瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝是由峨眉山大火成岩省(LIP)引起的吗?

瓜德鲁普统末期生物灭绝是发生在二叠末期生物灭绝之前的一次独立的生物灭绝事件。该次生物灭绝事件对当时海洋底栖生物危害的严重性曾被认为可与五大生物灭绝事件对生物的影响程度相提并论。近年来,随着地层年龄数据的逐渐增多,地层的年代归属逐渐明朗,瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝的严重性受到越来越多的质疑。同时,曾被认为是该次生物灭绝的主要原因--峨眉山大火成岩省(LIP)也受到质疑。峨眉山LIP是否仍是该次生物灭绝的主要原因？为了阐明上述问题,文章综述了瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝、峨眉山LIP的喷发、卡匹敦阶碳、锶同位素变化以及引起该次生物灭绝的主要原因。结合研究数据认为:①瓜德鲁普末期生物灭绝事件对浅海底栖生物的影响不是特别严重,生物多样性减少幅度比五大生物灭绝事件要小;②瓜德鲁普统-乐平统(G-L)界线附近碳同位素负偏受成岩作用和相变的影响较大,卡匹敦阶碳同位素比值的变化存在两次负偏,第一次发生在卡匹敦中期(幅度约为1.0‰至1.5‰),第二次发生在G-L界线(幅度约为1.4‰至2‰);③该次生物灭绝的主要原因很可能不是峨眉山大火成岩省,而可能是大规模海退和海洋缺氧。     

黔西滇东地区浅海、滨海及海陆交互相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

对黔西滇东地区的贵州普定高窝、贵州六枝中寨和云南宣威密德3条剖面二叠系三叠系界线附近粘土岩的大山物源成因和界线地质意义进行研究发现:在界线粘土岩中，其主要粘土矿物均为伊／蒙混层矿物，见少量高岭石、伊利石或绿泥石；碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英、锆石、长石等与火山活动有关的物质。推断该地区在晚二叠世晚期早三叠世早期至少经历一至两次强烈的火山作用，并且有多个火山喷发源。界线粘土岩中火山物质的富集与贫乏可能与剖面离火山喷发源的远近有关。粘土岩物源物质的成因均为火山喷发，火山灰伴随正常沉积物沉积而形成即凝灰沉积而形成，与华南大部分地区二叠系三叠系界线粘土岩的物源成因是一致的。     

西藏色龙西山二叠系-三叠系界线剖面稳定碳同位素特征

古生代-中生代之交的生物灭绝过程和原因一直是科学家关注和致力解决的关键古生物学问题之一.色龙西山剖面的牙形石分带工作取得了重要进展,为认识该地区地层序列和沉积历史提供了新的证据.全岩碳同位素分析表明,在长兴阶与印度阶附近该剖面存在着碳同位素负偏,可以同我国华南多个剖面进行对比,揭示了古生代-中生代之交的碳同位素变化和生物灭绝模式具有全球对比性.新识别出的奥伦尼克阶底部（Neospathodus waageni带底部）碳同位素值大幅度负偏及之后的正偏,与华南等地的变化规律一致,反映了二叠纪末期到早三叠世长期的、复杂的生物和环境变化过程.      

贵州盘县峨眉山玄武岩系顶部凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄:对峨眉山大火成岩省与生物大规模灭绝关系的约束

在20世纪90年代,有学者认为峨眉山大火成岩省(Emeishan Large Igneous Province, ELIP)大规模火山活动与二叠-三叠系之交(Permian-Triassic Boundary, P-TB)的生物大灭绝事件在时间上有耦合关系,随后的⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar同位素测年结果也显示峨眉山大火成岩省是晚二叠世形成的。但是,近些年大量的SHRIMP U-Pb测年结果表明,ELIP大规模火山喷发约在~260Ma;因此有研究认为,ELIP火山活动与中二叠世瓜德卢普期末(end-Guadalupian)的生物灭绝事件在时间上联系更加紧密。至于P-T界线生物大灭绝,现在多数学者认为是,由于西伯利亚大火成岩省火山强烈活动释放大量气体和火山灰所造成环境变化引起的。最近,我们在ELIP东部的贵州盘县峨眉山玄武岩系剖面中发现顶部发育厚度达近百米的凝灰岩层,其LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法测年结果为251.0±1.0Ma,与浙江煤山剖面中二叠系-三叠系边界处黏土层或火山灰层的锆石U-Pb年龄接近。因此,峨眉山玄武岩喷发结束的时间应该在P-T边界,与西伯利亚大火成岩省的主体喷发时间一致。新的测年结果暗示了ELIP火山活动与地球历史上最大的一次生物灭绝事件(P-T边界)可能存在着成因联系。     

湖北恩施三岔口二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

通过对恩施地区二叠系-三叠系界线附近含凝灰质黏土岩的野外地质学特征调查,采用锆石U-Pb同位素测试分析,取得其206Pb/238 U加权平均年龄为251.6±1.2Ma,该年龄值为二叠系-三叠系界线附近的火山喷发事件的年龄。结合碳和氧同位素分析,二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土层之上碳同位素明显负偏,这与该时期生物绝灭事件关系密切。通过区域对比,发现该套黏土岩在区域上可进行连续追踪,不同地区界线附近岩石组合差异性明显,二叠系顶部自西向东总体表现为碳酸盐岩比例逐渐减少、碳硅质岩逐渐增加的特征。     

重庆凉风垭剖面二叠-三叠系界线层碳同位素变化特征

重庆凉风垭二叠-三叠系界线剖面64个碳酸盐样品碳同位素值测试结果显示,在界线附近碳同位素值出现3次负异常,第1次负异常出现在第37层,考虑到该层是灰岩透镜体与黏土岩的混合层,此次异常有待进一步验证;第2次负异常出现在第40层,此次异常是δ(13C)值偏移幅度最大的1次(1.5‰),在该层大量生物灭绝;第3次负异常出现在第44层.凉风垭界线剖面碳同位素值的3次负异常与生物变化的对比表明,碳循环的多次变化与生物危机相伴,生物危机期间环境处于不稳定状态.     

塔里木盆地库车河剖面有机碳同位素地层学及三叠系—侏罗系界线

三叠纪—侏罗纪之交发生了地史上五次最大规模之一的生物灭绝事件、中大西洋大火成岩省喷发、泛大陆进一步裂解导致的中大西洋开启以及大气CO₂浓度急剧升高等。然而该时期中国各板块主要发育陆相沉积,其三叠系—侏罗系界线（TJB）很难与定义于海相地层的全球层型剖面和点（GSSP）进行精细对比。应用基于C3植物的碳同位素地层学,进行了两次独立地、系统地以高等植物木质部为研究对象的采样和测试,获得了可以指示同期大气CO₂的δ13C演化和进行全球等时对比的碳同位素地层曲线。并在植物大化石和孢粉的生物地层约束基础上,首次完成了库车河剖面与海相三叠纪末期生物大灭绝事件（ETE）底界和TJB的精细对比;推测与全球其他剖面ETE等时的地层界线位于38层底部附近,与TJB的GSSP等时地层界线位于41层底部附近。海相与陆相的ETE和TJB层位附近均出现了δ13C负偏,指示全球性的碳同位素的波动,推论该时期发生了全球规模的、地表圈层的碳储库扰动。     

贵州省黔西县官坝地区二叠系—三叠系地质界面碳、氧同位素特征及意义

研究了贵州省黔西县官坝地区二叠系—三叠系界线附近岩石样品的碳、氧同位素,结果表明,δ~(13)C具有一个明显的负漂移,δ~(18)O也具有明显降低特点。在界线附近发现的3层凝灰岩表明,在晚二叠世—早三叠世该区发生过火山活动。火山活动导致了沉积环境突变,致使二叠纪末发生了生物集群灭绝事件。     

西藏文布当桑二叠系-三叠系界线剖面碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素异常研究

华南海相二叠系-三叠系界线(PTB)剖面研究相当成熟,且滇东黔西和天山地区的陆相PTB剖面也取得了重大突破,但西藏特提斯域该领域研究相对薄弱。在前人建立完整二叠系-三叠系牙形刺生物地层剖面的基础上开展碳氧同位素分析,研究表明西藏文布当桑PTB剖面附近碳同位素明显负偏,但偏移样式与华南煤山剖面突变模式具有明显差异,表现为随时间推移逐渐变小,且变化连续,类似南阿尔卑斯地区PTB剖面变化样式,通过与中下扬子地区代表碳酸盐岩台地相到下斜坡相沉积环境的典型海相PTB地层剖面对比发现,西藏文布当桑剖面与江苏西山浅水碳酸盐岩台地相剖面碳同位素变化曲线高度一致。此外,西藏文布当桑PTB剖面伴随碳同位素负偏,出现了两次明显的氧同位素波动,氧同位素两次负偏对应着海水温度的增加和盐度的降低。     

西藏聂拉木三叠系土隆群-曲龙共巴组稳定碳同位素组成及对比

古生代-中生代之交生物灭绝后,三叠纪海洋长期、复杂的生物和环境变化过程受到高度关注.基于牙形石、菊石生物时代及土隆地区三叠系全岩稳定碳同位素曲线,识别出6次负偏和5次正偏.其中早三叠世碳同位素的N1-N4四次负偏和P1-P4四次正向偏移过程,能与我国华南、日本等多个剖面进行对应,反映我国藏南所在的高纬度地区经历了与低纬度地区相同的全球碳循环异常.首次报道了土隆剖面识别出的晚三叠世卡尼期碳同位素负偏,其幅度达到3.3‰,可对应意大利、日本以及我国川西北地区和华南南盘江盆地所记录的卡尼期极端气候事件.中卡尼期温度升高,降雨量急剧增多,风化作用显著加强,陆源硅质碎屑输入增强,可能是土隆剖面岩性剧烈变化的环境驱动因素.      

鄂尔多斯奥陶系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其意义*

鄂尔多斯古生代海相地层沉积厚度巨大。鄂尔多斯奥陶系碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成受后期成岩作用影响较小,基本保留了原始海洋的同位素组成： δ¹³C值分布于-7.30‰～2.26‰之间,均值-0.30‰;δ¹⁸O值分布于-13.14‰～-1.94‰之间,均值-6.38‰,碳氧同位素组成与全球基本一致。区域上,鄂尔多斯西缘具有相对较高的δ¹³C值,南缘次之,而东缘最低。纵向上,碳同位素组成逐渐增重,并在中晚奥陶世发生明显的正向偏移,δ¹³C均值由马家沟组的-0.36‰增加到平凉组的0.15‰,至背锅山组增加至0.68‰。碳同位素的区域分布差异表明鄂尔多斯西缘水体相对较深,南缘次之,东缘相对较浅,由早奥陶世至晚奥陶世水体逐渐加深,碳同位素组成反映的海平面变化趋势与沉积相演化一致。鄂尔多斯西南缘中晚奥陶世碳同位素组成的正向偏移,标志着较高的生产力和有机碳埋藏率,具有重要的石油地质学意义,西南缘的平凉组/乌拉力克组和背锅山组是下古生界最重要和有效的烃源岩层。     

A correlation between the Large Igneous Provinces and mass extinctions: constraint on the end-Guadalupian mass extinction and the Emeishan LIP in South China,eastern Tethys

ABSTRACT

Well-documented outcrops around the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) in South China, eastern Tethys, encompassing the end-Guadalupian mass extinction have been investigated. Correlatable sections recording the event exhibit very similar lithological characters, positive-then-negative C isotope excursions and massive biotic demise. Detailed analyses of the fossil record and carbon isotopic variations were carried out on the Guadalupian–Wuchiapingian Boundary sections over the inner, middle, outer zones of the ELIP and its margin. Due to a pronounced decrease in marine habitat area and the environmental and ecological change over this part of the Tethys, the biota crisis records show the loss of numerous tropical invertebrate taxa, and exhibit fewer genera and smaller testing sizes and low productivity. The biota crisis was a sustainable and gradual reduction in diversity over the Capitanian. The associated carbon isotopic data reveal unusually high δ¹³C(carb) values before the late Capitanian, representing higher primary productivity (or buried rate) and more ¹³C-enriched CO₂ released by hydrothermal carbonate breakdown from the upper crust into the sediments at that time. Subsequently, an accelerated negative excursion across the boundary and the gradual excursion with low carbon isotope amplitude favours an increased influx of light ¹²C sourced by the volcanism around the eastern Tethys. The very similar time–space relation between the biota crisis and the Emeishan volcanism confirms that volcanic eruptions may have triggered the biota crisis event in South China. Intensive volcanism could result in detrimental environmental and ecological stresses, habitat loss, organic material splitting, or the emission of light carbon and thermal fluid (or aerosol), implying that the losses of the shallow-marine invertebrates either occurred geologically instantaneously or in a series of closely spaced crises coinciding with the initial phase of ELIP formation. These findings in South China may reveal the causal relation between mass extinctions and LIPs in a global context.     

朝鲜平南盆地寒武系黄州群和法洞群的碳同位素漂移事件

朝鲜平南盆地寒武系包括黄州群和法洞群下部.为了与邻区及世界其他地区同时期地层进行对比,对黄州群（从下到上分为坪山组、中和组、黑桥组和林村组）和法洞群下部（戊辰组和古丰组）进行了生物地层学和碳酸盐岩碳和氧同位素分析.生物地层学研究表明,坪山组和中和组分别不早于寒武系第三阶和第四阶.坪山组δ13C值变化范围为0~-3.1‰,中和组为-4.7‰~2.0‰,黑桥组为-1.0‰~2.4‰,林村组为-2.6‰~0.4‰,戊辰组为-1.3‰~0.4‰,古丰组为-1.0‰~2.4‰.综合对比分析,坪山组、中和组和黑桥组大致对应寒武系第三阶-第四阶,林村组大致对应第二统与苗岭统界线附近,古丰组大致对应芙蓉统.中和组上部-黑桥组（正漂移）、林村组下部（负漂移）和古丰组中部（正漂移）记录的3个碳同位素漂移事件可能分别对应MICE（mIngxinsi carbon isotope excursion）、ROECE（redlichiid-olenellid extinction carbon isotope excursion）和SPICE（steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion）全球性事件.      

2.0 Ga orogenic graphite deposits and associated 13C-enriched meta-carbonate rocks from South China Craton: Implications for global Lomagundi event

The Lomagundi (-Jatuli) event, characterized by extremely high positive global inorganic carbon isotope excursion at about 2.2 billion years ago, is pivotal in investigating the causes and consequences of great oxygenation event, inventory and sequestration of carbon on the Earth’s surface, evolution of life, and more profoundly tectonic control on Earth’s environment. However, the reasons that caused the isotopic excursion are not resolved yet. Herein, we report the discovery of meta-carbonate rocks with distinct positive carbon isotopic excursion from the Paleoproterozoic continental collision zone of the Kongling Complex, South China Craton. The δ¹³C_V-PDB values for meta-carbonate rocks show positive values in the range from +5.5‰ to +11.6‰, whereas the δ¹³C_V-PDB values of associated graphite deposits range from ?25.8‰ to ?9.5‰. Zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes from zircon-bearing meta-carbonate sample yielded weighted average ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 2001.3 ± 9.5 Ma, with corresponding ε_Hf(t) range from ?7.05 to ?3.16, comparable to the values of local 2.9–2.6 Ga basement rocks. Geochemical characteristics of meta-carbonate rocks, such as their rare earth element patterns and the trace element parameters of La, Ce, Eu, and Gd anomalies and Y/Ho ratio, suggest that the carbonate deposition took place in passive continental margin in association with large volumes of organic carbon. The extensive graphite deposits from Kongling Complex in South China Craton, their equivalents in the North China Craton and elsewhere across the globe prove that the burial of ¹²C-enriched organic carbon has eventually resulted in the global enrichment of ¹³C in the atmospheric CO₂, which is recorded in the marine carbonate rocks. Isotopic mass balance estimates indicate that more than half of the organic carbon was buried during the oceanic closure. Hence, the observed global shift could be directly related to the continent collision event in greater China, thus resolving the long-standing paradox of the Lomagundi global positive carbon isotope excursion. Moreover, the present results suggest that orogenesis play a significant role in sequestration of carbon into the continental crust.     

Major perturbation of ocean chemistry and a 'Strangelove Ocean' after the end-Permian mass extinction

The severe mass extinction of marine and terrestrial organisms at the end of the Permian Period (c. 251 Ma) was accompanied by a rapid (<100 000 years and possibly <10 000 years) negative excursion of c. 3‰ in the δ¹³C of the global surface oceans and atmosphere that persisted for some 500 000 years into the Early Triassic. Simulations with an ocean–atmosphere/carbon-cycle model suggest that the isotope excursion can be explained by collapse of ocean primary productivity, and changes in the delivery and cycling of carbon in the oceans and on land. Model results suggest that severe reduction of marine productivity led to an increase in surface-ocean dissolved inorganic carbon and a rapid, short-term increase in atmospheric pCO₂ (from a Late Permian base of 850 ppm to c. 2500 ppm). Increase in surface ocean alkalinity may have stimulated the widespread microbial and abiotic shallow-water carbonate deposition seen in the earliest Triassic. The model is also consistent with a long-term (>1 Ma) decrease in sedimentary burial of organic carbon in the early Triassic.     

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面长兴阶牙形刺分带及有机碳同位素的变化

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面出露完好,原始沉积连续,由乐平统龙潭组保安段灰黑色硅质岩、大隆组黑色硅质岩—硅质泥岩和下三叠统大冶组黑灰色泥岩以及泥岩夹灰岩组成,为介于典型浅水碳酸盐岩型与深海硅质岩型二叠系/三叠系界线剖面之间的半深海剖面。长兴阶可划分为Clarkinasubcarinata—Clarkinawangi及Clarkinachangxingensis两个牙形刺带。后者又可划分为3个亚带,自下而上依次为Clarkinachangxingensischangxingensis—Clarkinadeflecta亚带、Clarkinameishanensis亚带及Waning—Clarkina亚带,完全可以与二叠系/三叠系界线的全球层型剖面与点进行对比。另外,二叠纪末牙形刺的生态演化呈阶段性绝灭模式;有机碳同位素值在二叠纪/三叠系界线处出现明显的负偏移,指示了二叠纪/三叠纪之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加。     

Catastrophic environmental transition at the Permian-Triassic Neo-Tethyan margin of Gondwanaland: Geochemical,isotopic and sedimentological evidence in the Spiti Valley,India

Interpreting global consequences of the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) extinction requires examination across paleogeographic realms of Pangaea. The Spiti Valley in India, remnant of the peri-Gondwanan shelf, preserved trails of this environmental catastrophe in the Neo-Tethys Ocean. We document new sedimentological observations and high-resolution trace element concentrations and carbon, oxygen, lead isotope data across the P-Tr boundary in Spiti. Framboidal pyrites, fossils and laminated lithology of the Late Permian shales indicate deeper anoxic depositional environment while δ¹³C_org excursions of 2.4‰ and 3.1‰ in Atargu and Guling outcrops, respectively, identify the P-Tr transition across a clayey, partly gypsiferous ferruginous layer. Sedimentological similarities of this layer to other Neo-Tethyan sections from Transcaucasia and Iran indicate subaqueous oxidation of shallow marine sediments on a regional scale. Light Rare Earth Element – enriched Late Permian shales with conspicuous Ce–Eu anomalies reflect their source from the adjacent Panjal Trap basalts (ca. 289 Ma) of Kashmir. Continental crustal Nb–Ta and Zr–Hf anomalies appear at the P-Tr boundary sediments, and prevail through the overlying Early Triassic carbonates. Original Pb isotope ratios, along with an increasing Pb abundance closer to the P-Tr boundary, distinguish the volcanic source of the Late Permian shales from the continental crustal siliciclastic signature of the Early Triassic carbonates. Our δ¹³C_org, trace element and Pb isotope record from Spiti indicate catastrophic changes in sediment sources and facies, with effects on carbon cycle and are consistent with an abrupt episode of marine regression and erosional forcing, also observed elsewhere along northern Gondwanaland. Simultaneous eruption of Siberian volcanics and bolide impacts in Parana basin of Brazil and elsewhere implicating impact-triggered volcanism, left catastrophic regional-global imprints on sea level, climate, marine anoxia and tectonic stability that connected the P-Tr crisis across terrestrial and marine realms worlwide.     

50 Myr recovery from the largest negative δ13C excursion in the Ediacaran ocean

Sedimentary rocks deposited during the Ediacaran period (～630–542 Ma) contain carbonates whose carbon isotopic ratios show a marked negative excursion consisting of a precipitous drop from +5‰ to ?12‰, followed by a sub‐linear recovery to positive δ¹³C values. Isotopic ages (U/Pb) and thermal subsidence modelling are combined to constrain the excursion in time and indicate an onset at ～600 Ma, and duration of recovery of approximately 50 Myr. The excursion is widely recognized in Oman and has potential correlatives in Ediacaran strata elsewhere, and may thus represent a characteristic feature of the Ediacaran period. The amplitude of this carbon isotope excursion far exceeds those of other Neoproterozoic anomalies. The isotopic trend of negative excursion and long‐term recovery spanned at least one short‐lived glacial episode (at 580 Ma), but appears unrelated to glaciation, which indicates that negative anomalies in the Neoproterozoic marine carbon isotope record are not directly or uniquely linked to ice ages.     

贵州紫云剖面P/T界面附近碳氧同位素的变化及生物绝灭事件

:贵州南部紫云剖面由上二叠统长兴组的碳酸盐台地边缘沉积体系、下三叠统罗楼组的碳酸盐浅海陆棚沉积体系、以及下三叠统紫云组的半深海深海沉积体系组成。在前两种沉积体系中选取 18块样品进行碳、氧同位素测试。测试的结果表明 :上二叠统长兴组δ13 C平均值为 2 4 8‰ ,保持了较高的正值 ,δ18O平均值为 - 4 19‰ ;在P/T界面附近 ,δ13 C ,δ18O值都有显著的降低 ,δ13 C值由 2 71‰陡降至 - 0 90‰ ,变化幅度达 3 6 1‰ ,δ18O值由 - 5 0 3‰降为- 9 4 6‰ ,变化幅度可达 4 4 3‰ ;下三叠统罗楼组下部 ,δ13 C值为负值及低正值 ,出现明显的δ13 C值低异常 ,而δ18O值则比较稳定 ,介于 - 4 6 6‰和 - 5 6 2‰之间 ,平均值为 - 5 2 8‰。罗楼组上部 ,δ13 C值有回升的趋势。由于生物对轻碳具有重要的分馏作用 ,因此 ,P/T界面附近δ13 C值的显著变化反映了一次生物大量绝灭的过程。由δ18O值的变化反映出的生物绝灭的外因主要有温度和盐度两方面。从δ18O值可计算出在P/T界面处古温度有 4～ 5℃的升降 ,这势必影响到狭温生物的生存 ;从δ18O值计算出的Z值来看 ,古盐度也有小幅度的变化 ,加速了狭盐度生物的绝灭。事实上 ,生物的绝灭可能是海平面变化、火山事件、温度变化及盐度变化多种因素的综合