An 810‐year history of cold season temperature variability for northern Poland

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a widely used tree species in European dendroclimatology studies due to its common distribution across much of the continent. Almost all studies find radial growth strongly related to summer temperature, a result reflecting site selection at high elevation/latitude environments where trees grow at their ecophysiological limits. Due to the amount of attention spent on these sites there is a geographical and seasonal bias in temperature reconstructions based upon tree‐ring proxies in Europe. To overcome the limited availability of tree‐ring data in temperate lowlands, we present a northern Poland ring‐width chronology developed from living and historic Scots pine material with a strong common growth signal going back to AD 1200. Investigations into climate‐growth relationships found year‐to‐year ring‐width variability to be more strongly correlated to cold season temperature (November to April) prior to the growing season than summer temperatures during tree‐ring formation. Based on this relationship it was possible to reconstruct cold season temperature conditions for the last 810 years. Spatial field correlations with gridded instrumental records indicated that the reconstruction provides relevant cold season temperature information across the land regions bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, lowlands and uplands of western and central Europe, and the eastern and central interior of Russia. Despite an unsuccessful attempt to find a stationary relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation, comparisons with several cold season temperature reconstructions confirmed the long‐term connection between our reconstructed temperature series for northern Poland and the wider area.     

漠河樟子松树轮指数与标准化植被指数的关系研究

利用我国寒温带针叶林的樟子松树轮数据和多年NDVI数据,运用树轮指数生成程序ARSTAN得到最大密度、晚材密度等7种树轮指数的标准化序列。首先分析了森林NDVI的逐月和逐年变化特征,然后分析了各种树轮指数与森林NDVI的关系。结果表明,漠河森林NDVI月变化和年变化主要受温度影响,属于温度驱动型;最大密度指数与NDVI年均值间有较强的相关关系;生长季（5～9月）NDVI与当年树轮的最大密度、晚材密度、早材密度和晚材宽度指数相关,但与最小密度、树轮宽度、早材宽度指数关系不显著;夏季（6～8月）NDVI与早材密度指数显著相关,但早材宽度指数却与前一年夏季NDVI有关。就单月NDVI而言,5月份的NDVI与最大密度和晚材密度指数显著相关,而6月份的NDVI与早材密度指数显著相关。从7种树轮指数对区域尺度上的生长季NDVI的指示效果来看,密度指数比宽度指数更有效。     

A critical evaluation of multi‐proxy dendroclimatology in northern Finland

Twentieth‐century summer (July–August) temperatures in northern Finland are reconstructed using ring widths, maximum density and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of Scots pine tree rings, and using combinations of these proxies. Verification is based on the coefficient of determination (r²), reduction of error (RE) and coefficient of efficiency (CE) statistics. Of the individual proxies, δ¹³C performs best, followed by maximum density. Combining δ¹³C and maximum density strengthens the climate signal but adding ring widths leads to little improvement. Blue intensity, an inexpensive alternative to X‐ray densitometry, is shown to perform similarly. Multi‐proxy reconstruction of summer temperatures from a single site produces strong correlations with gridded climate data over most of northern Fennoscandia. Since relatively few trees are required (<15) the approach could be applied to long sub‐fossil chronologies where replication may be episodically low. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temperature variations recorded in Pinus tabulaeformis tree rings from the southern and northern slopes of the central Qinling Mountains, central China

The Qinling Mountain range constitutes a critical boundary for climate and vegetation distribution in eastern central mainland China owing to its importance as a geographic demarcation line. In this article, cores from 88 Chinese pines ( Pinus tabulaeformis ) from the southern (MW site) and northern (NWT site) slopes of the Qinling Mountains were used to reconstruct seasonal temperature variations. During the calibration period, significant correlations were found between ring width and the mean temperature from prior September to current April of 0.76 at the southern slope, and between ring width and the mean May–July temperature of 0.67 at the northern slope. The subsequent temperature reconstructions span 1760–2005 for the northern site and 1837–2006 for the southern site. Prior to the mid-20th century, low September–April temperatures were, in general, followed by high May–July temperatures, probably reflecting variations in the winter and summer monsoon. However, since the mid-20th century, both records show trends of a more pronounced increase in September–April temperature on the southern slope. The results provide independent support for the interpretation that recent warming is unusual in nature, coinciding with the observed record. The results compare well with tree-ring based reconstructions from the surrounding regions, suggesting regional signals in the Qinling Mountain reconstructions.     

大兴安岭北部多年冻土区落叶松和樟子松生长的气候响应差异研究

以大兴安岭北部根河、呼中和汗马冻土区落叶松和樟子松为样本,建立了五个树轮宽度年表,并计算获取了五个样点的树轮截面积指数（BAI）序列。树轮BAI-气候响应关系分析表明,气温为这一地区落叶松和樟子松生长的主要限制因子;但落叶松和樟子松对气候变化的响应存在差异。落叶松BAI与3月平均气温,樟子松BAI与前一年12月至当年4月平均气温均呈显著负相关。考虑到水热综合影响,落叶松BAI控制因子由1957-1990年与其呈显著正相关的1月份SPEI转变为1991-2013年与其呈显著正相关的1-4月SPEI和与其呈显著负相关的3月份平均气温;樟子松BAI控制因子则由1957-1990年与其呈显著负相关的2月和8月份平均气温转变为1991-2013年与其呈显著正相关的7月份降水量和6-7月SPEI。结果表明,在全球变暖背景下,水热环境改变使得冻土区树木生长限制因子发生变化。     

天山中段树木生长对气候垂直梯度的响应*

文章通过天山中段垂直梯度上多个台站的气候资料,系统分析了不同海拔高度气候变化的时空差异性,以此作为与轮宽资料进行相关分析的基础。进一步利用气候条件较为一致的天山中段鹿角湾、乌鲁木齐河源山区和天池等地森林上限附近树木年轮宽度变化资料,结合前人在这一地区森林内部和森林下限所做的研究,探讨了天山中段树木生长对气候垂直梯度的响应。结果表明,天山山区最大降水高度有明显的季节变化,从而导致气候因子对树木生长影响的复杂性。除了海拔最高的采样点天池(TC)外,其他采样点均与上年8~9月降水总量正相关,与上年7~8月平均温度负相关,与当年4~5月降水总量正相关。而在海拔最高、高山林线附近的采样点与当年2月均温显著正相关,与当年5月气温显著负相关。可以认为,在研究区树木生长主要受到上年7~8月由高温引起的干旱和当年4~5月由降水不足导致的干旱的影响。在接近气候林线处,低温的限制作用才表现出来。     

Central England temperature since AD 1850: the potential of stable carbon isotopes in British oak trees to reconstruct past summer temperatures

In regions with seasonal temperate climatic regimes, tree growth is rarely controlled by any single environmental factor. As a consequence, the development of robust palaeoclimate reconstructions has proved challenging. Tree‐ring stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C), however, are controlled primarily by photosynthetic rate, not by net growth. Therefore, at sites where climatic controls on tree‐ring growth are not strongly expressed, a robust (isotopic) palaeoclimate signal may still potentially be preserved. This hypothesis was tested using a 160‐year record of δ¹³C measured from the pooled latewood cellulose of six Quercus petraea L. (sessile oak) trees from Allt Lan‐las in West Wales, UK. Raw δ¹³C values were corrected for changes in the isotopic ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide and for changes in the behaviour of trees due to the increasing availability of atmospheric CO₂ since AD 1850. Strong correlations with local summer temperature and sunshine are reported, and also with the Central England Temperature record over the full length of the isotopic chronology (AD 1850–2010) (r = 0.69, P < 0.001). We conclude that tree‐ring stable isotopes can be used to extract strong palaeoclimate signals even from oak trees growing in a temperate maritime climate. This demonstrates the potential for extracting robust palaeoclimatic information from the very long and well‐replicated oak chronologies which have been developed in western and central Europe primarily for dating rather than palaeoclimatic research purposes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海湖布哈河流域树轮宽度指数与NDVI植被指数的关系

利用来自青海湖流域乌兰和天峻的树轮指数和1982-2003年逐月标准化植被指数(NDVI)数据及气候数据, 在分析树轮指数及草地NDVI与气候因子关系的基础上, 探讨了树轮宽度指数序列与青海湖布哈河流域草地NDVI之间的关系.结果表明: 树轮宽度指数及草地NDVI主要受6-8月份的水热条件的影响, 温度与同期树轮宽度指数及草地NDVI具有较高的正相关, 而降水的影响存在滞后性.树木年轮指数序列与6-8月草地NDVI有显著的相关关系, 与8月份的NDVI相关性最强.树轮指数与草地NDVI间的显著相关性为研究该地区草地过去的动态变化提供了基础, 利用乌兰和天峻的两条树轮指数重建了8月份NDVI的千年变化.     

Exploring the potential of tree-ring chronologies from the Trafoi Valley (Central Italian Alps) to reconstruct glacier mass balance

Two tree-ring chronologies of stone pine ( Pinus cembra L.) and two of Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.) were constructed on the basis of data from three high-altitude sites in the Trafoi Valley (Central Alps, Italy) to test tree species sensitivity to climate at different sites and to explore the potential of the two species for reconstructing the mass balance of two glaciers in the same region (the Careser and Hintereis glaciers). Influence of climate on tree-ring growth and on glacier mass variations was tested by means of Pearson's correlation and response functions. At highest altitude sites, both species appeared to be sensitive to July temperatures, while stone pine also showed higher sensitivity than Norway spruce to previous winter precipitation. Comparing the dendrochronological and glaciological series, stone pine showed higher negative correlations with glacier mass balance series than Norway spruce. These different relationships reflect different species responses to climate, and stone pine is potentially useful in reconstructing past glacier mass balance in the Central Alps. Extreme climatic events induce different and even contrasting responses of tree-ring growth and glacier mass variations and may therefore bias tree-ring-based glacier mass balance reconstructions.     

Development of a Neolithic pine tree‐ring chronology for northern Scotland

The peatlands of northern Scotland (one of the largest and most intact areas of blanket bog in the world) contain a rare widespread horizon of subfossil pine in stratigraphic context. Eighteen bog pine from three new sites are incorporated into a mean Neolithic pine chronology now composed of subfossil pine from 12 sites, which is tree‐ring‐dated against Irish bog pine chronologies to span 3198–2757 BC. Germination and peaks of radial growth infer drier conditions between 3199 and 3130 BC. Dying‐off phases and depression of growth reflect a change to wetter conditions between 3023 and 3002 BC and a terminal decline of pine between 2809 and 2782 BC. The close synchronization of germination/die‐off phases and major ring‐width variations between sites across this region indicates that the environmental changes are probably triggered by climate change. Twenty‐four bog pine samples remain unmatched. Future multi‐discipline research into this important example of climatic change at the Neolithic/Bronze Age transition is recommended. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Up to 400‐year‐old Rhododendron shrubs on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: prospects for shrub‐based dendrochronology

In harsh and treeless environments, shrubs constitute the dominant growth form of woody plants, thus offering the opportunity to extend dendrochronological networks beyond the uppermost and northernmost distribution limits of trees. However, shrub‐based dendrochronology has so far resulted in only a few long and climate‐responsive ring‐width chronologies at such stressful sites, particularly above the alpine tree line. A previous study on an alpine Rhododendron shrub species resulted in <80‐year‐long ring‐width chronologies. Here, we collected Rhododendron aganniphum var. schizopeplum stems from elevations between 4000 and 4500 m a.s.l. on the SE Tibetan Plateau and built six tree‐ring width chronologies. One of them is 401 years long and well replicated from AD 1670 to 2011 (EPS>0.85), thus representing the longest shrub chronology available to date. A principal component analysis (PCA) converted the total variability of all six site chronologies into PCs. Then, the six site chronologies and the PC1, accounting for 65.9% of the total variance of the tree‐ring width, were correlated with time series of monthly climate data. Based on this, the year‐to‐year variability of the ring‐width indices was positively correlated with July temperature, which thus turned out to be the dominant factor controlling growth. Accordingly, such long shrub‐ring chronologies may act as climatic and ecological proxies in treeless environments of the Tibetan Plateau.     

树轮记录的西北季风边缘区干旱变化

祁连山东部位于亚洲季风西北边缘区,对气候变化十分敏感。由于该区位于半干旱区,降水的变化直接影响人类社会经济的发展,所以研究该区干旱变化情况及其机制非常重要。 利用采自祁连山东部西北季风边缘、地处半干旱区的吐鲁沟地区的油松树轮样芯,建立了树轮宽度年表,时间跨度为1866-2003AD。树轮宽度年表与气象因子相关分析结果显示树木生长主要响应生长季内的降水和干旱变化。该年表与附近区域利用树轮宽度重建的帕尔默干旱指数（PDSI）进行对比,结果显示严重的干旱时间发生在1920s-1930s、1966年、1974年、1982年和1990s和21世纪初。多窗谱分析研究表明,该区年表序列存在显著的2~4 a周期（P<0.05）,该周期与ENSO变率吻合,与在贺兰山、祁连山其他地区、兴隆山及贵清山研究结果一致,表明这些区域可能受共同气候因子的影响。     

树轮气候学中树木年轮密度分析方法的研究进展

树木年轮密度（树轮密度）分析作为树轮气候学的一种研究方法,能够提取更准确的环境信息,应用范围更广,在过去环境变化研究中受到越来越广泛的重视。讨论了树轮密度测量技术与树轮密度分析方法在过去气候变化研究中的发展历程及最新研究成果,认为X射线分析法仍然是目前被广泛采用的树轮密度分析手段,基于树轮密度数据的过去温度变化重建仍是树轮密度研究的主要方向。相关研究表明：森林上限和高纬度地区树木年轮的最大晚材密度对夏季温度变化非常敏感,可以用来重建过去几百年、乃至千年的不同空间尺度的温度变化;树轮早材密度或最小早材密度对降水量的响应比较显著,但目前主要集中于重建区域小尺度的降水量变化方面。另外,树轮密度分析结果还可以用来研究某些气候要素分量的变化（季节变化、气候事件爆发的早晚和持续时间等）、区域气候变化的影响因子以及海气动力机制、气压异常等。     

树木年轮记录的祁连山东段公元1895年来的气温变化

利用祁连山东段吐鲁沟的油松树轮宽度序列,与气象要素进行了相关分析,并重建了公元1895年来 1～8月平均气温,转换方程方差解释量52.6%(R2adj＝48.7%,F＝13.589, p<0.001)。重建结果表明研究区近120年来经历了19世纪末到20世纪20年代、20世纪20年代到40年代末、20世纪 40～70年代3个明显的升降温过程和20世纪70年代以来的升温过程。重建序列与研究区以西的祁连山中段、天山西段、阿尔泰山中段温度的变化基本一致; 重建序列显示的 1923～1929年的高温时段与中国20世纪20年代大范围的干旱事件一致,而且与北大西洋涛动、北极涛动的变化遥相呼应,说明祁连山东段的树轮资料不仅记录了区域气候变化信号,而且对于全球变化响应敏感。     

A 1286‐year hydro‐climate reconstruction for the Balkan Peninsula

We present a June–July drought reconstruction based on the standardized precipitation index (SPI) for the Balkan Peninsula over the period 730–2015 CE. The reconstruction is developed using a composite Pinus heldreichii tree‐ring width chronology, from a high‐elevation network of eight sites in the Pindus Mountains in northwest Greece, composed of living trees and relict wood. The dataset includes the ring width series of Europe's currently oldest known living tree, dendrochronologically dated to be more than 1075 years old. The spatial coverage of the reconstruction is improved by using an averaged gridded SPI data target derived from a response field that is located north of the study region. Justification for this approach includes the remoteness of instrumental data, the spatial variability of precipitation and synoptic scale circulation patterns. Over the past 1286 years, there have been 51 dry and 43 pluvial events. The driest year during the 1286‐year‐long period was 1660 and the wettest year was 1482. Comparison with shorter reconstructions and documentary evidence validates the new reconstruction, and provides additional insight into socioeconomic impacts and spatial patterns of extreme events. Fifty‐nine of 72 previously undescribed extremes occurred prior to the 17th century. The new reconstruction reveals long‐term changes in the number of extremes, including substantially fewer drought and pluvial events in the 20th century. Additional tests on the long‐term effects of age structure, replication and covariance changes support the heteroscedastic nature of the reconstructed hydro‐climatic extremes.     

油松年轮记录的河北围场公元1884年以来5～6月平均温度

相关函数分析表明,河北围场的油松年轮宽度指数与 5～6月平均温度显著相关,在此基础上,设计转换方程,重建了该地区1884年至2002年当年5月至6月的平均温度,重建序列的方差解释量达到43.7%(调整自由度后为41.3%)。重建温度序列表明,温度低于多年(1884～2002年)平均温度的时段主要有 1897～1901年、1913～1923年、1949～1978年和 1992～1995年; 高于多年平均温度的时段主要有 1884～1896年、1902～1912年、1924～1942年和 1979～1992年。重建的温度序列具有较大的区域代表性,它与陕西南五台 5～7月温度显著相关,年际尺度上相关系数为r＝0.18(N＝119,p<0.05),它也与由历史文献记录划分的大同北京二地旱涝指数及亚洲太平洋年代际涛动指数(PDO)均显著相关,表明重建序列在一定程度上反映了大范围的气候变化状况。     

Testing the relationship between Holocene peatland palaeoclimate reconstructions and instrumental data at two European sites

Peatland surface wetness records provide long Holocene palaeoclimate reconstructions at 10¹–10² year resolution. They reflect changes in water balance but the relative strength of precipitation and temperature signals are not known. In common with other non-annually resolved records, there has been no testing of the reconstructions against instrumental climate data. In this paper high-resolution records of palaeohydrological change reconstructed from testate amoebae analysis are used to examine critically the relationships between reconstructed water table change, instrumental water table and climate data. A 200-year record of reconstructed water table from northern England shows that the strongest control on reconstructed mean annual water table change is summer precipitation, with summer temperature becoming more important over longer time periods. A 50-year record from Estonia shows that both measured and reconstructed water table records are strongly correlated with summer precipitation. Summer temperature is also correlated with reconstructed water table. We conclude that peatland surface wetness records should be interpreted as primarily reflecting summer precipitation variability, with summer temperature increasingly important in more continental settings.     

Signals of tree volume and temperature in a high‐resolution record of pollen accumulation rates in northern Finland

Pollen accumulation rates (PARs) provide a potential proxy for quantitative tree volume (m³ ha^?1) reconstruction with reliable absolute pollen productivity estimates (APPEs). We obtained APPEs for pine, spruce and birch at their range limits in northern Finland under two temperature periods (‘warm’ and ‘cold’) based on long‐term pollen trap and tree volume records within a 14‐km radius of each trap. APPEs (mean ± SE; × 10⁸ grains m^?3 a^?1) tend to be higher for the ‘warm’ periods (pine 123.8 ± 24.4, birch 528.0 ± 398.4, spruce 434.3 ± 113.7) compared with the ‘cold’ periods (pine 95.5 ± 37.3, birch 317.3 ± 282.6, spruce 119.6 ± 37.6), although the difference is only significant for spruce. Using an independent temperature record and the APPEs obtained, we reconstruct a low‐frequency record of pine volume changes over the last 1000 years at Palomaa mire, where a high‐resolution record of Pinus PARs is available. Five phases are distinguished in the reconstruction: moderate pine volume, AD 1080–1170; high volume, AD 1170–1340; low volume, AD 1340–1630; very low volume, AD 1630–1810; and rising pine volume, AD 1810–1950. These phases do not coincide with periods of high or low June–July–August temperatures, and thus appear to reflect regional variations in tree volume, while high‐frequency changes within each time‐period block show variations in PARs in response to temperature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long‐term summer (AD751–2008) temperature fluctuation in the French Alps based on tree‐ring data

Corona, C., Edouard, J.‐L., Guibal, F., Guiot, J., Bernard, S., Thomas, A. & Denelle, N. 2010: Long‐term summer (AD751–2008) temperature fluctuation in the French Alps based on tree‐ring data. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00185.x. ISSN 0300‐9843. On the basis of a dense tree‐ring width network (34 unpublished multi‐centennial larch chronologies), this paper attempts to reconstruct, for the first time, the summer temperatures in the French Alps (44°–45.30°N, 6.30°–7.45°E) during the last millennium. The adaptative Regional Growth Curve standardization method is applied to preserve interannual to multi‐centennial variations in this high‐elevation proxy data set. The proxies are calibrated using the June to August mean temperatures from the last revised version of the HISTALP database spanning the period AD1760–2003 and adjusted to take into account the warm bias before 1850. About 45% of the temperature variance is reconstructed. Despite the use of the newly updated meteorological data set, the reconstruction still shows colder temperatures than early instrumental measurements between 1760 and 1840. The proxy record evidences a prolonged Medieval Warm Period persisting until 1500, with warm periods that resemble 20th century conditions but also cold phases before 1000 synchronous with Swiss glacier advances. The Little Ice Age is rather mild until 1660 if compared with other Alpine reconstructions. Thereafter, summers are 0.7 °C cooler than the 1961–1990 mean until 1920. The maximum temperature amplitude over the past 1250 years is estimated to be 3 °C between the warmest (810s, 1990s) and coldest (1810s) decades. Most of the 20th century is comparable with the Medieval Warm Period.     

贺兰山油松生长的气候响应机制初步探讨

应用VaganovShashkin模型对贺兰山油松的生长变化作了拟合,发现4～8月的降水量大小决定了该年树木生长的宽度变化,另外,除5月外的1～8月份温度和树木生长的负相关是因为较高的温度不利于土壤中水分的保持,间接地导致树木生长的减慢。VS模型在贺兰山地区取得了良好的拟合效果,更为符合树木生长的生理学意义。通过拟合序列和3个采样点树轮宽度序列的对比发现,拟合序列代表着一个较大范围树轮宽窄的变化。坡向对树木生长的影响较大,甚至超过了海拔高度和距离的影响,故建议树木年轮气候学采样应沿着同一坡向采样。