动载下3条断续裂隙岩样的裂缝贯通机制

采用含3条断续预制裂隙的类砂岩模型试样进行单轴动力加载试验,对不同裂隙空间位置条件下断续裂隙岩体中裂隙的贯通机制进行了研究。静、动荷载下的对比研究成果显示：不同空间位置的裂隙贯通方式存在较大差异,且对动载的响应不同;动载下分支裂纹扩展及贯通具有惯性效应,即动载下裂尖次生共面、次生倾斜裂纹起裂后易朝原起裂方向快速发展,动载下易在两预制裂隙内端部产生直接贯通。这与静载下岩桥处的贯通常通过分支裂纹拐折扩展、相连不同,这也是导致裂隙试样中低应变速率下强度增大（即速率效应）的主要原因。同时,试验结果也表明：含裂隙试样静、动荷载下裂隙间的多次贯通是导致其呈现出渐进破坏特征的主要原因。     

双轴循环荷载条件下含预制裂纹类玄武岩岩桥贯通模式

揭示双轴循环荷载条件下类玄武岩内裂纹起裂、扩展及岩桥贯通模式。配制类玄武岩相似材料,预制裂纹倾角=30、裂纹长度2a=20mm、裂纹厚度l=0.3mm的双裂纹,设计不同岩桥长度L、岩桥倾角试样,采用双轴压缩、双轴循环加卸载方式,研究裂纹扩展及岩桥贯通模式。试验结果表明:(1)双轴循环加卸载条件下,裂纹扩展-岩桥贯通过程可分为翼裂纹起裂、翼裂纹扩展和次生裂纹起裂及扩展、岩桥贯通3个阶段;(2)岩桥贯通类型可分为剪性贯通、张剪复合贯通和张性贯通3类。双轴压缩条件下,岩桥贯通模式可进一步划分为9种模式,双轴循环加卸载条件下,岩桥贯通模式可分为8种模式;(3)双轴循环加卸载试验比双轴压缩试验更易发生剪性贯通,且在部分试样岩桥处出现局部压碎隆起现象;(4)岩桥倾角和岩桥长度L对岩桥贯通模式影响显著,随着岩桥倾角的增大,岩桥贯通模式逐渐转变为剪性或张剪性贯通。双轴压缩条件下,岩桥长度增加,贯通模式由张剪复合贯通过渡为剪性贯通,而双轴循环加卸载试验则恰恰相反。     

含共面结构面岩体的岩桥贯通准则研究

块体理论是一种比较常用的岩土工程稳定性分析方法,但缺乏对非贯通结构面的研究,导致搜索出的关键块体不够精准和全面。如何处理非贯通结构面,判断其是否应该连通成为块体理论研究至关重要的一个问题。采用数值模拟的方法计算含两共面结构面岩体试样在不同岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压和连通率情况下的贯通强度与峰值强度。引入贯通系数变量,定量描述贯通强度与峰值强度之间的关系。将贯通强度作为判断岩桥贯通与否的一个衡量指标,建立起贯通强度与岩桥倾角、结构面摩擦系数、围压和连通率之间的函数,即含两条共面结构面岩体的岩桥贯通准则。该准则可准确判断含两条共面结构面岩体的岩桥是否应该连通。基于岩桥贯通准则的块体理论能够准确搜索出因岩桥贯通而滑移的关键块体。     

共面闭合断续节理岩体直剪强度特性研究

介绍了节理面和岩桥各自的抗剪强度机制,引入法向变形协调条件,基于Mohr-Coulomb理论,推导了共面闭合断续节理岩体的直剪强度公式。模型试验发现,剪切破坏面以拉剪复合破坏为主,同时岩块中伴随大量的拉张微裂隙。试样的强度和变形具有明显的阶段性,全应力应变曲线主要经历了线弹性增长、节理面错动、次生裂纹起裂稳态扩展、节理面贯通破坏和残余强度5个阶段。对比发现,理论计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

冻融作用下裂隙类砂岩断裂特征与强度损失研究

寒区裂隙岩体中经常发生水冰相变产生冻胀力,冻胀力的反复作用会驱动岩体裂隙扩展、贯通甚至断裂破坏。通过在类砂岩试样中预制不同倾角的单开口裂隙,分别进行预冷和不预冷饱水裂隙冻融循环试验及冻融后的单轴压缩试验,探究冻结方式和裂隙倾角对裂隙冻胀扩展过程、断裂破坏特征及单轴强度的影响机制。试验结果表明,裂隙冻胀力是驱使裂隙冻融扩展的主要动力且与裂隙水的冻结方式密切相关,采用预冷方式冻结会引起绝大部分裂隙水挤出而难以形成冻胀裂纹;在非预冷冻结方式下冻胀裂纹一般先沿着预制裂隙共面方向扩展,但由于边界效应而逐渐转向短边,共面扩展长度与裂隙倾角呈正相关;当预制裂隙倾角在60°～90°时,岩体容易沿着冻胀裂纹方向发生压缩破坏,从而引起岩体单轴抗压强度降低。研究结果可为揭示裂隙岩体冻融损伤机制及开展寒区岩体工程建设提供借鉴。     

条形药包爆破预制贯通裂纹动态断裂过程研究

采用动态焦散线试验和ABAQUS数值分析方法,对条形药包爆破载荷作用下不同角度预制贯通裂纹的扩展行为进行了研究。研究结果表明：在爆炸应力波的作用下,柱部区域和端部区域0°预制贯通裂纹远端翼裂纹背离炮孔方向扩展,而近端翼裂纹朝向炮孔扩展。预制贯通裂纹远端的应力集中程度较近端高,并且远端翼裂纹的止裂韧度更低,翼裂纹更易扩展。在爆炸应力波的作用下,柱部区域90°预制贯通裂纹由张开逐渐转为闭合,爆炸应力波在已闭合的预制贯通裂纹面发生透射,并在预制贯通裂纹尖端产生压剪应力集中,形成以II型断裂为主的I-II复合型裂纹,并近似垂直于预制贯通裂纹面扩展,随后,在自由面反射应力波的作用下,反翼裂纹沿预制贯通裂纹面起裂扩展;炮孔端部区域90°预制贯通裂纹处翼裂纹的起裂是由于爆炸应力波在预制贯通裂纹处产生反射拉伸波的结果,促使预制贯通裂纹端部产生拉应力集中,形成近似I型裂纹,随后,翼裂纹逐渐转向爆炸应力波传播方向扩展。     

岩石倾斜裂隙与水平裂隙扩展贯通试验及数值模拟研究

采用最新配置的水泥砂浆材料,通过在试件中布置倾斜裂隙和水平裂隙,开展了单轴和双轴条件下的压缩试验,详细分析了不同加载条件下试件裂隙的扩展和贯通规律。试验结果表明:无裂隙内水压时,在单轴压缩条件下倾斜裂隙在扩展贯通水平裂隙后裂纹的扩展路径和方向发生明显改变,试样最终发生劈裂破坏。侧压的增大抑制了倾斜裂隙端部翼裂纹和次生裂纹的萌生,高侧压下翼裂纹没有贯穿水平裂隙,试样破坏模式变成了剪切破坏。水力耦合作用下,单轴压缩时倾斜裂隙翼裂纹尖端的最大主应力分布范围随着内水压的增大逐渐变小,翼裂纹的起裂应力、起裂角和峰值强度逐渐降低,试样发生劈裂破坏。通过数值模拟得到的裂纹扩展贯通规律与试验结果具有良好的一致性,开展了不同内水压时倾斜裂隙扩展贯通无水压的水平裂隙的数值分析,随着内水压的增加倾斜裂隙首先萌生共面裂纹随后产生翼裂纹,翼裂纹扩展贯通水平裂隙时扩展路径同样会发生改变。水力耦合作用下侧压也会抑制翼裂纹的萌生,随着内水压的增大减弱了侧压对倾斜裂隙翼裂纹的抑制作用。     

含2条断续裂隙试件直接拉伸下的颗粒流模拟

采用颗粒流程序PFC构建了试件直接拉伸模型,模拟了含2条断续裂隙试件的直接拉伸试验,通过完整试件的模拟结果与室内试验结果的对比,验证了细观参数的准确性和可靠性,同时分析了裂隙倾角和岩桥倾角对抗拉强度和裂纹扩展的影响。研究表明:在直接拉伸情况下,含2条断续裂隙试件以萌生次生倾斜反翼裂纹为主,少量次生共面裂纹和翼裂纹;岩桥倾角和裂隙倾角均较小时,次生共面裂纹与原始裂隙之间发生搭接、贯通,随着岩桥倾角和裂隙倾角的加大,次生倾斜反翼裂纹扩展使试件断裂;裂纹扩展的方向与最大拉应力的方向基本保持垂直;岩桥倾角对于试件的抗拉强度和起裂应力影响不大;裂隙倾角对于试件抗拉强度和起裂应力影响明显,裂隙倾角越大,试件抗拉强度和起裂应力越大。     

非贯通单节理岩体裂纹扩展方向研究

裂纹扩展方向的确定对分析岩桥破坏机制和岩体抗剪强度参数具有重要意义。首先以断裂力学观点推导了复杂应力条件下裂纹尖端应力分布函数的表达式,以节理岩体尖端的扩展裂纹可分为张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹为前提,基于Griffith破坏判据,提出了张拉裂纹扩展方向(张裂角)的计算公式;基于Mohr-Coulomb判据,提出了剪裂纹扩展方向(剪裂角)的计算公式。通过新判据与试验和其他判据的结果对比表明,该判据能准确判断张拉裂纹扩展方向,而剪裂角的扩展方向有待进一步试验验证。分析表明:在单向拉应力作用下,张裂纹扩展方向均有偏向于最大主应力方向的趋势,张裂纹与最大主应力夹角小于15°;双向拉应力作用下,随着微裂纹倾角变大,张裂纹有远离最大主应力方向的趋势;单轴压缩作用下,张裂角随裂纹倾角的增加而减小,而两者的和为先减小后增加。      

岩质块体渐进破坏的稳定分析方法

岩桥的破裂贯通是一种非连续变形现象。强度折减技术虽然是渐进破坏过程模拟的主流技术,但其不具备描述非连续变形现象的能力。提出连通率折减法和刚度折减法来模拟含非贯通结构面岩块的渐进破坏过程,并建立考虑渐进破坏过程的块体稳定分析方法。首先,引入Goodman单元来描述共面非贯通结构面的岩桥部分和裂隙面部分,建立静力平衡方程来求解滑裂面内岩桥单元和裂隙面单元的应力。其次,岩桥单元采用Griffith准则来判别破坏,利用连通率折减法来描述其破裂;裂隙面单元采用MC准则来判别破坏,用刚度折减法来描述其屈服;通过循环迭代,模拟岩桥单元的破裂过程和裂隙面单元的应力调整过程,实现整个滑裂面的渐进破坏过程模拟。然后,定义考虑渐进破坏过程的滑裂面极限状态;通过自重超载方式将滑裂面推送至极限状态;基于极限状态设计的理论框架,计算度量块体稳定性的安全系数指标。工程实例分析结果表明,渐进破坏过程模拟结果与现场调查结果是一致的。渐进破坏过程的模拟实现,有助于岩质边坡变形破坏机制分析从定性分析阶段扩展至定量分析阶段。     

Crack Initiation, Propagation and Coalescence in Rock-Like Material Containing Two Flaws: a Numerical Study Based on Bonded-Particle Model Approach

Cracking and coalescence behavior in a rectangular rock-like specimen containing two parallel (stepped and coplanar) pre-existing open flaws under uniaxial compression load has been numerically studied by a parallel bonded-particle model, which is a type of bonded-particle model. Crack initiation and propagation from two flaws replicate most of the phenomena observed in prior physical experiments, such as the type (tensile/shear) and the initiation stress of the first crack, as well as the coalescence pattern. Eight crack coalescence categories representing different crack types and trajectories are identified. New coalescence categories namely “New 1” and “New 2”, which are first observed in the present simulation, are incorporated into categories 3 and 4, and category 5 previously proposed by the MIT Rock Mechanics Research Group, respectively. The flaw inclination angle (β), the ligament length (L) (spacing between two flaws) and the bridging angle (α) (inclination of a line linking up the inner flaw tips, between two flaws) have different effects on the coalescence patterns, coalescence stresses (before, at or post the peak stress) as well as peak strength of specimens. Some insights on the coalescence processes, such as the initiation of cracks in the intact part of specimens at a distance away from the flaw tips, and coalescence due to the development and linkage of a number of steeply inclined to vertical macro-tensile cracks are revealed by the present numerical study.     

Strength,fragmentation and fractal properties of mixed flaws

Experiments on Portland cement samples containing mixed flaws are conducted to investigate the strength, fragmentation and fractal properties. Flaw geometry is a new combination of two edge-notched flaws and an imbedded flaw, which is different from those in the previous studies, where parallel or coplanar flaws are used. The physical implications of the shear-box test applied to result to rock slopes are studied. The physical and analytical fragmentation characteristics of preflawed samples are analyzed through the sieve test and fractal theory, respectively. Three different patterns of tensile cracks and shear cracks are observed. A sliding crack model is presented to elucidate the brittle failure flaws. In all of the cases of the shear-box tests, the coalescence is produced by the linkage of shear cracks, and two types of coalescence (Type C1 and Type C2) have been classified, which tend to confirm the observations from the numerical model and field of jointed rock slopes. The shear strength is a function of the flaw geometry and the shear–normal stress ratio. The result of sieve tests indicates that the fragment size distribution of fragments has the fractal property, providing a physical understanding of the fragmentation mechanism. The fragments under the shear-box test have fractal dimensions between 2.2 and 2.6, which are larger than those under the compression test but similar to those in the fault cores. The fragmentation in the case of Type C2 has a smaller fractal dimension, corresponding to a larger shear strength.     

Mechanical behaviors of conjugate-flawed rocks subjected to coupled static–dynamic compression

Conjugate flaws widely exist in rock masses and play a significant role in their deformation and strength properties. Understanding the mechanical behaviors of rock masses containing conjugate flaws is conducive to rock engineering stability assessment and the related supporting design. This study experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of conjugate-flawed sandstone specimens under coupled static–dynamic compression, thereby providing insight into how conjugate fractures interact to produce tracing tensional joints. Results indicate that the coupled compressive strength and the dynamic elastic modulus of conjugate-flawed rock specimens show remarkable loading rate dependence. For a fixed strain rate, the specimen with a static pre-stress equal to 60% of its uniaxial compressive strength has the highest coupled strength. Besides, both higher static pre-stress and strain rate can induce smaller mean fragment size and greater fractal dimension of the specimen, corresponding to a more uniform distribution of the broken fragments with smaller sizes. When the static pre-stress is lower than 80%UCS, the flawed specimen under a higher strain rate is characterized by higher absorbed energy. However, when the pre-stress equals 80%UCS, the value of the energy absorbed by the specimen in the dynamic loading process is negative due to the release of the preexisting considerable elastic strain energy input from the static pre-loading. As for the failure modes, cracks always penetrate the preexisting ipsilateral flaw tips to form anti-wing cracks. Under dynamic loading, the conjugate-flawed specimen generally shows tensile failure at a low strain rate, while the shear failure dominates at a high strain rate. In addition, based on progressive failure processes of the conjugate-flawed rock specimens, the evolution of tracing tensional joints in the field is discussed.

     

Numerical Study on Coalescence of Pre-Existing Flaw Pairs in Rock-Like Material

The present numerical study, which is an extension of our previous numerical analysis on cracking processes of a single pre-existing flaw, focuses on the coalescence of two pre-existing parallel open flaws in rock subjected to a uniaxial compressive loading. To facilitate a systematic investigation, the arrangements of the flaw pair are classified into 11 categories. Simulations engaging AUTODYN are conducted on each category. The numerical results are compared with some published physical experimental test results. Eleven typical coalescence patterns are obtained, which are in good agreement with the experimental results, which include two coalescence patterns obtained in flaw pair arrangements (II) and (VIII″) not being reported in previous studies. The information gathered in the simulations helps identify the type (tensile/shear) of each crack segment involved in the coalescence. Most of the coalescence cracks initiate at or around the flaw tips, except those in flaw pair arrangements (II) and (IX′) with a very short ligament length, in which the coalescence cracks initiate on the flaw surfaces away from the flaw tip regions. Based on the numerical simulation results, the properties of the 11 coalescence patterns are obtained. Except those in flaw pair arrangements (II) and (IX′), the other coalescence patterns can be interpreted with respect to the basic crack types—tensile wing crack, horsetail crack and anti-wing crack. In addition, based on the type of crack segments involved in coalescence, namely tensile and shear, the coalescence can be classified into T mode (tensile mode), S mode (shear mode) and TS mode (mixed tensile–shear mode).     

An Experimental Study of Crack Coalescence Behaviour in Rock-Like Materials Containing Multiple Flaws Under Uniaxial Compression

Experiments on man-made flawed rock-like materials are applied extensively to study the mechanical behaviour of rock masses as well as crack initiation modes and crack coalescence types. A large number of experiments on specimens containing two or three pre-existing flaws were previously conducted. In the present work, experiments on rock-like materials (formed from a mixture of sand, plaster, limestone and water at mass ratio of 126:9:9:16) containing multiple flaws subjected to uniaxial compression were conducted to further research the effects of the layout of pre-existing flaws on mechanical properties, crack initiation modes and crack coalescence types. Compared with previous experiments in which only three types of cracks were found, the present experiments on specimens containing multiple flaws under uniaxial compression revealed five types of cracks, including wing cracks, quasi-coplanar secondary cracks, oblique secondary cracks, out-of-plane tensile cracks and out-of-plane shear cracks. Ten types of crack coalescence occurred through linkage among wing cracks, quasi-coplanar secondary cracks, oblique secondary cracks, out-of-plane shear cracks and out-of-plane tensile cracks. Moreover, the effects of the non-overlapping length and flaw angle on the complete stress–strain curves, the stress of crack initiation, the peak strength, the peak strain and the elastic modulus were also investigated in detail.     

Crack Initiation and Coalescence Behavior of Two Non-parallel Flaws

Crack initiation and coalescence behavior of rock or rock-like specimens containing artificial flaws under uniaxial compression have been subjects of intensive investigation in the past. Most of these investigations however focused on crack initiation and coalescence between two or more parallel flaws. Although there have been few experimental studies on non-parallel flaws, these studies did not address the influence of geometrical factors such as ligament length and ligament angle on the crack initiation and coalescence behavior of non-parallel flaws. To investigate whether the individual geometrical factors have similar effects on the crack initiation and coalescence behavior of both parallel and non-parallel flaws, we conducted uniaxial compression tests to investigate crack cracking and coalescence processes in rock like material containing two non-parallel flaws. The paper presents the influence of individual geometrical factors on the crack initiation process and coalescence pattern of non-parallel flaws. Initiation of primary first cracks from all the tips of the two flaws did not occur simultaneously in all the flaw configurations. The flaw configuration of the non-parallel flaws influences the crack initiation, crack trajectories and coalescence behavior. The crack coalescence pattern changes with an increasing ligament angle from indirect to shear crack or mixed tensile-shear crack to tensile crack coalescence. The chance of direct coalescence is reduced with an increase in ligament length. In conclusion, the crack initiation and coalescence behavior of prismatic rock-like specimens with non-parallel flaws, as influenced by the geometrical factors, are analogous to the cracking and coalescence pattern observed in specimens with parallel flaws.     

Experimental Study of Crack Growth in Rock-Like Materials Containing Multiple Parallel Pre-existing Flaws Under Biaxial Compression

Cracks and joints are common in rock masses and play a crucial role in rock mass stability. This study prepared specimens with multiple parallel pre-existing flaws by embedding iron sheets in rock-like materials and used the samples to investigate the crack growth characteristics of these materials. Biaxial compression experiments were performed on sixty specimens, and the influences of the number of pre-existing flaws, their angles and the lateral stress on crack growth were investigated based on video recordings of the crack growth. The results demonstrate that structural failure will occur due to crack growth when the sample contains a small number of pre-existing flaws and that as the number of cracks increases, the specimens will fail due to local failures. In addition, the types of rock bridge failures are summarized, including wing cracks, secondary shear cracks between horizontally-separated pre-existing flaws and secondary shear cracks between vertically-separated pre-existing flaws. Wing cracks play a significant role in the failure of the specimens. The results increase the understanding of crack growth in brittle materials that contain multiple parallel pre-existing flaws under biaxial compression.     

含双裂隙岩石裂纹演化机理的离散元数值分析

采用离散单元法探讨了预制双裂隙岩石的裂纹演化机理。用近期从试验资料提取的无胶结厚度含抗转动能力的岩石微观力学模型和相应的离散单元法商业软件,模拟了含不同预制倾角的双裂隙岩石试样在单轴压缩作用下裂纹的扩展与贯通规律,揭示了裂纹演化的宏微观机理。同时,将离散元法DEM岩石试样的裂纹的扩展和贯通规律以及强度特性与室内试验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,预制裂隙之间以及端点处的拉应力集中是导致裂隙岩石破坏的主要原因,且DEM数值试验得到裂纹的演化规律与室内试验结果较为一致。含30°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最容易起裂,含75°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最困难起裂,造成此种现象的原因可能是裂纹在垂直于主应力方向上的长度不同导致试样受拉区域大小不同。     

Simulating damage evolution and fracture propagation in sandstone containing a preexisting 3-D surface flaw under uniaxial compression

Preexisting flaws and rock heterogeneity have important ramifications on the process of rock fracturing and on rock stability in many applications. Therefore, there is great interest in numerical modelling of rock fracture and the underlying mechanisms. We simulated damage evolution and fracture propagation in sandstone specimens containing a preexisting 3-D surface flaw under uniaxial compression. We applied the linear elastic damage model based on the unified strength theory following the rock failure process analysis code. However, in contrast to the rock failure process analysis code, we used the finite element method with tetrahedron elements on unstructured meshes. It provided higher geometrical flexibility and allowed for a more accurate representation of the disk-shaped flaw with various flaw depths, angles, and lengths through locally adapted meshes. The rock heterogeneity was modelled by sampling the initial local Young's modulus from a Weibull distribution over a cubic grid. The values were then interpolated to the computational finite element method mesh. This method introduced an additional length scale for the rock heterogeneity represented by the cell size in the sampling grid. The generation of three typical surface cracking patterns, called wing cracks, anti-wing cracks, and far-field cracks, were identified in the simulation results. These depend on the geometry of the preexisting surface flaw. The simulated fracture propagation, coalescence types, and failure modes for the specimens with preexisting surface flaw show good agreement with recent experimental studies.