贵州老万场金矿床红土化作用及对金赋存状态的制约

红土的矿物成分、硅酸盐成分和化学蚀变指数(CIA)特征表明,贵州老万场红土化过程经历了粘土化、铝土矿化、铁化三种化学风化作用;地球化学上属早期红土化作用阶段.风化过程中K2O、Na2O、CaO相对于Al2O3的淋失量很高,显示较强的化学蚀变作用.红土剖面中成矿元素Au、As、Sb含量变化很大.Au通常为40～4 551 ng/g;Sb普遍小于0.1%;As通常为0.n%,最高1.8%.它们普遍高于大厂层硅质岩中相应成矿元素的含量.红土化过程中,Au、As的富集与Fe的富集作用有明显的关系,并与红土剖面中相对还原的部位有关,而Sb则在相对氧化的环境中聚集.红土剖面中稀土元素含量普遍较高,轻重稀土元素之比通常小于10,稀土元素分布模式非常相似,与大厂层稀土元素特征有明显差别.微量元素图解显示红土剖面中的大离子亲石元素、不相容元素与大厂层也有明显的不同.成矿元素间的差异性也很明显,表明大厂层岩石可能并不为老万场红土层的发育提供直接的物质来源,红土层的发育似乎与后期第四系的冲积物、洪积物有关.成矿物质也可能不与大厂层直接有关.带能谱的透射电镜(TEM-EDX)观察表明金的存在形式多样,虽然金主要以浑圆状的自然金颗粒产出,但也可以被针铁矿(含砷针铁矿)、石英硅质吸附,或被伊利石等吸附.显示红土化过程中铁还原作用对金富集的重要性.     

滇西上芒岗红色粘土型金矿的元素地球化学特征及其物质来源探讨

对滇西上芒岗红色粘土型金矿的主元素，微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征进行了详细的研究。结果表明，主元素Al2O3,Fe2O3和K2O在红色粘土剖面中共迁移同沉淀，SiO2的变化却与它们相反，这揭示了上芒岗红色粘土型金矿的红色粘土层除了残积带红土化程度高外，总体上SiO2含量高，去硅作用不完全，红土化程度低；与地层，矿化蚀变岩的对比分析结果表明，红色粘土是在加勐嘎组泥岩基础上经红土化作用形成的，红色粘土的微量元素表现为Au,Hg,As,Sb,Cu,Pb,Zn和Mo等元素的共生,在红土化好的残积带明显富集；红色粘土的大离子元素分布模式与矿化蚀变岩和嘎组的相似，红色粘土的稀土分布模式与矿化蚀变岩和地层的相似，表现为轻稀土富集的右倾型平缓曲线，稀土元素分蚀明显的地方金富集，以上分析揭示，此金矿的成矿物质主要来自矿化蚀变岩，红色粘土主要来源于勐嘎组和矿化蚀变岩。     

贵州开阳磷矿地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组地层层序及其As、Sb、Au、Ag丰度异常与赋存状态研究

贵州开阳磷矿地区出露较为完整的下寒武统黑色岩系层序,这套黑色岩系中富含多种金属元素,但目前对岩系中主要低温成矿元素As、Sb、Au、Ag的地球化学背景异常与分布规律了解极少,对其形成背景与赋存状态无法进行深入讨论。本文以开阳磷矿地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系剖面作为研究对象,通过详细的野外地质调查、系统采样并进行地球化学分析、全岩硫同位素分析及黄铁矿电子探针分析,划分了详细的牛蹄塘组地层层序,对主要低温成矿元素(As、Sb、Au、Ag)的丰度异常、富集特征及赋存状态进行了研究,结果表明,黑色岩系中普遍富集As、Sb、Ag三种主要低温成矿元素,Au也在大部分层位富集。四种元素具有层控性的特点,在牛蹄塘组下部有机质含量较高的黑色白云质粉砂质页岩和黑色页岩层位中具有较高的元素丰度异常,在泥岩和粉砂岩混合层位元素丰度异常较低,钙质成分含量较高的层位元素含量较低。黄铁矿是黑色页岩中金的主要赋存矿物,也是Sb的重要赋存矿物,同时是Ag和As的次要赋存矿物;不同类型的黄铁矿,元素富集规律也不相同:As、Ag更容易富集在不规则集合体和草莓状黄铁矿中,Sb和Au则在散布的单颗粒黄铁矿中富集系数最高。     

青海省高寒草甸区西部表生地球化学作用

依托大场大型金矿床对青海省高寒草甸区西部的表生地球化学作用进行了研究,发现风成沙集中在-40~+160目粒级段,富含SiO₂,而绝大多数元素的含量均很低;-20目残坡积土和-5~+20目草皮层土富集或基本富集了大部分金矿化指示元素,均可代表近源物质。从基岩→残坡积层→草皮层→水系沉积物,金矿化主要指示元素Au、As、Sb的平均含量在逐步降低,其他元素也多如此。在高寒准平原—丘陵区,地表存在着元素(特别是Au、As、Sb)被不同程度贫化或均一化的地球化学作用。     

浙江省下寒武统荷塘组黑色页岩系地球化学特征

首次根据浙江省西北部荷塘组岩石样品的实测数据,提出了浙江省荷塘组黑色岩系6个岩性层的Pt、Pd、Au、Ag、Cu、As、Sb、Pb、Mo、Ni、V、P、U、B、Cd、Tl、Se、Zn元素的平均值,运用微量元素和稀土元素的配分模式探讨了成岩环境及元素高含量对环境的影响.荷塘组富集元素较多,富集程度高的有Mo、Se、Cd、Ag、Sb、U、As、P;较富集的有V、B、Cu、Tl、Zn,弱富集的为Au、Pt、Pb、Ni.综合地质地球化学特征研究认为,荷塘组黑色岩系具有寻找含钼、磷、矾和有色金属矿产的潜力.     

江西赣县花岗岩型红土剖面常量元素地球化学特征

对赣县田村花岗岩红色风化壳剖面常量元素的迁移特征和化学风化强度的研究结果表明：（1）红土常量元素组成以 SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3为主,三者占总量的90%以上,其中又以SiO2的含量最高,K2O、CaO、Na2O与MgO等易溶组分的含量则 相对较低;（2）红土剖面风化过程中,常量元素的地球化学行为多表现为迁移淋失,迁移程度由剖面底部向上逐渐增强, 其中CaO与Na2O平均迁移量分别为97.34%、94.94%,属于强迁移元素;MgO、K2O和SiO2平均迁移量分别为52.50%、 39.89%、22.72%,属于易迁移元素,Fe元素表现为高度富集;（3）综合分析铝铁系数、化学蚀变指数和风化淋溶系数,指 示赣县花岗岩型红土在炎热、潮湿环境下遭受了强烈的化学风化作用,风化强度顶部向下渐弱。     

新疆昆仑山布喀达坂峰-依吞布拉克一带岩石地球化学特征及元素分布规律

新疆昆仑山东段布喀达坂峰-依吞布拉克一带区域岩石地球化学特征表明：长城系富集W、Pb；奥陶系富集Au；二叠系富集Cu、Zn、Hg、Sb；三叠系富集Zn、Pb、Ag；三叠纪石英斑岩富集Cu、Zn、Hg、Sb．元素区域分布规律表明：与全国高寒山区平均水平相比，工作区相对富集Ba、Hg、Pb、Sn、Mo元素，贫化铁族元素；工作区可分为北、中、南3个地球化学带．北带形成了富集Au、Ag、Sb、Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mo、Mg及铁族元素，贫化Cr、Co、Ni、Li、Be、Bi元素地球化学带；中带富集Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、W、Sn、Mo、U、Th，贫化Hg、Li及铁族元素，形成了有色、稀有稀土、放射性元素地球化学带；南带富集Au、As、Sb、Hg、Cu、Zn，形成了贵重、有色元素地球化学带．石英斑岩富集Cu、Zn、Hg、Sb元素．祁漫塔格带元素组合与斑岩型铜钼矿、层控型Pb、Zn矿和夕卡岩型铁多金属矿床元素组合相似．第四系元素含量均一，不存在元素大面积区域性富集与贫化的物理化学条件．     

湘西、湘中新元古界—古生界微量元素地球化学特征

湘西湘中新元古界－古生界是金锑砷等金属矿床的重要出层位。岩石地层微量元素地球化学研究对于认识矿源层以及矿术成因具有重要的意义。本文根据单一地球化学过程产生的地质体中元素含量趋向于正态分布的认识，对于湘西湘中的新元古界－古生界中的微量元素进行了系统研究，结果表明：新生古界的板溪群和震旦系是Au,Sb,As的重要含矿建造；Pb在奥陶系，志留系中显著富集；Hg在寒武系和奥陶系中明显富集，古生代各地层中Sb,As,Hg,Au等成矿元素均匀不同程度地受到后期成矿作用的影响，泥盆系和石炭系中Sb,As的高平均含量是由成矿叠加作用引起的。     

半干旱草原景观区鹿儿坝金矿的勘查地球化学特征

鹿儿坝金矿中,与金矿化密切相关的蚀变有硅化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化,在地表主要表现为存在褐铁矿、黄钾铁矾、高岭土等矿物。岩石地球化学研究表明,Au与As的关系密切,Sb、Hg、Au、As一起构成Au的近矿—矿上元素;Au与As、Zn相对稳定地存在于同一种矿物中,如黄铁矿、毒砂。这种关系在土壤中得到继承,而在水系沉积物中基本瓦解。因此,岩石测量和土壤测量中,Au、As是最佳指示元素;水系沉积物测量中,最佳指示元素是Au、As、Sb。Au在表生介质中的贫化富集过程,在矿区才有较为显著的表现,并且主要发生在由土壤进入水系沉积物这一环节。汇水盆地内地表流水机械混匀作用、分选作用及样品加工过程中的筛分,是水系沉积物中Au含量适度降低的决定性因素。在正常背景地带的次生介质中,并不存在显著的贫化富集过程。     

甘肃阳山特大型金矿床地质特征及成因

阳山金矿为近年发现的一特大微细染型金矿床，已发现4个矿段，均赋存于泥盆系地层中。矿体在平面上呈舒缓波状，剖面上为脉状、似层状。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿和毒砂，金主要以微细粒（2－3μm）包裹于毒砂、黄铁矿等矿之中。矿石中As、Sb及C有机含量较高，并且Au与Ag、As、Hg、Sb等低温热液元素相关性明显。对矿床地质地球化学特征的研究表明，赋矿围岩为一套Au含量较高的C、Si、泥质沉积，在沉积成岩及印支期区域浅变质过程中Au被初步富集，其后又叠加了燕山早期岩浆、热液活动，使Au进一步富集，从而形成了阳山叠加改造型微细浸染型金矿。     

Stratigraphic Geochemistry of Upper—Middle Proterozoic Suberathem in Northern Guangxi,China

The Upper-Middle Proterozoic epimetamorphic rock series in northern Guangxi is a suite of volcanic-terrigenous clastic formations transforming in facies from mobile to stable, which is similar to Eparchean normal argillo-arenaceous sediments both in petrochemistry and in REE geochemistry.The Upper-Middle Proterozoic Suberathem in northern Guangxi is characterized by primordial enrichment of As and Sb, significant depletion in Sr and Hg, bimodal or polymodal distribution of Au and other ore-forming elements, and high variation coefficients and strong mobilities of Sn,Cu,Ni,Au,Ag,As and Sb.The trace element association is characterized by the predominance of siderophile and chalcophile elements occurring in the Middle Proterozoic and that of lithophile ele-ments occurring in the Upper Proterozoic .It is suggested that in northern Guangxi is developed a series of ore-bearing formations with the Sibao Group as the protogenous basement and the Danzhou Group and Lower Sinian series as the derivative cap strata.     

Laterization and its control to gold occurrence in Laowanchang gold deposit,Guizhou Province,Southwest of China

Laowanchang gold deposit, located in Qinglong County, Guizhou Province, Southwest China, is the first-discovered laterite type gold deposit in Guizhou Province. Although most scholars are inclined to agree that ore-forming substance was closely correlated with “Dachangceng layer”, it still remained controversial. Former researchers did not find existences of visible Au grains in limonite, clay minerals or pyrite under SEM observation; therefore, they considered Au occurrence mainly as micro-disseminated form.     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of the Zhewang gold deposit,southeastern Guizhou Province,China

The quartz vein-type gold deposits are widely hosted by the Neoproterozoic （Xiajiang Group） epimeta- morphic clastic rock series in southeastern Guizhou Province, China. The Zhewang gold deposit studied in this paper occurs in the second lithologieal member of the Pinglue Formation of the Xiajiang Group. Trace element geochemis- try of host rocks, quartz veins and arsenopyrite has revealed that ore-forming fluid was enriched in sulphophile ele- ments such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Zn, and simultaneously concentrated some magmaphile elements such as W and Mo, which probably provides some evidence for multi-stage mineralization or overprinting of magmatic hydro- therm. Quartz veins and arsenopyrite were characterized by depletion in HFSE and enrichment in LREE. Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La imply that the ore-forming fluid was probably a NaC1-H20 solution system enriched in more C1 than F; Th/U values reflect the strong reducibility of the ore-forming fluid, coincident with the sulfide assemblages. The values of Co/Ni reflect that magmatic fluids may have partly participated in the ore-forming process and Y/Ho values have proved that the ore-forming fluid was associated with metamorphism and exotic hydrotherm which has reformed former quartz veins during late mineralization. The concentrations of REE, Eu anomalies and Ce anomalies of this deposit display that ore-forming elements mainly were derived from host rocks and possibly from a mixed deep source, and the ore-forming fluid was mixed by dominant metamorphic fluid and minor other sources. The physical-chemical conditions of ore-forming fluid changed from the initial stage to the late stage. The metamorphic fluid is responsible for the mineralization. Therefore, the Zhewang gold deposit is classified as a quartz vein-type gold deposit which may have been reformed by magmatic fluids during the late stage.     

兰坪盆地白秧坪铜钴多金属矿床中钴的成矿地球化学

白秧坪铜钴多金属矿床产于下白垩统景星组陆相红色碎屑岩中，呈似层状、脉状分布于断裂带内，蚀变分带明显。研究表明：在原生矿石中钴主要赋存于独立矿物．辉砷钴矿中，同时钴可以类质同象赋存于砷黝铜矿及少量含钴黄铁矿中；在氧化矿石中，以钴华存在于矿石的表面。辉砷钴矿的成分和Co／Ni比值揭示钴的成矿作用与基性．超基性岩浆有关。矿床褪色蚀变岩、碳酸盐化蚀变岩矿石和正常岩石具有类似的稀土元素配分模式，即富集轻稀土而重稀土相对亏损、铈异常不明显而铕异常显著，但稀土元素总量、分异程度存在明显的差异。这可能与流体中带入稀土元素的方式、带入稀土的矿物类型和流体性质的差异等因素造成，反映成矿物质来源存在差异。相对正常岩石的微量元素含量，元素Cu、Co、As、Sb、Bi、Ag等在褪色蚀变岩、碳酸盐化蚀变岩和矿石中均相对富集，但在在褪色蚀变岩以亲石元素富集最明显，而在碳酸盐化蚀变岩和矿石中以显著富集亲硫元素(成矿元素)为主特征，表明在蚀变过程中，赋矿围岩本身没有为成矿作用提供主成矿元素，主成矿元素源自幔源的基性岩浆。由此认为钴的成矿作用可能主要与喜马拉雅期幔源的基性岩浆活动有关。     

白云鄂博群黑色岩系微量元素地球化学特征及地质意义

白云鄂博群位于华北地台北缘,是一套中—新元古代裂谷沉积的产物。尖山组和比鲁特组是其中主要的黑色岩系。对以上两组中的碳质页岩和板岩的Au、Ag、As、Ba、Co、Cu、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、P、Pb、V、Zn、U、B、Sb等微量元素和稀土元素进行了较为详细的研究。通过元素含量特征、w(V)/w(V+Ni)、w(Zn)-w(Co)-w(Ni)三元图、稀土配分曲线、w(Ce)/w(La)、Ce和Eu异常、w(La)/w(Yb)-w(Ce)/w(La)和w(La)/w(Yb)-w(ΣREE)图解等方法对其沉积环境特征进行了探讨。微量元素含量分析显示白云鄂博群黑色岩系以富亲铜元素和亲石元素、贫亲铁元素为特征,其中富集Hg、B、As、Mn、Sb、Au、Ag、Pb、P、Ba、U、Mo等多种元素;较高的w(B)反映了黑色岩系沉积于盐度较高的水体中;高的w(V)/w(V+Ni)、w(Ce)/w(La)反映了黑色岩系形成于缺氧的沉积环境中;黑色岩系中Hg、Sb、Ba的富集和w(Zn)-w(Co)-w(Ni)图解中投点大部分靠近热水沉积区域指示了黑色岩系中有热水沉积物的参与;稀土元素配分模式、Ce和Eu异常及w(La)/w(Yb)-w(ΣREE)和w(La)/w(Yb)-w(Ce)/w(La)图解投点在两岩组中的不同特点表明尖山组沉积物以陆源沉积为主,有少量热水沉积物参与;而比鲁特组中热水沉积组分所占比例较大,形成时海水较深。     

Migration paths and precipitation mechanisms of ore-forming fluids at the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit,Guizhou, China

Shuiyindong is one of the largest and highest grade stratabound Carlin-type gold deposits in China. This paper reports on the results of petrographic studies, electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) of arsenian pyrite, and the mass transfer during mineralization and alteration, and it presents the deposit-scale distributions of Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and trace elements in a representative cross section across the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou Province. The main objectives were to identify the precipitation mechanisms of minerals, or elements from fluids, and the migration paths of ore-forming fluids.Petrographic and EMPA studies indicate that gold in the primary ores is mainly hosted by arsenian pyrite. Mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S were significantly added to all mineralized rocks, Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ were immobile in the main orebodies that are hosted in bioclastic limestone, and CaO, Na₂O, Sr, and Li were removed from country rocks. The relations between Fe and S indicate that the sedimentary rocks at the Shuiyindong deposit contain more iron than is needed to combine with all of their contained sulfur to form pyrite. This suggests that sulfidation and decarbonation were the principal mechanism of gold precipitation at the Shuiyindong deposit. Hg, Sb, and As commonly formed sulfide minerals, such as stibnite, realgar, and orpiment, in late-stage quartz–calcite veins, or absorbed by organic matter in argillite. Fluid cooling presumably led to depositions of stibnite, realgar, and orpiment in late-stage quartz–calcite veins. Organic matter likely served as a reductant in argillite for the ore fluids, causing the precipitation of As, Sb, Hg, and S, as well as Au.Deposit-scale distributions of gold and other relevant elements reflect the passage of fluids through the rocks. Rock strata and structures allowed the ore-forming fluids to migrate horizontally along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian, converge on the high position of an anticline, and then ascend into the overlying strata along the anticlinal axis. The distributions of the major and trace elements show that elements that accompanied the ore-forming fluids include Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S, and that Na₂O and Li were exhausted in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core during gold mineralization. The enrichment of Co, Cr, and Ni in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core might be associated with deformation that formed the anticline, or with gold mineralization. Different host rocks were preferentially mineralized by different elements. The bioclastic limestone is commonly enriched in Au, whereas the argillite is preferentially enriched in As, Hg, Sb, and Tl. The zonation of ore-forming elements in the deposit appears to be Sb–Tl–As–Hg–Au–Hg–As (from bottom to top). Enrichment of Au, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl provides useful guidance for the exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou. Anomalies of As and Hg in soil or stream sediment might be an important clue and these elements can be used as indicator elements. Ore-forming fluids migrated along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian and the anticlinal axis, so these are favorable sites for exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou.     

超基性岩红土风化壳中REE地球化学:不同气候风化剖面的对比

选择印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛Kolonodale地区和中国云南省元江地区的2个超基性岩红土风化壳为研究对象,对比研究不同气候环境下超基性岩在红土风化过程中REE的地球化学特征及其演化机制.研究发现,印尼Kolonodale和中国元江剖面的REE分布型式具有一定的共性规律,都表现出显著的REE表生富集效应(相对于基岩的最大富集系数分别达44.21和236.19)、不均一的轻重稀土分异(分异程度随剖面深度加大而降低)以及剧烈的Ce异常正负转换现象(风化壳上部是正Ce异常,风化壳下部是负Ce异常).2个剖面中REE最大富集段的产出位置明显错位,表现在Kolonodale剖面中REE最大富集段出现在腐岩层,而在元江剖面中REE最大富集段出现在红土层.质量平衡计算指示,REE在超基性岩红土化过程中发生了显著的迁移和分异现象,其地球化学行为受红土剖面pH值环境与有机质(O.M.)含量的制约.案例对比分析表明,气候环境对超基性岩红土化过程中REE的地球化学演化具有重要影响.在热带雨林环境的印尼Kolonodale剖面中,风化壳中REE主要继承于基岩,在高强度的红土化作用下,REE经历了强烈的重新分配和垂向分异.而在亚热带季风气候环境的中国元江剖面中,风化壳中的REE具有更复杂的物源背景,除继承基岩外还可能叠加了风尘沉积物的影响.元江剖面的红土化程度偏弱,导致REE在表生演化中未发生强烈的淋滤和次生富集作用.      

金属元素形成原生晕能力定量评价--以青海省扎家同哪金矿为例

在进行原生晕元素分带研究时,所选元素多未进行筛选,不利于正确认识分带规律及指导矿产预测。本文基于扎家同哪金矿2779个钻孔样品数据,拟通过定量评价不同金属元素在围岩、矿化围岩、矿石等中的富集程度,研究不同元素在矿化过程中形成原生晕的能力差异。研究发现,扎家同哪金矿Au、As、Sb、Hg、W、Ag在围岩、矿化围岩和矿石中富集程度递增,易形成原生晕,Zn仅在矿石中富集,成晕规模有限,Mo、Cu、Pb、Sn富集微弱或表现为亏损,较难形成原生晕;扎家同哪金矿不同位置与成矿有关的富集元素为Au、As、Sb(围岩)—Au、As、Sb、W、Hg(Ag)(矿化围岩)—Au、As、Ag、Sb、W、Hg、Zn(矿石),成矿过程中元素在矿化围岩中富集的权重由大至小为As、Hg、Au、Sb、W、Mo、Sn、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ag,进入围岩能力总体表现为低—高—中温元素递减的趋势。对于扎家同哪金矿,在研究原生晕分带特征、指导进一步找矿时,宜优先选用As、Hg、Au、Sb和W等元素。     

丹寨汞金矿床成矿构造地球化学模拟实验

位于贵州省内的丹寨汞金矿床是一典型卡林型金矿床。矿床赋在于上寒武统含有机质的海相泥质碳酸盐岩之中。成矿元素Ａｕ、Ｈｇ、Ａｓ、ｓｂ、Ｂａ密切共生，但汞矿体与金矿体的产出有一定分离。金为微细粒自然金，它与黄铁矿、含砷黄铁矿和粘土矿物有关，在碳质物中，金含量也可提高。有机质（有机碳和沥青）与Ｈｇ－Ａｕ矿化有一定关系。矿床受构造控制明显，矿体主要产出在具压性、压扭性特征的多次构造活动造成的破碎带之中。成矿作用主要是在中低温（１１０－２９０℃）和低压条件下进行的。