红砂根系构型对干旱的生态适应

 对西北干旱、半干旱区不同生境条件下红砂（Reaumuria soongorica）根系构型参数进行了分析,以探讨红砂根系构型对干旱的生态适应性。结果表明:①不同生境条件下红砂根系的拓扑指数均较小,根系分支模式接近叉状分支模式,但在干旱的河西走廊风沙区和戈壁区红砂根系拓扑指数均逐渐增加,表明干旱有使红砂根系分支向鱼尾分支模式发展。②干旱的河西走廊风沙区和戈壁区红砂根系分形维数均较小,分别为1.1778、1.1169,分形特征不是很明显;而半干旱的黄土丘陵沟壑区分形维数较大,根系具有很好的分形特征。③干旱的河西走廊红砂根系总分支率均比半干旱的黄土丘陵沟壑区要小,表明在半干旱的黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂根系分支能力相对较强,随着干旱的增加其分支能力有所减弱。④不同生境条件下红砂根系的连接长度都较大,但不同生境却表现出明显差异,其中干旱风沙区根系平均连接长度最长。红砂为适应干旱的环境通过减少根系次级分支和根系的重叠、增加根系连接长度,使其根系的分支模式向鱼尾分支模式发展以降低根系内部对营养物质的竞争,提高根系对营养物质的吸收效率,保证植物有效的营养空间,从而在资源贫瘠的环境中吸收足够的水分和营养来保证其正常生理需求。     

不同生境下红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)的生理生化特征及适应性

测定了荒漠地区超旱生小灌木红砂在3种生境(山前荒漠、山前戈壁和中游戈壁)下的叶片水分状态、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量,以探讨荒漠植物在不同生境下的生理生化特征及对荒漠极端环境的适应机制。结果表明:在3种生境下,红砂叶片相对含水量和叶片水势随着土壤含水量的下降而下降,叶绿素含量随着土壤含水量的下降而升高。随着生境土壤干旱的加剧,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐升高,而过氧化氢酶活性下降。在土壤含水量较少的戈壁生境,渗透调节物质含量上升。SOD和POD活性的升高是红砂抵御干旱环境的主要抗氧化保护机制;渗透调节在红砂叶片适应干旱胁迫的过程中发挥着重要作用,高的渗透调节能力使红砂在水分不足的条件下维持较低的渗透势,有利于植物吸水,从而增强其耐旱性。     

Spatial patch structure and adaptive strategy for desert shrub of Reaumuria soongorica in arid ecosystem of the Heihe River Basin

In many arid ecosystems, vegetation frequently occurs in high-cover patches interspersed in a matrix of low plant cover. However, theoretical explanations for shrub patch pattern dynamics along climate gradients remain unclear on a large scale. This context aimed to assess the variance of the Reaumuria soongorica patch structure along the precipitation gradient and the factors that affect patch structure formation in the middle and lower Heihe River Basin (HRB). Field investigations on vegetation patterns and heterogeneity in soil properties were conducted during 2014 and 2015. The results showed that patch height, size and plant-to-patch distance were smaller in high precipitation habitats than in low precipitation sites. Climate, soil and vegetation explained 82.5% of the variance in patch structure. Spatially, R. soongorica shifted from a clumped to a random pattern on the landscape towards the MAP gradient, and heterogeneity in the surface soil properties (the ratio of biological soil crust (BSC) to bare gravels (BG)) determined the R. soongorica population distribution pattern in the middle and lower HRB. A conceptual model, which integrated water availability and plant facilitation and competition effects, was revealed that R. soongorica changed from a flexible water use strategy in high precipitation regions to a consistent water use strategy in low precipitation areas. Our study provides a comprehensive quantification of the variance in shrub patch structure along a precipitation gradient and may improve our understanding of vegetation pattern dynamics in the Gobi Desert under future climate change.

     

2004－2014年河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务价值估算

草地是干旱、半干旱区面积占优势的生态系统,在时间尺度上对其进行生态系统服务价值评估是判断区域生态系统处于改善或退化的主要途径。基于野外调查和遥感分类解译划分的河西走廊荒漠化草地基础数据,首次建立了河西走廊不同类型、不同程度荒漠化草地生态系统服务价值计算和修正方案,评估了第三次（2004年）、第四次（2009年）和第五次（2014年）荒漠化监测期河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务价值动态变化及服务价值结构。结果表明：（1）2004—2014年间河西走廊草地荒漠化呈现轻微逆转趋势,荒漠化草地面积由519.7万 hm²减少至357.7万 hm²;（2）10年间河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务总价值以损失为主,损失量达209亿元;（3）河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务总价值在时空分布、荒漠化类型和程度方面存在显著差异;（4）河西走廊荒漠化草地生态系统服务倾向于气候调节、净化环境和水文调节功能。     

干旱区水资源对城市化约束强度的综合评价模型

Water has become a key restricting factor of the urbanization process in developing arid areas. Based on qualitative and quantitative methods, we constructed an integrated indicator system to assess the status of water resources and urbanization system in arid area, and established an AHP model reformed by entropy technology to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization. This model is applied to the Hexi Corridor, a typical arid area in NW China. Results show that, water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in the Hexi Corridor is bigger in the east and smaller in the west. It has changed from the less strong constraint type into the strong constraint type from 1985 to 2005, yet it decreased appreciably in recent years. At present, most areas in the Hexi Corridor belong to the less strong or strong constraint type. Through rational adjustment of water resources and urbanization system, the Hexi Corridor can still promote water resources sustainable utilization and accelerate the urbanization process. This study suggests that the integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization is an effective method to analyze the conflicts between water resources and urbanization system in arid area. Foundation: Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.KZCX2-YW-307-02; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; K. C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong Author: Bao Chao (1978–), Ph.D, specialized in urbanization and water sustainable utilization.     

Involvement of anti-oxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments and flavonoid metabolism in the adaptation of Reaumuria soongorica to salt stress

Reaumuria soongorica is a short woody shrub widely found in semi-arid areas of China. It can survive severe environ- mental stress including high salinity in its natural habitat. Thus, we investigated the involvement of anti-oxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments and flavonoid metabolism in the adaptation of R. soongorica to saline environments. R. soon- gorica was treated with 0, 100, 200 and 400 mM NaC1 solutions for 14 days. Soil salt content increased significantly by watering with high content of NaC1 solution, and no variation between 8 and 14 days during treatment. The levels ofpe- roxidation of lipid membranes （measured by malondialdehyde content） and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes （superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX）） increased under salt stress. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content decreased with increasing salt content. The ratio of Chl a/Chl b and carotenoid/Chl exhibited sig- nificant increase under 400 mM NaC1. However, total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents and key enzyme activities in the flavonoid pathway including phenylalanine ammonialyase （PAL） and Chalcone isomerase （CHI） decreased under salt stress. These findings possibly suggest that R. soongorica has an adaptation protection mechanism against salt-induced oxidative damage by inducin~ the activity of antioxidant enzymes and maintaining a steady level of carotenoid/Chl.     

基于RS和GIS的河西走廊风沙灾害风险评估

河西走廊位于中国西北干旱、半干旱区,受到周边沙漠和戈壁的影响,风沙灾害问题比较严重。依据灾害系统理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性和承灾体易损性3个方面构建区域灾害风险评估体系和评估模型,对河西走廊风沙灾害风险进行评估。结果表明：（1）高风险地区主要分布在河西走廊内部的沙漠区,如酒泉市、玉门市、金塔县、高台县、临泽县以及武威市的北部地区,约占总面积的10.8%;（2）较高风险的地区主要分布在敦煌市、阿克塞哈萨克族自治县和河西走廊的北部,约占总面积的56.5%;（3）低风险地区位于河西走廊的东南部,该区在祁连山的天然屏障下,植被盖度高,雨水丰富;（4）作为风沙灾害的主体和对象,河西走廊的社会经济因素对风沙灾害风险的贡献率较低。而作为风沙灾害的物质基础和动力条件,沙源和风速仍是河西走廊风沙灾害风险的主要诱因;（5）经济发达城市在风沙灾害中具有更高的易损性,应该对城市邻近沙源进行重点防治。     

Integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in arid area

Water has become a key restricting factor of the urbanization process in developing arid areas. Based on qualitative and quantitative methods, we constructed an integrated indicator system to assess the status of water resources and urbanization system in arid area, and established an AHP model reformed by entropy technology to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization. This model is applied to the Hexi Corridor, a typical arid area in NW China. Results show that, water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in the Hexi Corridor is bigger in the east and smaller in the west. It has changed from the less strong constraint type into the strong constraint type from 1985 to 2005, yet it decreased appreciably in recent years. At present, most areas in the Hexi Corridor belong to the less strong or strong constraint type. Through rational adjustment of water resources and urbanization system, the Hexi Corridor can still promote water resources sustainable utilization and accelerate the urbanization process. This study suggests that the integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization is an effective method to analyze the conflicts between water resources and urbanization system in arid area.     

地形对民勤沙尘暴发生发展影响的模拟研究——以一次特强沙尘暴为例

河西走廊是中国西北路径冷空气的必经之地,其狭管地形加之丰富的沙尘源地,使其成为中国沙尘暴多发区;民勤位于走廊中段,地处巴丹吉林和腾格里两大沙漠的接壤地带,正好位于雅布赖山和龙首山形成的山口下游方。河西走廊加上民勤周边这种双狭管的特殊地形,使得民勤又成为河西走廊沙尘暴的多发区以及中国的生态环境极度脆弱区。本文以2010年4月24日河西走廊一次特强沙尘暴（部分时段能见度为0,达到了黑风标准）为例,利用GRAPES_SDM沙尘模式对这次沙尘暴进行了数值模拟,并重点对民勤周边山地采取改变高度和范围等方式,模拟研究了地形对过境民勤的风速、地面起沙通量、沙尘浓度以及沙尘输送的影响。结果表明：（1）民勤周边地形高度降低的情况下,地面风速减弱,携沙气流遇到地形阻挡,沿着坡地爬升,部分沙尘可以翻越地形到背风坡,此时的地形特征将减弱沙尘扩散强度;（2）民勤周边地形高度增高,风速小于地形不变时的风速,气流发生明显的绕流,改变沙尘扩散方向;（3）改变民勤周边山体地形位置,狭管效应减弱,地面风速明显减小,沙尘影响范围较控制试验向南及东南方向扩展;（4）河西走廊南部祁连山高度改变对沙尘的影响程度大于民勤北部雅布赖山的改变,这与祁连山的山体面积和高度明显大于雅布赖山有关,说明河西走廊“狭管”地形是民勤沙尘暴之所以多发的重要原因,民勤周边的小型“狭管”地形又使得民勤成为走廊中沙尘暴最为严重的区域。（5）地形改变将减小地表起沙量,从而减小沙尘浓度,也即减弱沙尘暴的发生发展。     

Ecological Functions of PV Power Plants in the Desert and Gobi

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is an emerging energy industry that is developing rapidly. A number of PV power plants have been established in the desert and Gobi areas in northwest China in recent years. Is there any ecological significance to the establishment of PV power plants? If yes, what is it? This paper tries to find the answer by analyzing meteorological data from the Hexi Corridor as well as the observational data of light and vegetation in the Minqin desert area. The results show that the solar energy converted from 1 m² of PV panels is equivalent to the solar energy that is utilized by 260.75 m² of desert plants in the desert area. In China, there is vast area of desert and Gobi, with frequent dust storms and aeolian sand, as well as rich sunlight resources. Therefore, to develop the PV industry in the desert and Gobi regions will not only create considerable economic benefits, but will also be of great ecological significance. On the one hand, PV can effectively regulate thermodynamic equilibrium on the surface, helping to prevent sandstorms and reduce aeolian sand. The development of the PV industry is a win-win that generates economic returns and provides ecological protection by combating desertification. On the other hand, the PV industry can be developed without taking up arable land or other types of land. There are frequently high winds in the desert and Gobi region. PV power plants, together with wind power generation, are useful to transform and consume the power source that creates duststorms and aeolian sandflow in the desert and Gobi areas. This results in fewer sandstorms and reduced aeolian sandflow.     

河西走廊特色产业发展战略及创新探研

选择什么样的经济发展战略是西北干旱地区必须认真研究的问题，文章基于区域比较优势战略，以河西走廊为例，阐述了河西走廊发展特色产业的迫切性。对区内特色产业资源及发展现状，问题进行了评价研究，分析了该区特色产业规模化，产业化的市场前景和发展基础及条件，最后提出该区特色产业发展战略及相应的技术，机制创新体系建设策略和相关建议。     

一次特强沙尘暴成因及近地面要素脉动特征

本文利用实况观测资料以及NCAR/NCEP再分析格点资料,分析了2010年4月24日河西走廊一次特强沙尘暴成因,重点探讨了沙尘暴过境民勤时近地面层气象要素脉动特征及其相互关系。结果表明：（1）造成本次特强沙尘暴过程的影响系统为乌拉尔山脊前低槽,由于槽后脊前强偏北气流将极地的干冷空气不断输送到低压槽中,低槽发展,槽前锋区加强,从而为形成本次特强沙尘暴提供了有利的环流场形势。（2）在沙尘暴过境前后,民勤近地面气象要素变化特征明显。（3）沙尘暴过境时,民勤3 h变压对风速有明显影响,变压梯度的显著差异引起大风,且随3 h变压调整风速也相应呈波动变化,瞬变周期约8 h;PM₁₀、能见度也随风速而产生波动变化,3 h变压、地面风速、PM₁₀之间相互作用,呈现明显的脉动特征。     

Effects of drought stress on antioxidant enzyme, photosynthetic pigment and flavonoid pathway in two desert shrubs

Antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic pigment content, and free malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as flavonoid content and the key enzyme activity in the flavonoid pathway were determined in two desert shrubs, Caryopteris mongolica Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. under drought stress. The free MDA content was enhanced during the experimental period, which may be an indicator of oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in C. mongholica showed a significant increase during the experiment, but catalase (CAT) activity was slightly decreased. On the other hand, POD and APX activities showed a significant increase and SOD and CAT activity data had no significant changes in R. soongorica. APX, SOD, and CAT activities were higher in R. soongorica than in C. mongholica, but MDA content was lower, indicating that the lower values of MDA were attributed to higher activities of antioxidant enzyme in R. soongorica. Chlorophyll content decreased significantly in the two shrubs during the experiment, which indicated that there was a photoprotection mechanism through reducing light absorbance by decreasing pigments content. Caretonoids content increased in C. mongholica and decreased in R. soongorica. The ratio of Chla/Chlb decreased significantly but caretonoids/Chl revealed a significant increase in the two shrubs, which could be explained as no decrease of peripheral light-harvesting complexes and a higher tolerance to drought. Total flavonoid content and the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) showed different changes between C. mongholica and R. soongorica after treatment. These values decreased in R. soongorica and increased in C. mongholica except for PAL activity. However, anthocyanin content increased in the two shrubs, indicating that there was a different regulation response in the flavonoid pathway in the two shrubs under drought stress, and anthocyanin should be an important antioxidant both in the shrubs. Our results demonstrated the different responses of antioxidant defense and drought tolerance ability between the two shrubs.     

河西走廊绿洲面积动态及其驱动因素

绿洲是干旱区脆弱生态体系中由人类活动与自然因素综合作用形成的、能够为人类生存与发展提供物源基础和生态服务功能的重要地理单元,其动态变化能够反映区域内生态、经济以及社会的演替方向。以第四次和第五次全国荒漠化和沙化监测数据为基础,结合同期气象与人类活动数据,应用转移矩阵与灰色关联度分析法,分析了河西走廊绿洲土地利用类型的转移规律和环境因素对绿洲动态变化的影响程度。结果表明:(1)研究时段内,河西走廊绿洲内部土地利用类型动态转移明显,相互间转化剧烈的地类包括耕地、居民工矿交通用地、有林地、灌木林地和草地;(2)河西走廊5个地级行政区绿洲面积均呈增加趋势,增加幅度最大的为嘉峪关市(51.97%),最小的为武威市(3.68%);(3)驱动河西走廊5个地级行政区绿洲面积动态变化的主导因子与农耕产业关系密切,预示河西走廊水资源利用与农业生产效率仍需提高。     

The dynamic coupling model and its application of urbanization and eco-environment in Hexi Corridor

This paper, taking Hexi Corridor as an example, analyzes the alternating intimidation and the dynamic evolving relation between urbanization and eco-environment in arid area of West China. We argue that the harmonious development system of the urbanization and eco-environment would go through four phases: rudimentary symbiotic phase, harmonious developmental phase, utmost increasing phase and spiral type rising phase. Throughout the four phases, the elements of the system would influence each other, coerce each other, and complete the spiral type rising process from low-grade symbiosis to high-grade harmony together. The study on Hexi Corridor shows that the urbanization level in Hexi Corridor has increased gradually from 1985 to 2003 accompanied with the fluctuations of eco-environment state. The response of eco-environment to urbanization has been evident, but lagged behind the urbanization course. At present, the harmonious development system in Hexi Corridor was in its harmonious developmental phase. However, the coupling degree has increased quickly and approached 90 yet, which is signaling that the system is about to enter the utmost increasing phase, and the ecological crisis will enter the latent period. We have found that the coupling degree can well reflect the interactive coercing and dynamic evolving situation between urbanization and eco-environment in Hexi Corridor. From the temporal change of the coupling degree, it can be concluded that urbanization sometimes needs to pay a certain cost for the damage of the eco-environment in its initial stages, but as the urbanization continues, the state of the eco-environment would be meliorated.     

民勤沙尘暴分布的地理因素及其前期气象特征

民勤沙区沙尘暴频繁,沙尘暴的分布与其所处的地理位置和当地的地表特征密切相关.河西走廊是我国寒潮南下的必经要道,民勤县恰位于这条寒潮路径的中心线路上,沙尘暴的发生季节、发生次数均与寒潮存在显著相关关系.民勤境内及其周围沙漠广布,且大面积沙漠裸露,易形成以沙漠为中心的高温低压区,与西西伯利亚向东南方向扩散的冷高压形成明显的气压梯度.当地的沙尘暴以中沙尘暴和强沙尘暴为主,沙尘暴发生的季节、时间等都具有一定的规律性,沙尘暴的主风向以NW、WNW为主,与该路径上的寒潮方向完全一致.沙尘暴前期在气温、气压、风速、风向等气象要素方面均会表现出明显的异常特征,当地沙尘暴的季节分布特征也异常明显,依据沙尘暴前期气象要素的异常特征和沙尘暴分布的季节特征以及沙尘暴在前站后站之间的运移方向和速度就可以对沙尘暴进行预测、预报和预防.     

干旱程度对C3植物红砂和C4植物珍珠光合生理参数的影响

 C3和C4植物混生在草地生态系统中较多,而在荒漠生态系统少见。在中国荒漠地区,C3小灌木红砂和C4半灌木珍珠在特定生境下混生在一起,以独特方式适应高温强光和干旱的极端环境。通过在不同干旱程度下测定它们生长期叶片的光合气体交换参数,探讨它们在混生条件下对极端环境的生理响应特征。结果表明,红砂的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)均要高于珍珠;而珍珠的水分利用效率(WUE)则要高于红砂。这表明珍珠和红砂在水分匮乏的荒漠生境下采取了不同的生存策略。红砂通过维持较高净光合速率和较高蒸腾速率来生存;而珍珠则通过高水分利用效率生存。     

西北干旱区极端气候水文事件特征分析

中国西北干旱区是对全球变化响应最敏感地区之一。气候变化导致气候水文系统的不稳定性加剧,极端气候水文事件的频度和强度增大、重现期缩短,灾害程度加重。借助资料分析和文献阅读,对过去50 a中国西北干旱区极端气候/水文事件的发生规律、影响机制及未来趋势进行了梳理总结,主要结论如下：（1）西北干旱区的极端气候/水文事件呈逐年增加趋势,特别是20世纪70年代以来增加显著;气温和降水极值都表现为一致的增强趋势。降水量的增多是降雨频率和强度共同增加的结果。（2）中国西北干旱区低温、降水极值在1986年左右发生了明显的突变,高温极值在1996年左右发生突变。突变后,气温和降水极值均发生了显著增强变化。（3）北半球极涡面积指数和青藏高原指数对西北干旱区气候极值变化具有重要影响,冬季极值还受冬季北极涛动和北大西洋涛动等影响。（4）新疆地区有变暖湿趋势,而河西走廊东部则为变干趋势。强大的西伯利亚高压和增强的贝加尔湖气流造成新疆地区降水增加,而河西走廊干旱增加是由东亚夏季风减弱引起的。     

河西走廊城乡居民点空间分异特征及绿洲孕育度分析

绿洲和绿洲所孕育的城镇与乡村聚落是西北干旱区人类生产、生活和生态的核心,探究绿洲与居民点的关系对干旱区新型城镇化建设与乡村振兴意义重大。研究通过Google Earth目视解译,识别提取河西走廊全域绿洲和城乡居民点空间特征信息,运用GIS空间分析、景观格局指数,系统地对河西走廊2016年城乡居民点的规模、形态结构与类型特征进行分析,并首次提出了干旱区居民点的绿洲孕育指数,进一步分析了城乡居民点的绿洲孕育程度。结果表明：（1） 河西走廊居民点规模与密度分异特征显著,居民点用地规模普遍偏小,平均规模仅为0.05 km²。居民点分布呈现高密度小规模和低密度大规模集聚分布的特征,居民点密度和集聚度均以城市为中心呈距离衰减规律。“热点”探测发现,山丹县以东是河西走廊地区居民点分布的热点区。（2） 居民点形态结构分析表明乡村聚落的连接性和稳定性自东向西逐渐减弱,居民点面积差异性从城市“中心—边缘”在逐渐的缩小,其中瓜州县、玉门市和金塔县等区域居民点的平均形状指数和平均分维数耦合度高,自然分布态势强,斑块形状复杂。（3） 绿洲孕育指数较高的嘉峪关“人—地”关系矛盾突出,城乡发展极大受绿洲规模限制;而凉州区、民勤县等绿洲腹地空间宽广有利于城乡居民点发展。     

荒漠植物红砂叶绿素荧光参数日变化及其与环境因子的关系

在自然条件下以分布于兰州九州台（LZJ）、张掖临泽（ZYL）和武威民勤（WWM）3个地区的红砂为试材,利用PAM-2100便携式叶绿素荧光分析仪和Lcpro+便携式光合作用测定系统,在红砂生长季节对其叶绿素荧光参数及其环境因子进行测定和分析。结果表明:3个地区红砂叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学反应量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和非光化学淬灭系数(qN)均存在明显的日变化。其中Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ均呈反正态分布曲线日进程,在中午13:00强光下降低至最低值;Fo和qN则呈正态分布曲线日进程,在中午13:00达到最大值。3个地区红砂的Fv/Fm虽在中午呈降低趋势,但因其值均高于0.8,所以并未发生光抑制现象。在环境因子中,光合有效辐射(PAR)、温度（Ta）以及水分条件协同作用于红砂的光化学效率。当水分条件较高时,PAR成为影响光化学效率降低的首要因子;而当水分降低时,RH成为加速光化学效率下降的主要因子。在土壤极端干旱叠加强光、高温和低湿的逆境中红砂主要采取依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散和PSⅡ反应中心可逆失活两种保护机制来适应外界环境的变化。