Fronts in Large Marine Ecosystems

Oceanic fronts shape marine ecosystems; therefore front mapping and characterization are among the most important aspects of physical oceanography. Here we report on the first global remote sensing survey of fronts in the Large Marine Ecosystems (LME). This survey is based on a unique frontal data archive assembled at the University of Rhode Island. Thermal fronts were automatically derived with the edge detection algorithm of (Cayula and Cornillon, 1992), (Cayula and Cornillon, 1995) and (Cayula and Cornillon, 1996) from 12 years of twice-daily, global, 9-km resolution satellite sea surface temperature (SST) fields to produce synoptic (nearly instantaneous) frontal maps, and to compute the long-term mean frequency of occurrence of SST fronts and their gradients. These synoptic and long-term maps were used to identify major quasi-stationary fronts and to derive provisional frontal distribution maps for all LMEs. Since SST fronts are typically collocated with fronts in other water properties such as salinity, density and chlorophyll, digital frontal paths from SST frontal maps can be used in studies of physical–biological correlations at fronts. Frontal patterns in several exemplary LMEs are described and compared, including those for: the East and West Bering Sea LMEs, Sea of Okhotsk LME, East China Sea LME, Yellow Sea LME, North Sea LME, East and West Greenland Shelf LMEs, Newfoundland–Labrador Shelf LME, Northeast and Southeast US Continental Shelf LMEs, Gulf of Mexico LME, and Patagonian Shelf LME. Seasonal evolution of frontal patterns in major upwelling zones reveals an order-of-magnitude growth of frontal scales from summer to winter. A classification of LMEs with regard to the origin and physics of their respective dominant fronts is presented. The proposed classification lends itself to comparative studies of frontal ecosystems.     

Persistent thermal fronts in the Black Sea: Existence,variability, and response to atmospheric forcing

High-resolution satellite sea surface temperature (SST) measurements (PATHFINDER dataset) have been used to confirm an existence of persistent thermal frontal zones in the Black Sea. Fronts have been revealed in the winter season between the intensively cooling shallow northwestern area and warmer waters of central part, and in spring-summer season between the actively warming waters of the southeastern part and cooler central area. Interannual and quasi-decadal variability of the northwestern front have been documented, as well as a high negative correlation of its intensity with the winter-mean SST.     

基于产卵场环境因子的阿根廷滑柔鱼资源补充量预报模型研究

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼Illex argentinus是短生命周期种类,其资源量极易受到海洋环境变化的影响。根据2003—2011年我国鱿钓船队在西南大西洋的生产统计数据,以及产卵场海洋表面温度(SST)、海表温度距平值(SSTA),计算分析了阿根廷滑柔鱼在产卵期产卵场各月最适表层水温范围占总面积的比例(用PS表示)以及表征海流强度的SST、SSTA等多种环境变量因子与单位捕捞量渔获量(CPUE)的相关性,建立多种基于主要环境因子的资源补充量预报模型,同时分析比较预报模型的优劣。相关性分析表明:6月份有3片连续区域的SST与CPUE之间存在强相关性,分别为38°~39°S、54°~55°W,40.5°~41.5°S、51°~52°W,39.9°~40.4°S、42.6°~43.1°W。利用6月份此3片连续区域SST与次年CPUE建立的三元线性模型,模型符合统计检验,偏差解释率为82.4%。在此基础上加入7月份PS影响因子建立3种方案下的误差反向传播(EBP)神经网络模型。结果认为,包含了福克兰寒流与巴西暖流表温信息的方案3模型优于其他两种模型,其准确率可以达到90%以上。     

海岸带遥感微尺度信息及其组合挖掘提取和方法应用研究

基于海岸带高分辨率信息需求理论支持下的信息挖掘技术,面对我国海岸带可持续发展的需求,以中高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,以滩涂、水边线、海堤、养殖场等海岸带地物为专题信息挖掘提取实例,建立了"像元→基元→目标"的识别方法体系,针对面向对象的信息提取分析方法进行研究。即首先通过采用光谱和形状相结合的分割算法来获取内部特征相对均一的一系列基元对象,再通过对基元对象的典型特征进行分析和判别来实现目标提取。结果表明,该方法是可行的,它提高了遥感影像信息的识别精度,为动态性很强的海岸带地物信息挖掘提取提供了研究思路,在海岸带监测、管理、开发和利用,编制现实性很强的海岸带专题图等应用领域展现了该研究示例的科学性和实际意义。     

Biogeographic Zoning of Russia’s Far Eastern Seas and Adjacent Waters Based on Nekton Trawling Samples

The article presents the results of biogeographic zoning of the epi- and mesopelagic region based on nekton areas using a new modification of the Shorygin method. It is shown that the position and boundaries of biogeographic areas are related to real relatively stable elements of the biotope (water masses, currents, frontal zones, eddies, and rings). A pronounced latitudinal pattern of the areas of natural zones is not always seen. Zoning becomes less detailed from the top layer of the epipelagic to mesopelagic region, and the zonalities of mesopelagic and epipelagic areas are not similar. We propose a new zoning approach to solve dynamic biogeography problems.     

Regional features of the seasonal variability of linear trends of the temperature fields in the Atlantic Ocean and their relation to the large-scale circulation of waters

By using the data array of satellite measurements of the sea-surface temperature (SST), it is shown that the distributions of linear trends of the SST for 17 years (1986–2002) are closely correlated with the specific features of large-scale circulation of waters. The extreme values of trends of the SST are observed in the zones of the Gulf Stream, East-Greenland, Labrador, and North-Atlantic Currents, North Equatorial Countercurrent, South Equatorial and Antarctic Circumpolar Currents. The differences between the distributions of trends of the SST for some months of the year are revealed. In the zones of currents transporting warm surface waters from the tropical areas, positive trends of the SST are observed for the most part of the year. On the contrary, negative trends are predominant in the zones of currents transporting cold upwelling waters. Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, pp. 32–42, July–August, 2008.     

利用环境一号卫星热红外影像反演渤海海表温度

针对环境卫星热红外遥感影像,结合美国环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析数据,运用覃志豪单窗算法(MW),修订了该算法的主要参数计算公式,建立了反演海洋表面温度的流程.利用2009年10月4日渤海上空的热红外遥感影像进行反演试验,同时对比反演结果和美国中等分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的海表温度产品(MOD28)之间的差异....     

Advanced sea surface temperature retrieval using the Japanese geostationary satellite,Himawari-6

Producing high-quality match-ups coupling the Japanese geostationary satellite, Himawari-6 (H6), and buoy SST observations, we have developed the new SST retrieval method. Kawamura et al. (2010) developed the previous version of SST product called MTSAT SST, which left several scientific/technical questions. For solving them, 6,711 algorithm tuning match-ups with precise navigation and 240,476 validation match-ups are generated for covering all seasons and wide ocean coverage. For discriminating the previous MTSAT SST, we call the new version of SST H6 SST. It is found that the SZA dependences of MTSAT SST algorithm are different from area to area of SZA > 40–50° N/S. The regionally different SZA dependences are treated by dividing the H6 disk coverage into five areas by the latitude lines of 40° N/S first and the longitude lines of 100° K and 180° K. Using the algorithm tuning match-ups, Nonlinear SST (NLSST) equations are derived for all of the five areas. Though the sun zenith angle dependency correction term is also examined, there is no significant regional difference. Therefore, this term is used in the H6 SST algorithm again. The new H6 SST equation is formed by the areal NLSST and the sun zenith angle dependency term for each area. The statistical evaluation of H6 SST using the validation match-ups show the small negative biases and the RMS errors of about 0.74° K for each area. For the full H6 disk, the bias is −0.1° K and the RMS error 0.74° K. The histogram of H6 SST minus the in situ SST for each area has a similar Gaussian shape with small negative skewness, and the monthly validation of H6 SST for each area is consistent with those for the whole period and the histograms     

基于捕捞努力量的中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔业入渔预测分析

中西太平洋是全球主要的鲣鱼（Katsuwonus pelamis）围网作业渔场,渔场极易受到海洋环境的影响,但渔场分布在众多岛国的管辖海域,如何科学指导企业准确入渔是重要的研究课题。本文根据1995-2012年中西太平洋鲣鱼围网捕捞生产统计数据,选取产量最高的22个海区（5°×5°）,结合Niño3.4区海表温度距平值（SSTA）和作业海域表温（SST）,研究中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的空间分布规律,同时,以各海区捕捞努力量（作业次数）所占的百分比为入渔指标,建立基于环境因子的入渔决策模型。研究认为,中西太平洋鲣鱼捕捞努力量在纬度方向上主要分布于5°S~5°N,其累计捕捞努力量占所有作业海区的87.4%,其中以130°~140°E经度范围为最高,其捕捞努力量占22个海区的45.08%。入渔指标与Niño3.4区的SSTA、作业海域SST均符合正态模型（P<0.01）,Niño3.4区的SSTA最适值为0.25℃,作业海域SST最适值在29.5℃左右。对预测和实际排名前十的海域进行统计发现,预测值与实际值基本一致。研究认为,所建立的入渔预测模型可有效指导企业的渔业生产,为提高企业生产效率提供支撑。     

HJ-1B 卫星海表温度定量反演业务化算法研究——以中国北部海区为例

利用中国2008年9月发射的自主 HJ-1B 卫星热红外遥感影像数据,基于实测数据对已有海表温度反演的单窗算法进行了改进与简化,重新订正了大气透射率和大气平均作用温度估算方程,建立了基于实测数据验证的 HJ-1B 卫星海表温度定量反演业务化算法.将本算法与段四波等的改进算法用于实验海区海表温度的反演,反演结果与卫星同步实测海温数据的对比表明:本研究算法反演结果与现场同步实测海表温度平均误差约为0.76,℃段四波等改进算法反演结果平均误差约为1.09℃.本算法为 HJ-1B 卫星海表温度产品的业务化应用提供了便捷可行的方案     

Research on extracting method of micro-scale remote sensing information combination and application in coastal zone

Due to the need of rapid and sustainable development in China’s coastal zones, the high-resolution information theory using data mining technology becomes an urgent research focus. However, the traditional pixel-based image analysis methods cannot meet the needs of this development trend. The paper attempts to present an information extraction approach in terms of image segmentation based on an object-oriented algorithm for high-resolution remote sensing images. An aim of the author’ research is to establis...     

Variations of oceanic fronts and their influence on the fishing grounds of Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwest Pacific

Two predominant currents, the warm Kuroshio Current and the cold Oyashio Current, meet in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The dynamics of physical oceanographic structures in this region, including frontal zones and meandering eddies, result in a highly productive habitat that serves as a favorable feeding ground for various commercially important species. Neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, is an important oceanic squid, which is widely distributed in the North Pacific Ocean. Based on the catch data collected by Chinese squid jigging fleets and relevant environmental data, including sea surface temperature(SST) and fronts(represented by gradients of SST and thermocline) during 1998–2009, the variations of oceanic fronts and their influence on the fishing grounds of O. bartramii were evaluated, and the differences in distribution of fishing grounds of O. bartramii in 2000 and 2002 were compared by describing the differences in vertical temperature between 0–300 m. It was found that the preferred horizontal temperature gradient of SST for O. bartramii tended to be centered at 0.01–0.02°C/nm, which attracted nearly 80% of the total fishing effort, and the preferred horizontal temperature gradients at the 50 m and 105 m layers were mainly located at 0.01–0.03°C/nm, which accounted for more than 70% of the total fishing effort during August–October. The preferred vertical temperature gradient within the 0–50 m layer for O. bartramii tended to be centered at 0.15–0.25°C/m during August and September and at 0.10–0.15°C/m in October, implying that the mixed surface layer was distributed at depths of 0–50 m. It was concluded that the vertical temperature gradient was more important than the horizontal temperature gradient in playing a role in forming the fishing ground. The results improved our understanding of the spatial dynamics of the O. bartramii fishery.     

黄海暖流源区海表面温度锋面的结构及季节内演变

利用1985～2002年月均和每8天平均的AVHRR Pathfinder卫星海表面温度数据,分析了黄海暖流源区海表面温度锋面的分布特征及其季节和季节内演变过程的规律.分析结果表明,黄海暖流源区海表面温度锋面只在冬季及其前后出现,且是一个包含南北两支锋面的锋面系统,其北支锋面位于33°～34°N之间,大体呈东西走向,南支锋面沿长江浅滩边缘,呈西北东南走向,作者称之为黄海暖流源区锋面.该锋面从11月下旬于济州岛西部生成并向西北方向扩展,至1,2月份达到最大程度,于2月下旬后向东南方向退缩并在3月份至5月份之间消失.在该锋面系统的生长期和衰退期,其南北两支锋面有时于西端连接在一起而形成指向西北的舌状锋面.黄海暖流源区锋面的演变过程与黄海暖流的演变过程紧密相关,也对黄东海的质量和热量交换有重要影响.     

基于变分理论的AVHRR海表温度反演应用及效果评估

基于变分理论算法实现了METOP-A卫星AVHRR传感器探测数据的海洋表面温度变分反演，进行了连续1个月的海表温度反演试验，并分别从全球、分纬度带和天气系统活跃区域3个方面，将变分反演结果（VAR SST）与利用统计回归方法反演相同卫星得到的海表温度产品（GBL SST）、其他海温融合产品（OISST）及实际浮标观测数据等进行一系列评估。从全球评估指标看出，以OISST为参照，VAR SST要优于GBL SST；以浮标观测为参照，VAR SST略逊于GBL SST，而且VAR SST还改进了GBL SST随时间波动大的缺点；从分纬度带对比看出，在与OISST对比时，VAR SST在低纬度地区和北半球中纬度地区的质量要优于GBL SST，海温反演精度较高。研究还表明，由于变分方法考虑了大气状态的变化，能够更加有效订正卫星遥感过程中大气的削弱作用，从而反演出精度更高的海表温度，尤其在天气系统较为复杂的区域效果明显。     

Dynamic of ENSO towards upwelling and thermal front zone in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

The El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is a natural phenomenon that relates to the fluctuation of temperatures over the Pacific Ocean. The ENSO significantly affects the ocean dynamics including upwelling event and coastal front. A recent study discovered the seasonal upwelling in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia(ECPM), which is significant to the fishery industry in this region. Thus, it is vital to have a better understanding of the influence of ENSO towards the coastal upwelling and thermal front in the ECPM. The sea surface temperature(SST) data achieved from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) aboard Aqua satellite are used in this study to observe the SST changes from 2005 to 2015. However, due to cloud cover issue, a reconstruction of data set is applied to MODIS data using the data interpolating empirical orthogonal function(DINEOF) to fill in the missing gap in the dataset based on spatial and temporal available data. Besides, a wavelet transformation analysis is done to determine the temperature fluctuation throughout the time series. The DINEOF results show the coastal upwelling in the ECPM develops in July and reaches its peak in August with a clear cold water patch off the coast. There is also a significant change of SST distribution during the El Ni?o years which weaken the coastal upwelling event along the ECPM. The wavelet transformation analysis shows the highest temperature fluctuation is in 2009–2010 which indicates the strongest El Ni?o throughout the time period. It is suggested that the El Ni?o is favourable for the stratification in water column thus it is weakening the upwelling and thermal frontal zone formation in ECPM waters.     

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Surface xCO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Providing Net Biological Productivities in the Western North Pacific in June

More than 14,000 measurements of surface water xCO₂ were obtained during two cruises, 3 weeks apart in June 2000, along 155°E between 34 and 44°N in the western North Pacific Ocean. Based on the distributions of salinity and sea surface temperature (SST), the region has been divided into 6 subregions; Oyashio, Oyashio front, Transition, Kuroshio front, and Kuroshio extension I and II zones, from north to south. The surface waters were always undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO₂. The Oyashio water was the least undersaturated: its xCO₂ decreased slightly by 7 ppm, while SST increased by 2°C. The xCO₂ normalized to a constant temperature decreased considerably. In the two frontal zones, a large drawdown of 30–40 ppm was observed after 18–19 days. In the Kuroshio extension zones, the xCO₂ increased, but the normalized xCO₂ decreased considerably. The Transition zone water may be somewhat affected by mixing with the subsurface water, as indicated by the smallest SST rise, an undecreased PO₄ concentration, and a colder and less stable surface layer than the Oyashio front water. As the uncertainty derived from the air-sea CO₂ flux was not large, the xCO₂ data allowed us to calculate the net biological productivity. The productivities around 60 mmol C m⁻²d⁻¹ outside the Transition zone indicate that the northwestern North Pacific, especially the two frontal zones, can be regarded as one of the most productive oceans in the world.     

Warm water intrusion from the Kuroshio into the coastal areas south of Japan

Sea surface temperature (SST) has been measured in the south of Japan using a thermometer set up in the ferry boat to investigate the characteristics of the warm water intrudes into the coastal areas from the Kuroshio. Time series analysis was applied to the SST data with satellite images and hydrographic observation data from April 1987 to September 1989. The results indicate that the warm Kuroshio water intruded into the coastal areas on the Enshu-nada and the Kumano-nada Seas intermittently with periods of about 50 and 20 days associated with the fluctuation of the Kuroshio path and the Kuroshio frontal disturbance respectively. The intrusion with a 50-day period was dominant when the Kuroshio took a stationary small meander path (B- and C-types). The warm water spread to the west at 20 cm s^–1, and was estimated to have a depth of 150 m at least and supply enough heat to make up the loss due to the evaporation in the coastal area. During the straight path of the Kuroshio, it was detected that the warm water intruded into coastal areas only with a 20-day period. The warm water that intrudes with a period of 20 days spreads to the west at 25 cm s^–1 in a small scale.     

Detection of the Kuroshio frontal instable processes (KFIP) in the East China Sea using the MODIS images

The Kuroshio frontal instable processes (KFIP) in the East China Sea (ECS) not only have a great impact on the hydrologic characteristics,the pollutants drift,the distribution of seafloor sediment and the ships navigation of the ECS,but also are closely related to the climate changes of the coastal areas of the ECS.However the frequency and area of occurrence of the KFIP have not been studied fully and detailedly.Because of its high spatial and temporal resolution,MODIS data is a kind of very good data source for surveying and researching the KFIP in the ECS.The aim of this study is to detect the KFIP in the ECS by using MODIS data,and to study the frequency and region of occurrence of the KFIP in the ECS.The selection has coverage of level 2 data of MODIS SST and Kd490 ranging from July 1,2002 to June 30,2009 of the ECS when there was no cloud impact or little.By using of the data,the minimum standard of the Kuroshio temperature fronts and the diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd490) fronts of the ECS are given.Based on these standards and the curvature distinguish methods,the standard of curvature distinguish for the KFIP in the ECS are put forward.By making use of this standard,we study a total of 2073 satellite-derived images,and discover that as long as there is no cloud impact from January to May and October to December,the KFIP in the ECS are surely found in MODIS satellite images.From June to September,the frequency of occurrence can also reach to 82.9% at least.Moreover,it is obtained that there are three source regions of these instability processes,namely,(26°N,121.5°E) nearby,(27°N,125°E) nearby and (30°N,128°E) nearby.The differences of the characteristics of these instability processes which are generated in different regions are analyzed in the present study.     

Annual and interannual variability in the South-East Atlantic during the 20th century

Long time-series of sea surface temperature (SST) and pseudo wind stress (τ) in six areas in the South-East Atlantic are analysed as possible inputs into fisheries models. The areas encompass oceanic and coastal regimes. A clear seasonal signal is evident in all areas, with an amplitude in SST of 3–4°C in the upwelling areas and 5°C farther offshore and on the Agulhas Bank. Warming lags in the north and offshore by 1–2 months. Monthly variability is highest in the upwelling areas. An increasing trend in SST is suggested in all areas, the post-World War II era being about 1,0°C warmer than earlier periods. Some coherence occurs between areas at times, although at other times the anomalies are distinctly out of phase. There is a suggestion of an upward trend in the equatorward wind stress in some offshore areas after 1964, with a sharp change in 1975. Benguela Niños are evident in the environmental record and have a periodicity of around 10 years.