscape element with a high runoff source strength, we demonstrate the spatial distribution of these two types of linkages in a 57 km² catchment in southeastern Australia. Field surveys and empirical modelling indicate that direct connectivity occurs primarily due to gully development at road culverts, where the average sediment transport distance is 89 m below the road outlet. The majority of road outlets were characterised by dispersive flow pathways where the maximum potential sediment transport distance is measured as the available hillslope length below the road outlet. This length has a mean value of 120 m for this catchment. Reductions in sediment concentration in runoff plumes from both pathways are modelled using an exponential decay function and data derived from large rainfall simulator experiments in the catchment. The concept of the volume to breakthrough is used to model the potential delivery of runoff from dispersive pathways. Of the surveyed road drains (n=218), only 11 are predicted to deliver runoff to a stream and the greatest contributor of runoff occurs at a stream crossing where a road segment discharges directly into the stream. The methodology described here can be used to assess the spatial distribution and likely impact of dispersive and gullied pathways on in-stream water quality.     

克拜东部黑土区侵蚀沟遥感分类与空间格局分析

近百年来,东北黑土区侵蚀沟的大量发育带来了一系列严重的社会经济问题,弄清侵蚀沟的类型、数量及分布情况是进行水土流失治理和生态环境建设的前提条件。以黑龙江省克拜东部黑土区作为典型研究区,采用2005年SPOT-5高分辨率卫星影象,结合野外调查,根据侵蚀沟的活跃程度,将黑土区的侵蚀沟分为活跃性、半活跃性和稳定性三种类型,阐述了不同类型侵蚀沟的影象特征和遥感分类方法,为利用遥感手段在区域尺度上对侵蚀沟进行快速调查提供了一种新途径。在对侵蚀沟进行信息提取和空间插值后,形成研究区不同类型侵蚀沟密度图,探讨了克拜东部黑土区侵蚀沟分布的空间格局特征及其影响因素,认为地貌发育过程中的“分水岭迁移”现象是造成该地区侵蚀沟密度东西差异的重要原因。     

黄土高原勺状沟壑特征及发育过程

沟谷是黄土高原物质交换最频繁,形态变化最剧烈的区域。在内外营力的共同作用下,不同发育阶段的各类沟谷塑造了黄土高原“千沟万壑”的独特地貌景观。在黄土高原沟壑系统中,广泛分布着一类特殊的黄土勺状沟壑,目前对其成因、发育过程与机理以及空间分布特征等的认知明显不足。本文以高分辨率遥感影像和DEM数据作为数据源,在大量野外调查和专家知识的基础上,首先提出了黄土勺状沟壑的概念,指出黄土勺状沟壑是独立发育于黄土坡面上的永久性沟谷。其次,从沟壑形态、汇流关系、侵蚀过程、分布特征等方面分析了黄土勺状沟壑区别于其他已有沟壑的特点。进而,从发育形态、发育规模、发育部位等角度对黄土勺状沟壑进行了分类,深化了对勺状沟壑的认识。再次,基于空代时理论,定量分析了黄土勺状沟壑发育过程的形态演变特征,进一步探讨了黄土勺状沟壑发育过程,论证了黄土勺状沟壑是黄土切沟的初期阶段。最后,在系统梳理总结勺状沟壑的特征及分类的基础上,提出了黄土勺状沟壑的发育过程设想,指出勺状沟壑的形成离不开黄土陷穴和暗穴的生成和发育,勺状沟壑的进一步发育伴随着水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀过程。勺沟尾部变细甚至消失,不能发育成更大规模的切沟,与地下暗穴、黄土渗透率、降雨条件以及地表覆盖有关。本文成果期望为进一步完善黄土沟谷地貌发育和侵蚀过程与机理等认识做出贡献,同时对黄土高原水土保持工作提供参考。     

黑土耕作区侵蚀沟治理紧迫度空间分布特征

综合把握侵蚀沟发育状态及其治理紧迫程度可为有效判断区域侵蚀沟防控方向与治理重点提供重要参考。论文结合侵蚀沟形态数据,构建区域侵蚀沟治理紧迫度评价指标体系,从乡镇与网格尺度揭示区域侵蚀沟侵蚀程度及其空间分布规律。结果表明：① 从数量特征看,海伦黑土耕作区侵蚀沟分布呈非均衡状态,沟道长度以微/小型(≤500 m)为主,沟道面积以一/二级(≤0.8 hm²)为主。② 从空间规律看,网格尺度侵蚀沟密度等级呈现由西南向东北逐步增加趋势,而侵蚀沟密度等级以轻度侵蚀(≤2 km/km²)为主且在县域内无明显空间差异;乡镇尺度侵蚀沟密度以轻度侵蚀(≤2 km/km²)为主,主要分布在海伦西部,而侵蚀沟裂度以中/强度侵蚀(0.10%~0.35%)为主,主要分布在海伦西北与东南部。③ 从治理紧迫度看,2017年海伦黑土耕作区侵蚀沟以低紧迫治理(0.03~0.26)状态为主,主要分布在海伦低山低丘地区,位于海伦中西部乡镇;而紧迫/极紧迫治理紧迫度主要分布于低山/漫川漫岗区,位于海伦东北部。在未来区域侵蚀沟防治监测监管中,县级部门可依据乡镇侵蚀沟治理紧迫度优先防治侵蚀严重区域,而乡镇部门可依据网格尺度侵蚀沟治理紧迫度进行实地察看与重点监测。     

沟道流域坡面与沟谷侵蚀演化关系——以晋西王家沟小流域为例

以往坡、沟侵蚀关系研究主要限于水沙关系的探讨 ,有关原型尺度小流域坡、沟地貌侵蚀演化关系的定量研究甚少 ,尤其是坡、沟地貌特征对流域切割程度的综合影响与交互作用的定量研究尚属空白。本文在 3S技术支持下 ,根据晋西王家沟小流域 196 7年 1∶5 0 0 0正摄影像图 (DOM )、高程数字化模型 (DEM )和同期、同比例尺地形图 ,利用正交多项式回归分析方法 ,定量分析了坡、沟地貌特征对流域切割程度的影响与交互作用。研究表明 ,沟谷地在流域地貌演化及地表切割程度中起主导作用 ,在沟间地面积相同时 ,沟谷地面积约为0 1km2 是影响流域切割裂度侵蚀演化强度最大的区域 ,流域面积愈小影响流域地表破碎的程度最大。其沟道流域坡、沟地貌演化机制可用坡、沟水流动能的地貌指标的综合影响与交互作用来解释