GPS变形监测网的数据处理理论与方法

应用GPS取代传统的地表变形监测图,可以提高外业观测的效率,而GPS观测值上三维基线向量,平差结果是地心坐标系的三维坐标,通过多项重复观测数据的动态平差,可获得各监测站的三维移动,三维速率,并可求出加速率,本文研究了三维监测网的分期动态平差方法,平差基准的选择和平差成果的利用。     

机载GPS航空摄影定位研究试验场的建立

本文介绍了高精度机载ＧＰＳ大比例尺航空摄影定位试验场建立的全过程，它包括ＧＰＳ网的布设、外业观测和数据处理。分析了在ＷＧＳ－８４坐标系中三维无约束平差，在１９５４年北京坐标系中进行三维约束平差的精度情况。最后算出了ＧＰＳ网平差高程和水准高程的比较值。     

GPS用于空中三角测量的方法,经验和期望

卫星导航系统ＮＡＶＳＴＡＲ ＧＰＳ允许在曝光时刻测定航摄仪中心的位置。这些位置数据作为摄站附加观测值引入联合区域网平差，使空中三角测量需要最少的地面控制点。 本文全面介绍了机载动态ＧＰＳ定位的试验精度。按照所介绍的机载动态ＧＰＳ定位的实践经验，提出ＧＰＳ辅助空中三角测量的实用建议。最后讨论了联合区域网平差的理论精度。     

无初始化的GPS辅助空中三角测量

简要介绍了以航线为单元,通过相位平滑递推算法在航求解双差载波相位观测量整周相位模糊度,进而确定各摄站空间位置的无初始化ＧＰＳ动态定位原理,对某测区一组实际航摄资料进行ＧＰＳ数据处理和ＧＰＳ辅助光束法区域网平差,证实所介绍的算法是正确的、有效的、所获取的ＧＰＳ摄站坐标可满足空中三角测量的精度要求,并且用该数据与经初始化ＧＰＳ动态定位获取的ＧＰＳ摄站坐标数据进行ＧＰＳ辅助光束法区域网平差的总体精度是完全一致的。     

GPS与地面测量数据的三维联合平差

本文论述了ＧＰＳ网在国家或局部坐标系中的三维联合平差与约束平差的函数框民随机模型，讨论了ＧＰＳ网三维平差中的数据处理过程和某些处理技术，这些都是在ＧＰＳ网平差中实用的和必不可少的。最后还介绍了根据这一数学模型所研制的平差软件的某些功能和特点。     

GPS变形监测网的动态数据处理

叙述了用卡尔曼滤波方法处理GPS变形监测网的方法。推导了在地平坐标系中的观测方程和动态方程。实际计算结果表明,卡尔曼滤波可以用于GPS变形监测网的数据处理,其滤波估值精度优于静态平差。     

自检校方差分量平差模型及其在三维监测网平差中的应用

本文首先讨论了自检校方差分量平差模型及其各种参数估计方法,然后对各种自检校平差法在三维监测网平差中的应用效果进行了对比研究。结果表明,自检校方差分量模型迭代平差法是补偿三维监测网垂线偏差和垂直折光影响的一种最有效方法。     

国家高精度GPS网整体平差中的粗差分析

分析了国家高精度ＧＰＳ网中的粗差观测量的特点,提出了采用相关分析的粗差探测理论,对国家高精度ＧＰＳ网的各子网和相邻子网进行粗差探测,并采用稳健估计的平差方法,消除粗差对平差结果的影响,大大提高了国家高精度ＧＰＳ网的整体平差精度。     

国家高精度GPS网整体平差中的粗差分析

分析了国家高精度ＧＰＳ网中的粗差观测量的特点,提出了采用相关分析的粗差探测理论,对国家高精度ＧＰＳ网的各子网和相邻子网进行粗差探测,并采用稳健估计的平差方法,消除粗差对平差结果的影响,大大提高了国家高精度ＧＰＳ网的整体平差精度。     

从GIS与GPS的数据处理问题看近代平差的发展方向

随着测绘新技术的发展,测量工已经发展到新的近代平差阶段,而“３Ｓ”技术的迅速发展更进一步推动了近代平差的发展。本文通过简单介绍了ＧＩＳ空间数据的误差分析和平差模型,以及ＧＰＳ基线向量观测值的选择,整周未知数的求解和动态ＧＰＳ的卡尔曼滤波等,来说明测绘新技术与近代平差的相互推动作用,并论述近代平差的发展方向,同时,对近代平差发展中的几个值得商榷的问题提出了看法。     

GPS网平差的多元响应-非线性最小二乘模型及其解的最优化混合算法

在控制网中,用GPS测量,可以同时测得一个点的基线向量,在具有起算数据时可获得观测点的三维坐标等多个响应变量值,将这些响应变量包含的信息综合起来,可以得到参数的更精确的估计。本文针对GPS测量数据为多元响应数据的特点,建立了一个GPS网平差的多元响应-非线性最小二乘模型,针对该模型,结合拟牛顿法和信赖域算法建立了一个新非线性优化的混合算法,该算法具有全局收敛性和超线性收敛性。     

The application of GPS precise point positioning technology in aerial triangulation

In traditional GPS-supported aerotriangulation, differential GPS (DGPS) positioning technology is used to determine the 3-dimensional coordinates of the perspective centers at exposure time with an accuracy of centimeter to decimeter level. This method can significantly reduce the number of ground control points (GCPs). However, the establishment of GPS reference stations for DGPS positioning is not only labor-intensive and costly, but also increases the implementation difficulty of aerial photography. This paper proposes aerial triangulation supported with GPS precise point positioning (PPP) as a way to avoid the use of the GPS reference stations and simplify the work of aerial photography.Firstly, we present the algorithm for GPS PPP in aerial triangulation applications. Secondly, the error law of the coordinate of perspective centers determined using GPS PPP is analyzed. Thirdly, based on GPS PPP and aerial triangulation software self-developed by the authors, four sets of actual aerial images taken from surveying and mapping projects, different in both terrain and photographic scale, are given as experimental models. The four sets of actual data were taken over a flat region at a scale of 1:2500, a mountainous region at a scale of 1:3000, a high mountainous region at a scale of 1:32000 and an upland region at a scale of 1:60000 respectively. In these experiments, the GPS PPP results were compared with results obtained through DGPS positioning and traditional bundle block adjustment. In this way, the empirical positioning accuracy of GPS PPP in aerial triangulation can be estimated. Finally, the results of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from GPS PPP are analyzed in detail.The empirical results show that GPS PPP applied in aerial triangulation has a systematic error of half-meter level and a stochastic error within a few decimeters. However, if a suitable adjustment solution is adopted, the systematic error can be eliminated in GPS-supported bundle block adjustment. When four full GCPs are emplaced in the corners of the adjustment block, then the systematic error is compensated using a set of independent unknown parameters for each strip, the final result of the bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from PPP is the same as that of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from DGPS. Although the accuracy of the former is a little lower than that of traditional bundle block adjustment with dense GCPs, it can still satisfy the accuracy requirement of photogrammetric point determination for topographic mapping at many scales.     

Deriving 3D coseismic deformation field by combining GPS and InSAR data based on the elastic dislocation model

The density of GPS measurements is usually one of the key issues in resolving 3-D coseismic deformation field from integrating GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements with pure mathematic interpolation methods An approach that combines the elastic dislocation model with the Best Quadratic Unbiased Estimator (BQUE) or a robust estimation method named IGG (Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics) is proposed to reconstruct 3-D coseismic deformation field, in which only a small amount of GPS data is needed to produce a reasonable initial 3-D coseismic deformation. Then the BQUE and IGG are used to weight the InSAR and GPS measurements to avoid computational issues caused by the negative variance problem and to decrease the impact from gross errors. The Wenchuan earthquake is used to test the proposed method. We find that the developed method makes it possible to use only a few GPSs and InSAR data to recover the 3-D coseismic deformation field, which offers extensive future usage for measuring earthquake deformation, particularly in some tectonically active regions with sparse GPS measurements.     

联合平差中的方差分量估计问题的探讨

天文大地网与GPS空间网联合平差从大的方面分为空间网与地面网两部分。空间网主要是GPS点的三维地心坐标及协方差阵 ;而地面网又涉及到多类观测值 ,主要包括方向观测、导线边、天文方位角三类观测值 ,且各类观测值又分为不同等级的观测。空间网与地面网之间、地面网不同类观测之间及同一类不同观测等级之间的权比不正确将直接影响平差结果 ,因此 ,各类观测值的最佳权匹配就成为联合平差的一个关键。本文就Helmert方差分量简化算法及Baumker简化公式用于联合平差中方差分量估计问题进行讨论 ,并用我国天文大地网 1万点的地面观测数据进行实算、比较、分析 ,以确定联合平差中方差分量估计的方法     

基于Matlab的GPS网间接平差教学设计与实现

GPS网间接平差是测绘类本科专业误差理论与测量平差基础教学的重要组成部分。本文针对GPS网间接平差存在的观测数据多、计算量大、在实际课堂教学中很难讲解清楚等问题,提出基于Matlab的GPS网间接平差教学设计与实现方法。给出GPS网间接平差课堂教学的内容及难点,阐述基于Matlab的GPS网间接平差程序设计流程及关键步骤的实现方法。结合3个具体的GPS网平差实例,展示程序运行的结果。结果表明,基于Matlab进行GPS网间接平差教学既有助于加深学生对GPS网间接平差理论知识的理解,培养学生理论联系实际的能力,又可以实现学生所学计算机高级编程语言与专业知识的有机结合,提高学生的编程能力和学习兴趣。     

Impact of GPS satellite and pseudolite geometry on structural deformation monitoring: analytical and empirical studies

Global positioning systems (GPS) have in recent years been increasingly used to monitor the deformations of large structures, particularly the deflections of long suspension bridges. When appropriately employed, and with the presence of a strong satellite geometry, GPS can supply timely and accurate structural deformation information. However, the three-dimensional (3-D) positioning accuracies in a local coordinate system are uneven. For instance, the vertical component of 3-D coordinates is less accurate than the horizontal component. In addition, GPS satellite availability tends to be a function of the latitude of the observation site and its surrounding obstructions. As a consequence, the accuracy of the north–south component is typically worse than that of the east–west component in mid-latitude areas (>45), and in some of the worst situations the horizontal positioning accuracy could even degrade to the same level as that of the vertical component. With such measurements it might not be possible to correctly interpret the real structural deformations. Furthermore, an insufficient number of satellites, caused by signal obstruction, could make it impossible to use GPS alone for kinematic positioning, even when integrated with other sensors such as triaxial accelerometers. With the aim of improving 3-D positioning accuracies for the monitoring of structural deflections, especially in vertical and northern directions, the optimal location selection of an array of ground-based pseudolites to augment GPS satellite geometry using an analytical simulation technique proposed by the authors is considered. Achievable 3-D positioning accuracies are estimated by simulating a real bridge deformation scenario using augmented transmitter geometry and compared with actual positioning accuracies calculated from the measurements gathered from a bridge trial. The results show that with an augmented satellite geometry and multipath mitigation it is possible to achieve uniform 3-D positioning accuracies of a few millimetres.     

GPS水准的拟合基准面高程系统

针对线路工程提出利用若干个GPS和水准高程点建立一个拟合面作为高程基准面,这样GPS高程经拟合后可获得相对于拟合基准面的准确高程,水准测量附合于GPS点进行闭合差的调整,充分利用了GPS的高程信息,有益于在线路工程中用GPS替代常规基平水准测量。     

永久散射体雷达差分干涉反演矿区时序沉降场

针对永久散射体差分干涉测量(PSIn SAR)算法流程,发展了基于周期函数模型的空间维解缠方法,并将其应用于矿区时间序列地表变形反演。通过在研究区域内安装人工角反射器(CR),将CR点上计算所得的周期模型参数分量作为整个网络的约束,通过空间约束平差以实现空间维解缠。选取了河南省境内白沙水库附近的煤矿密集区为主要研究区域,采用周期函数模型对矿区线性及非线性形变分量进行模拟,反演了2007年2月—2010年2月的时间序列形变场,并采用研究区域内的水准实测数据作为外部验证数据。实验结果表明:白沙水库周围区域存在着较为明显的沉降,在煤矿分布区域内累积最大沉降量超过了10 cm。沉降区域内以线性沉降趋势为主,非线性沉降较为缓慢,仅在水库的西南方向较为明显。应用已有的水准点实测形变值对实验结果进行验证分析,结果表明该方法精度可达约±2.1 mm,证实了本文采用的方法在矿区地表时序形变反演中的可行性和可靠性,对预防过度采矿导致的矿区塌陷具重要现实意义。     

GPS静态相对定位技术在城市区域控制测量中的应用

以泰安市泰山区为例,介绍了GPS静态相对定位技术在新建控制网测量中的应用,讨论了用GPS静态相对定位技术建立城市区域控制网的方法,指出了在GPS测量中应注意的问题。基线解算和网平差方面,进行了三维无约束平差计算和二维约束平差,分析了城市GPS区域控制网所能达到的精度。在GPS网三维无约束平差的基础上,结合人工干预的方法剔除误差,使之可以达到更高等级GPS网的测量精度要求,能够满足城市建设和城市规划的测量成果的需求。