平凉一次雷暴云内的降水粒子分布及其电学特征的探讨

利用X波段多普勒双偏振雷达在甘肃平凉地区获取的一次雷暴过程资料,采用模糊逻辑判断法详细分析了该过程云内降水粒子的时空演变特征,同时结合该地区雷暴的电学特征,探讨了雷暴云电荷结构与云内降水粒子之间的关系。结果表明,在雷暴发展的不同阶段,各种降水粒子的数量存在较大的差异,霰粒子和干雪的演变特征与雷暴的发展、成熟到减弱过程对应比较一致。结合地面电场和雷达推断,冰相粒子特别是霰粒子和冰晶粒子与雷暴云的起电存在密切的关系。从各种粒子的垂直分布特征来看,中国内陆高原雷暴云下部正电荷区的强弱最有可能由霰粒子的多少来决定;同时利用霰粒-冰晶起电机制可以较好地解释雷暴云内三极性电荷结构的形成。     

华南一次典型雷暴过程双偏振雷达参量与闪电活动关系研究

基于2017年5月8日华南地区一次典型飑线过程, 分析了此次过程中闪电活动和-35~0℃温度层内双偏振雷达参量的分布特征以及双偏振雷达参量与闪电活动之间的关系。结果表明: 此次飑线过程中, 双偏振雷达参量与闪电频次的趋势在时间变化上有较好的一致性, 且随着闪电活动的发生及雷暴过程的增强, 双偏振雷达参量中的冰水含量、雷达反射率因子、差分反射率、差分相移率等偏振参量都有不同程度的增加, 闪电频次高峰时间段对应各个参量最大值时间段。双偏振雷达各个参量最大值与闪电活动的线性拟合关系均优于多项式拟合关系。定性地发现了双偏振雷达参量与闪电活动的关系, 可为将来将双偏振雷达参量加入到闪电临近预警预报提供一定的参考依据。      

基于X波段双偏振雷达对雷暴单体中水成物粒子演变特征的研究

为了解雷暴单体内部水成物粒子分布结构及演变过程,综合X波段双线偏振天气雷达的参量及环境温度参数,结合小波去噪和自适应约束算法进行资料预处理后,基于模糊逻辑算法对北京一个结构演变相对完整的典型雷暴单体内水成物粒子分布随时间演变特征进行系统的分析,得到如下结果:（1）按雷暴单体的宏观特征将其演变过程分为发展、成熟和消散阶段。三个阶段中单体平均高度分别为11、12、10 km;回波强度最大可达40~45 dBZ、大于50 dBZ和40~45 dBZ;霰粒子占各自阶段单体内所有粒子百分比分别为2%、12%和1%。（2）各阶段主要微物理过程及演变特征是:发展阶段,单体0℃层以下由暖云过程主导,毛毛雨占5%,雨滴占24%;少量液态粒子上升至0℃层以上与冰晶反应生成1%干霰,冷云过程较弱。成熟阶段,相较发展阶段0℃层以下毛毛雨减少约2个百分点,雨滴增多约2个百分点,粒子碰并加强,暖云过程增强;较多液态粒子上升至0℃层以上,约有4%的雨滴与5%的冰晶通过凇附作用生成7%的霰,冷云过程增强。消散阶段,下层液态粒子难以上升至0℃层以上形成初始冰晶,使暖云及冷云过程都减弱,0℃层以下毛毛雨相较成熟阶段平均增多约1个百分点,粒子碰并减弱;0℃层以上冰晶消耗减少2个百分点,霰生成减少5个百分点。（3）基于雷暴单体内各类水成物粒子分布、演变及其动力场背景特征建立了雷暴单体演变过程微物理模型。本文研究有助于加深对典型雷暴单体内部水成物粒子分布和微物理过程的认识,可以为雷暴天气的预警和预报提供必要的指导。     

基于X波段双线偏振天气雷达的雷暴云粒子识别

为了进一步认识雷暴云中影响起电的主要水成物类型,联合714XDP 天气雷达观测到的偏振参量（Z H 、Z DR 、K DP 和ρHV ）,在利用模糊逻辑方法的基础上引入温度（T）,对中国西北地区夏季雷暴云中的水成物类型进行识别,将水成物分为11种。参考 S 和 C 波段及少量的 X 波段偏振雷达的粒子识别研究,得到11种粒子对应的各偏振参量阈值。分析了2007年7月24日的一次观测过程几个时刻的偏振参量、地面电场、放电频数及识别结果,并与利用三维雷暴云动力电耦合数值模式模拟出来的粒子分布结果做了对比。结果表明,选取的偏振参量阈值基本合理,采用的模糊逻辑方法能有效、合理地识别出雷暴云内水成物的相态和分布,而且利用 K DP 可以大致判断云内电荷区。     

冰晶繁生对雷暴云非感应起电影响的数值模拟

为了研究冰晶繁生在雷暴云发展过程中对非感应起电过程的影响,利用三维雷暴云模式在理想层结环境下,对雷暴云内各种水成物粒子、电荷以及电场分布情况进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:在雷暴云发展和成熟阶段,有繁生过程参与的雷暴云中下部存在一个冰晶聚集区域,从而使得云内冰晶的数量较无繁生过程增大约1 5%～18%,且聚集的区域范围更大;同时,繁生过程的加入也使得霰粒子数量也比无繁生过程时增大约20%;霰冰非感应电荷转移的正区一般位于霰粒子浓度高值区附近,而负区位于冰晶和霰粒子浓度高值区相重合的区域;冰晶繁生过程通过影响雷暴云中冰晶和霰粒子浓度和分布位置,使得雷暴云非感应起电的强度和位置发生改变,导致云内起电过程提前约5～6 min。     

江苏地区夏季雷暴的雷达回波特征研究

为提高江苏省地区雷暴监测预警能力，利用S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达雷暴探测回波资料和闪电定位资料对江苏省2014年7—8月的夏季雷暴进行特征研究，研究了雷暴反射率核心区域的演变特征、不同温度层反射率因子与地闪频数随时间的相关性问题和雷暴发展过程云内粒子的演变特征。研究结果表明：在雷暴成熟之前，雷暴的反射率因子核心区域的强度、高度和云顶高度不断增加，以及对流发展旺盛，当雷暴成熟之后，雷暴的强反射率因子核心的强度和对应高度就会不断降低，雷暴将趋于消散；雷暴能够发生闪电的主要特征是40 dBZ回波顶高度要高于0℃温度层高度；雷暴中闪电的产生和霰粒子有着密切的联系，尤其是湿霰粒子。     

云内大粒子对闪电活动影响的个例模拟

利用三维云起电放电模式, 通过对2008年9月6日北京地区一次雷暴过程的模拟, 研究了云内雨滴、冰晶、霰和雹4种粒子对云内闪电活动的直接影响。对比几种主要冰相粒子比质量浓度的分布变化与模拟闪电开始发生高度的关系, 并分析几种冰相粒子所带电量变化率的时空变化特征后发现:霰和冰晶是对云内闪电发生作用最为重要的两种粒子; 雹粒子对闪电发生作用有限; 雨滴则对于主电荷区附近闪电发生没有直接影响。模拟结果表明:在实际观测中出现的雷达强回波达到某个高度之上可以预警闪电发生的现象, 主要是由于霰粒子在一定高度之上与冰晶之间发生强烈的电荷分离, 从而使云内电场迅速增强, 并最终引发闪电而导致的。     

双偏振多普勒天气雷达在冰雹识别中的应用

选取2011年7月26日北京强冰雹天气个例,结合北京Micaps实时资料,分析降雹过程的天气背景、层结稳定性。利用常规多普勒雷达对该过程的回波演变、基本雷达产品进行分析,重点研究北京C波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达产品的独立参量,根据这些参量对云中粒子的特征变化,探讨双偏振参量在识别冰雹中的应用。实例分析表明,相比常规多普勒雷达,双偏振多普勒天气雷达的差分反射率因子、传播常数、自相关系数可以直接有效在降雹前对云中的雹区进行判断,这对冰雹的预报具有重要的指示意义。     

雹暴系统中单体相互作用宏微观物理过程研究

为探究雹暴过程中单体相互作用的演变特征,利用X波段双线偏振天气雷达和二维闪电监测数据,结合常规气象探空和ERA5再分析资料,分析了贵州威宁县2018年4月30日一次雹暴天气过程中单体合并特征。结果表明:本次雹暴天气主要受两单体合并影响,合并初期有“云桥”现象发生,两单体的强降水促进了连接处的增长;合并使对流系统整体加强发展,初期上升气流和下沉气流的相互作用使雷暴回波顶高降低;冰雹粒子在合并阶段呈现增长趋势,大值主要出现在合并结束前6 min和合并后6 min。本次天气过程中,负地闪频次占总地闪的94%;闪电频次在合并阶段出现跃增现象且达到峰值,较大的上升速度使得低密度霰和冰晶的增速超过高密度霰增速的5倍,低密度霰与冰晶粒子之间非感应碰撞是主要的起电过程;合并完成后,回波顶高下降,上升气流减弱,大粒子下落,受附近新生对流的影响,系统的霰粒子与冰晶粒子数短暂增加,闪电发生频次再次上升。      

双偏振雷达对一次水凝物相态演变过程的分析

联合利用3 GHz双偏振雷达RHI探测数据和温度廓线数据, 建立了云粒子相态反演的模糊逻辑算法, 算法采用Beta型成员函数, 成员变量包括:水平反射率因子、线性退偏比、差分反射率及温度0℃,-40℃对应高度, 反演出的相态包括毛毛雨、雨、低密度干冰晶、高密度干冰晶、湿冰晶、干霰、湿霰、小冰雹、大冰雹、雨夹雪和液态云滴等11种, 并利用雷达的连续探测数据对一次层状云降水过程中水凝物相态的演变情况进行了分析, 得到如下结果:初始阶段层状云相态呈现分层结构, 从上至下依次为高密度干冰晶、湿冰晶和液态云滴; 初始阶段云体中的回波大值区核心区域为大的冰相粒子, 其余部分为液态粒子; 在初始到成熟阶段演变中, 回波大值区上部液态粒子逐步向冰相转化; 消散阶段云中零度层亮带逐步消失, 零度层以上云粒子结构呈现高密度干冰晶包裹湿冰晶的情况。关键词:双偏振雷达; 模糊逻辑; 水凝物相态反演; 层状云降水过程; 水凝物相态演变     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted