基于GIS的岩溶古地貌定量刻画方法分析研究

恢复岩溶古地貌对于分析岩溶储层发育特征具有重要作用。目前关于岩溶古地貌的恢复多为定性方法,定量刻画古地貌的水平有待提高,而GIS在定量分析处理地貌方面独具优势。以高石梯—磨溪区块灯四段岩溶储层为例,在经典古地貌恢复方法的基础上,从GIS的地貌因子出发,提取了包括高程、坡度、地表切割深度、地表粗糙度、地形起伏度在内的地形因子以及包括水流长度、河流等级、流域分析在内的水文因子;再选取核心地形因子,并对地貌因子进行敏感性评价,结果显示高程、坡度和地形起伏度对地形的表征贡献较大。以地貌成因—形态分类原则为地貌分类方案,对敏感地形因子进行重分类操作后作叠加分析处理,地貌分区成图显示研究区由岩溶高地、岩溶缓坡、岩溶缓坡过渡带和岩溶洼地4类地貌单元组成。对岩溶古地貌进行分析评价发现,岩溶缓坡为油气良好集聚地,地貌划分结果与储层分布具有相关性。     

利用断层自动剖分技术的2008年青海大柴旦Mw6．3级地震InSAR反演研究

2008-11-10青海大柴旦地区发生了Mw6．3级地震,其发震断层位于青藏高原东北缘的大柴旦一宗务隆山断裂带。利用欧空局Envisat／ASAR卫星雷达影像数据,采用二通差分干涉技术获得了地震的同震地表形变场,基于1D协方差函数估计InSAR同震形变场的中误差为0．52cm,方差一协方差衰减距离为5．9km。在此基础上,采用弹性半空间矩形位错模型进行断层几何参数反演,并利用断层自动剖分技术确定了地震的最佳同震滑动分布模型。结果表明,该地震的震源机制解为走向107．19°,倾角56．57°,以逆冲为主兼具少量右旋走滑分量;滑动分布主要发生在10-20km深度范围内,最大滑动量为0．51m,释放的能量为4．3×10^18Nm。     

大型斑岩铜矿的遥感信息探讨

遥感影像解译的不同规模级别的线性构造、不同类型的环形构造和线-环组合类型以及色彩异常影像是寻找斑岩铜矿,特别是大型斑岩铜矿床最有用的遥感标志。1.砂岩铜矿的规模直接与不同规模不同级别的线性构造相联系区域性斑岩铜矿带直接受大型区域线性构造带和它们的汇聚格局控制,这种区域线性构造带多为区域压性壳断裂或超壳断裂,在遥感图像上常显示为浅色带,其长度超过100km,被称为主干边缘线性构造带(处于隆起单元向坳陷单元过渡部位,靠近隆起单元一侧).此外,一系列次级线性构造往往与主干边缘线性构造成一定角度相交,共同形成一种贯通性构造,在遥感图像上也常显示为浅色线;并直接控制斑岩铜矿田的分布和矿床的定位,被称为横向线性构造,长度一般1km-100km,主要包括三种类型(略),均显示张性特征。事实上,与斑岩铜矿有关的蚀变矿化直接受控于更低级别的线性构造(断裂和裂隙),它们常构成统一的环状和放射状断裂、裂隙系统。2.不同组合的多层环形影像是斑岩铜矿的不同呈矿环块构造的映像几乎所有的斑岩铜矿都与环块构造有关,特别是Ⅲ或Ⅳ级环块(直径50km-500km,包括环隆、环陷及褶皱-断裂环块等).它们控制了斑岩铜矿的定位。     

玛河流域景观生态风险评价与时空分异

以玛纳斯河流域作为研究区,结合特殊的干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠系统(Mountain-Oasis-Desert System简称MODS),综合考虑遥感影像数据光谱信息和纹理特征,将研究区分为耕地、林地、草地、水体、裸地、居民地、工业用地和冰川/永久积雪等8个景观类型,利用FRAGSTATS软件计算景观指数,引入生态风险的指数,将研究区划为低、较低、中、较高、高生态风险区五级,评估其景观格局的生态风险时空变化特征。结果表明:1)1990—2015年间,玛纳斯河流域景观变化主要表现为耕地、建设用地的增加以及水体、冰川/永久积雪面积的缩减;2)玛纳斯河流域的景观生态风险等级空间分布具有明显的差异,较低风险区的面积变化较为明显,低、较低生态的风险区比重有所上升,除此以外,林、草地类型各生态风险的等级所占比重的起伏波动具有明显的差异。建议应当合理地利用土地资源,尽量保护林地、草地等景观脆弱行较低的原生景观类型,禁止为开垦耕地而破坏林地、草地;增加土地的利用效率,更要对高等、较高生态风险区加强监管。     

最新国外测绘文献题录

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NINGI.Information Letter of Gos. NINGI, MOD:2001,5 [8]机载激光测深仪(LADS)=Airborne Laser Sounder.Journal of Hydrographic Surveying.-2001(4):14～20 [9]Vassilia K.GIS和遥感在发展中国家城市土地利用谈判中的应用=The Contribution of GIS and Remote Sensing in Urban Land Use Negotiation in Developing Countries.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,vol.33,B7/2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:646～653 [10]Alexander K.GIS技术用于研究和监测格陵兰冰层=Studying and Monitoring the Greenland Ice Sheet Using GIS Techniques.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,vol.33,B7/2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:678～685 [11]Efim K.高分辨率卫星数据用于评估小麦作物的生产率参数=Estimation on the Productivity Parameters on Wheat Crops Using High Resolution Satellite Data.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,vol.33,B7/2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:717～722 [12]Franz K.轨道遥感数据和地学处理技术用于城市可持续性研究=Urban Sustainability Using Orbital Remote Sensing Data and Geoprocessing Techniques.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,vol.33,B7/2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:728～732 [13]Gulch E.关于制图要素自动化提取的数字系统=Digital Systems for Automated Cartographic Feature Extraction.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.33,B2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:241～256 [14]Allan L.陆军测量局数字摄影测量及其发展=Digital Photogrammetry,Developments at Ordnance Survey.International Archices of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol,33,B2,2000.7.16-23:Amsterdam:46～51 [15]Habib A.解决摄影测量中匹配问题的新方法=New Approach to Solving Matching Problems in Photogrammetry.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ,Vol.33,B2,2000.7.16-23:Amsterdam:257～264 [16]Hild H.影像-地图自动化配准方法=A Strategy for Automatic Image to Map Registration.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.33,B2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:287～294 [17]Mckeown D M.自动化特征提取的性能评价=Performance Evaluation for Automatic Feature Extraction.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.33,B2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:379～394 [18]Raizman Y.以色列国家GIS数据库的三维数字摄影测量更新=Three-dimensional Digital Photogrammetric Update of Israeli National GIS Data Base.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.33,B2,2000.7.16-23:Amsterdam:443～448 [19]Saleh R.软拷贝摄影测量生产的成本与利润=The Cost and Benefits of Softcopy Photogrammetric Production.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.33,B2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:476～481 [20]Straub B M.图像自动化判读用于GIS更新=Towards the Automatic Interpretation of Images for GIS Update.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol.33,B2,2000.7.13-16:Amsterdam:525～532 [21]Mikhail E M….多源特征提取与城市环境可视化=Multi-source Feature Extraction and Visualization in Urban Environments.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol.33, B3/2,2000.7.16-23:Amsterdam:592～607 [22]Niederst M….精密摄影测量目标重建的通用数学模型=Generalized Mathematical Model of Precise Photogrammetry Reconstruction of the Objects.International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol.33, 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逻辑回归元胞自动机模型的鸡西市城市扩张分析及预测

城市的快速扩张导致人地矛盾激化,土地利用效率下降.分析并预测城市发展状态,可以实现土地资源的合理配置,为城市发展提供合理规划.本文以鸡西市市辖区为例,利用Logistic-CA模型进行城市扩张模拟及趋势特征分析.结果表明:1)鸡西市在2005—2015年间城市处于低速扩张阶段,土地利用效率较低,城市发展较为分散;2)通...     

MAPGIS中投影变换在矿产资源规划中的应用

鞍山市矿产资源丰富,矿产种类繁多,运用MAPGIS(地理信息系统)中的投影变换功能,可以将矿产资源信息文件快速、准确地转换为具有属性的空间图形文件,与已矢量化的各图层文件叠加得到动态的矿产资源分布图,以揭示本行政区域的矿产资源分布特征,为本地区矿产资源规划提供科学依据.     

基于地震-测井数据预测储层参数空间分布规律的神经网络模型

研究了地震资料的特征参数与储层参数间的神经网络模型。建立了相互之间的非线性映射，可以横向预测目的层的储层参数，实现地震资料和测井资料联合预测储层参数的空间分布规律。实验结果表明，该方法是可行的。     

基于DEM的桂西北土地利用与地形关系特征分析

以都安瑶族自治县为例,利用DEM数据、土地利用现状图,以及野外实际调查资料,通过建立基于高程的地貌分区、叠加分析,分析了研究区土地利用空间分布特征及与地形因子的关系.结果表明,土地利用类型空间分布具有强烈的区域差异性,各地貌分区区域的土地利用组合不同,同一土地利用类型在不同高程区域的分布存在差异;随海拔高程增加,居民地...     

无人机航测技术在农村土地承包经营权确权调查底图制作中的应用

通过无人机航摄技术在农村土地承包经营权确权登记工作调查底图制作的实例应用,论述了无人机航空摄影、像控点测量、空中三角测量、数字正射影像图和地块分布图的制作等几方面的技术流程和方法,以增城区北部派潭镇的农村承包土地为试点,探索无人机影像底图的获取、处理、调查及对地块分布图的制作方法,为相关部门开展确权登记颁证工作提供技术支持。     

不同空间数据格式的数据量实验研究

针对一些通用的空间数据的数据交换格式进行了研究，并就不同数据格式的数据量进行了对比实验。结果表明，在栅格数据中，．bmp格式的数据量最大，.jpg格式和．gif格式的数据量较小；矢量格式的数据量的大小与空间数据的属性有关，在几种常用的矢量格式中，．e00格式的数据量最大。     

Gosper地图的非空间层次数据隐喻表达与分析

本文借助隐喻地图的思想,研究非空间层次数据的空间隐喻表达与分析,以地图视角对非空间数据进行空间化处理,将抽象数据具象化以降低认知负荷,对地图学相关方法进行综合运用以拓宽其应用外沿。结合制图学经典方法开展地图视觉设计,以自然地貌隐喻数据特征,针对层次数据结构特点,将LOD及Cartogram技术引入隐喻地图的表达分析中,对各层级数据特征进行有效凸显,达到通过地图研究其背后数据规律特征之目的。最后,将本研究提出的方法应用于真实文件层次数据,进行文件数量分布、大文件群落定位、文件纵深分析等试验。结果表明,本研究能够有效表达层次数据,并支持一定的地图分析及数据挖掘工作。     

济南市土地利用变化监测分析

济南作为山东省省会城市,在城市发展与土地利用变化方面应做到合理监测。本文以山东省济南市为研究对象,对济南市的土地遥感影像图进行分类。利用2005年和2016年济南市区Landsat遥感影像为基础数据,结合济南市矢量边界文件,对济南市的遥感影像图进行处理,通过目视解译,建立合理的训练样本,再结合野外调查的结果,制作济南市的土地利用分类图,根据分类结果对济南市土地利用变化进行分析与评价,为今后的济南市土地利用提供科学的依据和合理的建议[1]。     

A spatial–temporal Hopfield neural network approach for super-resolution land cover mapping with multi-temporal different resolution remotely sensed images

The mixed pixel problem affects the extraction of land cover information from remotely sensed images. Super-resolution mapping (SRM) can produce land cover maps with a finer spatial resolution than the remotely sensed images, and reduce the mixed pixel problem to some extent. Traditional SRMs solely adopt a single coarse-resolution image as input. Uncertainty always exists in resultant fine-resolution land cover maps, due to the lack of information about detailed land cover spatial patterns. The development of remote sensing technology has enabled the storage of a great amount of fine spatial resolution remotely sensed images. These data can provide fine-resolution land cover spatial information and are promising in reducing the SRM uncertainty. This paper presents a spatial–temporal Hopfield neural network (STHNN) based SRM, by employing both a current coarse-resolution image and a previous fine-resolution land cover map as input. STHNN considers the spatial information, as well as the temporal information of sub-pixel pairs by distinguishing the unchanged, decreased and increased land cover fractions in each coarse-resolution pixel, and uses different rules in labeling these sub-pixels. The proposed STHNN method was tested using synthetic images with different class fraction errors and real Landsat images, by comparing with pixel-based classification method and several popular SRM methods including pixel-swapping algorithm, Hopfield neural network based method and sub-pixel land cover change mapping method. Results show that STHNN outperforms pixel-based classification method, pixel-swapping algorithm and Hopfield neural network based model in most cases. The weight parameters of different STHNN spatial constraints, temporal constraints and fraction constraint have important functions in the STHNN performance. The heterogeneity degree of the previous map and the fraction images errors affect the STHNN accuracy, and can be served as guidances of selecting the optimal STHNN weight parameters.     

An integrated regionalization of earthquake, flood, and drought hazards in China

Earthquake, flood, and drought data from different sources are combined in a single data set using the same data structure, projection, and scale. The intensity and frequency of each hazard is classified into severe, heavy, modest, and light, producing a classification with 64 combined states for the three kinds of hazard. These classes are then ranked according to severity. The three hazard coverages arc overlaid and the polygons that are produced are coded by the classification system. A map is produced that shows the distribution of these 64 classes in regions and their areas measured from the spatial topological data file in the GIS. Spatial analysis reveals the spatial association among the three hazards and between the three hazards and human factors. There is a brief discussion of the implications of the regionalized map for hazard monitoring.