垃圾渗滤液有机污染组分在包气带中衰减规律的模拟研究

用若干土柱模拟试验研究了垃圾渗滤液有机污染组分在不同岩性、不同厚度包气带介质中的运移规律,并计算了有机污染组分在包气带中运移的有关水化学迁移参数(阻滞因子R和水化学迁移率E).结果表明,有机污染组分在不同岩性介质中的R值顺序为:粘土＞亚粘土＞砂土,在相同岩性中随着厚度的增加R呈正相关增大.从而为评价和预测垃圾场对地质环境影响提供技术参数,并为垃圾场的选址提供理论依据.     

垃圾渗滤液在土层中迁移转化规律实验研究

本文利用室内模拟实验对垃圾渗滤液在垃圾填埋场周边地区土层中的迁移转化规律进行研究,分析了渗滤液与介质作用机理,进一步计算了污染质在土层中阻滞因子和水化学迁移率,为评价和预测垃圾填埋场对地质环境影响效应提供理论依据和计算参数。     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液对潜层地下水污染的实验模拟分析——以北京北天堂垃圾填埋场为例

通过对北京市西郊南部北天堂垃圾填埋场渗滤污染组分在含水介质中运移的室内模拟实验分析，揭示了有机污染物等污染组分在含水介质中的运移转化规律，即有机污染物等污染组分在微生物的作用下得到降解；通过阻滞因子和水化学迁移率的计算，得出该含水介质对污染组分的阻滞能力较好。可用水化学迁移率粗略预测不同污染质锋面达到指定地点的时间，为垃圾填埋场地底部防渗层的设计和渗滤液对地下水污染程度的预报提供依据。     

垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分在包气带中的迁移转化规律

通过室内土柱实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液的特征污染组分氮、COD在包气带不同介质中的迁移转化特征。实验结果表明,岩性不同的包气带介质是影响氮素、COD迁移转化的重要因素之一,不同介质对氮、COD的净化能力不同;渗滤液对地下水不会造成氮素污染,但会造成有机污染。     

甘肃省白银市土壤重金属污染地球化学特征及其表生地球化学成因

基于以土壤为主的多介质地球化学测量,对生态环境问题严重的白银市进行土壤环境质量评价,得出研究区重金属元素在全区呈综合表生富集性污染、中度以上农田生态化学污染及潜在生态风险,重金属元素的表生富集是农田生态化学污染及潜在生态风险的主要原因。污染性重金属元素输入源及污染方式为:白银市区工矿企业、机动车辆产生的废气和烟雾形成的干湿沉降;矿渣及岩矿石水岩反应产生重金属物质的水化学迁移分散;工矿企业污水在渠系径流中的重金属元素沉淀。重金属元素经历氧化还原、水解、络合(螯合)、吸附-解吸、溶胶聚沉等土壤和水化学反应,主要经水化学迁移和大气飘移等空间分散过程,并经沉淀、吸附等表生作用而在区内土壤局部集中形成污染。     

多孔介质界面对重非水相液体迁移过程影响的图像法研究

重非水相液体(dense nonaqueous phase liquid,DNAPL)污染土壤和地下水的问题已引起广泛关注,研究其在不同粒径多孔介质及其界面的运移特征形态是确定污染区域、修复治理土壤和地下水环境的前提。文章通过室内试验研究多孔介质界面对DNAPL运移与分布特性的影响。首先在二维砂槽上进行DNAPL污染物的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机拍照,将DNAPL扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后用AutoCAD对图片进行处理,绘制出DNAPL迁移过程的锋面变化图。结果表明:DNAPL入渗过程中,迁移主要受到重力作用与毛细作用的控制,毛细作用力随着介质粒径的增大逐层减小,重力作用逐渐起主导作用使污染物入渗速度逐层增大;介质结构影响DNAPL的迁移形态,介质粒径逐层增大,DNAPL污染物的渗流面与指进扩散宽度逐层减小,扩散方式由面状变为指状;在不同粒径介质界面介质结构发生突变时,DNAPL迁移锋面线曲率也相应变大,此时DNAPL的迁移呈现“凸”型特征,另外,不同的界面横向扩散的滞留宽度不同,随着介质粒径的增大,界面的横向扩散宽度相对变短。     

示踪弥散试验影响因子分析

污染物质在含水介质中的运移,不仅受到水文地质条件的制约,而且受水化学动力条件的制约。示踪弥散试验常用于模拟地下水污染物质的运移研究,为污染预测和污染防治提供依据。试验选用NaCl为示踪剂,砂土为介质。在室内进行一维弥散试验,针对示踪剂的浓度、水力梯度、砂土干密度等影响因素,进行系统分析。结果表明,弥散系数与NaCl浓度、水力梯度成正比,与砂土干密度成反比。     

冻融循环对多年冻土区石油迁移影响试验研究

多年冻土区石油污染物迁移过程和特点、污染定量评价、防治和治理措施研发,都是目前寒区经济发展和能源开发迫切需要解决的重要课题.通过室内试验对土体温度场分布、水分分布和石油总量分布的监测分析,研究了冻融循环作用对迁移过程的影响机制.试验结果表明,冻融循环作用通过影响石油污染物本身的物理性质、土颗粒对石油污染物的吸附作用和土体内水相的分布和相状态,影响了石油污染物的迁移过程.原油黏度随温度的降低逐渐增加,使得原油在土体中的迁移能力降低.冻融循环是油水迁移的主要驱动力之一,随着冻融循环的增加,石油污染物和水分向上迁移并聚集,石油随土样高度增加逐渐减小,而水分随高度增加而增加且在一定的位置聚集.研究成果可为多年冻土区石油污染迁移过程和定量评价及防治治理提供重要基础和参考.     

地下水砷污染分析

阐述了含砷黄铁矿等含砷矿物以及岩石矿物附着砷等天然来源,同时从气候、环境地质以及水化学环境等方面分析了砷在地下水中的迁移和富集规律。研究表明：干旱、半干旱地区、封闭的地形地貌、断裂凹陷等外部环境有利于高砷地下水的形成,同时含水介质性质、地下水径流条件以及地下水中pH值、Eh值、不同的无机和有机组分对砷在地下水中迁移富集起着重要作用。在此基础上从砷的“来源—影响因素—影响过程—高砷形成”角度提出了地下水砷污染的成因模式,对砷中毒病区的环境问题调查与地下水砷污染的防治具有重要参考价值。     

冻结作用下考虑补水层影响的水分迁移试验

冻融协同淋洗修复污染土壤的过程中,为了提高淋洗效率,须使土体在冻结过程中吸收更多的水分或淋洗液。因此,通过室内大尺寸单向冻结水分迁移试验,开展了开放系统下温度梯度、冻结速率及补水方式对水分迁移的影响研究。试验结果表明：冻结过程中土中水分迁移与温度梯度的变化速率有关,变化速率越大水分迁移量越大;可以通过边界温度控制冻结锋面推移速度进而影响土中水分的迁移,当冻结锋面推移速度为0.5 cm·d^-1左右时,补水速率最大;距离冻结锋面越近水分迁移量越大,当距离冻结锋面10 cm左右时,水分迁移量开始增大,可通过在土体中添加多层补水层的方式让土体吸收更多的水分;有外界水源的补给下土体含水量整体增加,但上层土体含水量增加较多,下层土体含水量增加较少。     

包气带黏性土层对氮素污染地下水的防污性能试验研究

包气带土层是保护地下水的天然屏障,在阻控、拦截氮素污染源的过程中起到了重要作用。通过对北京市典型地区包气带土体进行定水位入渗的土柱淋溶试验,研究土体对于氮素的去除能力和包气带的截污容量。试验中采用了蒸馏水、再生水和河水3种不同的水源。试验结果显示,张家湾包气带土层对氮素污染地下水具有较强的截留和防护能力。对氮素的去除过程具有分段性特征,经历了较稳定和波动下降两个不同的阶段,其中稳定阶段是计算柱体去除能力的关键,提出了考虑滞后区间的时段去除率计算公式。水源对柱体的渗流速度及初期的吸附解析效应有明显影响。土体对氮素的去除作用受环境温度变化的影响,温度15 ℃左右时所达到的稳定阶段对氮素有极强的去除能力。     

煤矸石井下填充对矿井水的污染及其吸附控制模拟实验

以焦作煤矿区演马矿煤矸石为例，采取连续淋溶方式，模拟井下填充过程中煤矸石对地下水的污染，并利用土壤的吸附性能对矸石中溶出的污染因子进行控制。检测了淋溶水中的pH值、氟、总硬度、锰、铅、镉等6个因子，其中铅、镉未检出。实验表明，pH值、氟、总硬度变化范围均符合地下水Ⅲ类标准。锰是造成地下水污染的主零因子，考虑到累积效应，氟也有可能影响地下水质。控制实验显示，利用当地土壤的吸附性能对矸石中溶出的污染因子进行控制是可行、有效的，且分层填充比混合填充的控制效果好。     

A simplified model for computing pollutants release from granular pavement base to local aquifer

A simplified model is proposed to estimate the leaching constituents from waste granular pavement base to adjacent groundwater. The model considers pollutants leaching from a longitudinally infinite waste granular base. The leaching of the base is deemed to obey the diffusion model. After leaving the pavement layers, the leachate is subjected to retardation and dilution during its transport to the nearby aquifer. The retardation is estimated from the breakthrough curve of steady-water flow through a homogeneous soil profile. The model is available for any waste granular base that contains any type of leachable pollutants. But parameterization of the model is different substantially for different pollutants; therefore how to parameterize the mode is discussed. Recycled glass is exemplified as the granular base materials, and the transport of Cadmium to the local aquifer is demonstrated. A sensitivity study is conducted to demonstrate the influences of field conditions and waste-leaching characteristics on the pore concentration of the pollutants in the target well.     

城市垃圾卫生填埋场粘性土衬垫的截污容量及其研究意义

圾卫生填埋法的关键技术之一是防渗垫层的铺,国内外对防治在垫层的要求是“防渗”,所设计的防渗垫层所用材料种类多、价格贵、铺设复杂、成本高。若把垫层铺设的指导思想改为“截污”,可充分利用对垃圾具有净化或隔能力的场地粘笥土地和低垫层铺设民本。“截污容量”是基于这种思想提出出来的、用一博征粘性土的截污能力的物理参量,其科学和实用意义、试验测试及计算方法将在本文得到探讨。     

Geochemical controls on leaching of lignite-fired combustion by-products from Greece

The mobility of inorganic pollutants is of key concern for a range of industrial and engineering applications of fly ash produced during the combustion of lignite in power generation. This paper investigates the role that the geochemical features of lignite, the ash composition and the partitioning of elements during combustion play in determining leaching properties of lignite fired by-products. The work is based on surveys on three lignite-fired power plants in Greece. Calcium-rich ashes show a high abatement potential for SO₂ and other gaseous pollutants. For most elements, the concentrations in the parent lignite and the ashes follow the same trend. Relative enrichments in Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, U, V, W, Zn fingerprint the regional and local geological settings of the lignite basins. The total and leachable concentrations of highly volatile elements are strongly influenced by the interaction with ubiquitous free lime. A broad array of elements is highly insoluble in alkaline ash, while a few oxyanionic-forming elements display substantial mobility. Their mode of occurrence in the parent lignite plays a primary role in the leaching of combustion ashes. The outcomes of this study may assist in addressing the impact of co-firing high ash or high Ca alternative fuels on the leaching properties of combustion by-products.     

Impact of lead contamination on the engineering properties of clayey soil

Clay liners are widely used as barriers to arrest the migration of pollutants. These liners are subjected to leaching of various chemicals and hazardous wastes. Migration of heavy metals through the liner material may lead to changes in the soil properties and this, in turn, may affect the performance of liners. In this paper, the change in index and engineering properties of clayey soil due to migration of lead is presented. Pronounced changes in soil properties are noticed when the soil is contaminated with high concentrations of lead. The findings from the present study are important while designing liners in landfills used for containment of pollution due to heavy metals and hazardous wastes.     

非饱和土壤溶质迁移转化模型参数优化估算

在分析非饱和土壤中水分和溶质迁移转化规律的基础上,采用与坐标网格相适应的分块连续作用的水动力函数,研究模型参数最优化估算技术.运用Gauss-Newton最小化计算的Levenberg-Marquardt修正法来实现反求模型的迭代问题.该方法被应用于估算一维土柱和二维土槽试验研究模型的参数,探讨了参数给定与估算数量对参数的置信区间和预测效果的影响.经验证表明,参数优化估算技术是可行的,以此参数进行模型预测,其结果是可信的.     

南水北调南阳段弱膨胀土增湿膨胀与力学特性试验研究

为了研究膨胀土自然状态下的膨胀及力学特性,对南阳弱膨胀土进行了不同增湿程度时的膨胀及力学特性试验。通过对相同初始条件下不同增湿程度膨胀土的膨胀特性试验得到,随着含水率的增大自然膨胀力和有荷自然膨胀率均是先逐渐增大后有小幅减小再逐渐稳定,无荷膨胀率的变化趋势是前期接近线性的增大后逐渐稳定。通过不同增湿程度膨胀土的抗剪强度试验,建立了黏聚力、内摩擦角与增湿含水率的线性关系曲线及关系式。对于已建工程,通过监测含水率得到膨胀土的实时膨胀特性以及抗剪强度,进而评价工程的安全运行情况。     

Copper(II) humate mobility in kaolinite soil

An investigation of the influence of humate on the mobility of copper(II) ions in a kaolinite soil using leaching tests and electrokinetic experiments is reported. The data are interpreted in terms of humate–copper–clay interactions and humate electrical charge. Humate is mostly immobile below pH8 but is more mobile in alkaline conditions (sorption to kaolinite reduces its mobility in neutral conditions). Copper humate complexes are mobile in both acidic and alkaline conditions, but not in neutral conditions where they are sorbed. The dissolved copper humate complexes that form in acidic conditions are positively charged. The net effect of humate is to increase cupric ion mobility in kaolinite soil, especially in alkaline conditions.     

Geological environment impact analysis of a landfill by the Yangtze River

In order to assess the geological environment impact of a city landfill by the Yangtze River, soils from different depths in the dumpsite were sampled and analyzed. It was found that pollutants content at the site was distinctly higher than that in nearby environments. The content of heavy metals, such as Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cu, reduces as depth increases; the content of elements F, Cl and N is the contrary. Pollutants migration driven by underground water flow was analyzed, considering the hydro-geological conditions of the site. It is believed that, due to leaching after rainfall infiltration, pollutants in the garbage layer migrates deeper, the cohesive soil in the underlying surface prevents them from spreading to the deeper aquifer; additionally, the high pressure tolerance of the deep groundwater is a key factor in preventing pollutants from entering the aquifer. Furthermore, human control has reduced the annual fluctuation range of water level in nearby rivers, weakening the hydrodynamic relations with phreatic water, and thus reducing the spreading of pollutants to nearby surface waters.