背风波形成的非线性数值试验及其对降水的影响

众所周知,降水现象是由大、中、小不同尺度的运动造成的。而中,小尺度的降水,往往起着非常重要的作用。引起局地暴雨和阵性降水(包括冰雹)的灾害性天气,都是在适当的大尺度背景下的中小尺度的天气现象。而这种中、小尺度天气现象,又往往与地形有关。例如,背风坡大风及冰雹问题在云贵高原横断山脉,有些地方背风坡的年降水量比迎风坡要多。而冰雹现象又往往多数产生在地形的背风面。在云南、甘肃、河南、河北等都发现有上述情况。要抓灾害性天气预报,要作好降水预报,只报出大尺度的天气形势和降水是远远不够的,还应该把中小尺度的降水预报作好才行。因此根据大形势数值预     

对大气过程尺度的个种合理划分

1.引言在历史上气象学家们一直倾向于从空间和时间尺度有很大差别的两个观点出发来研究大气动力学。在试图解释最接近人们生活环境的地面上的细微运动特征方面,他们发展了微气象学,来处理空间尺度为几米和时间尺度大约一分钟的大气动力学问题。同样,为了预报大气中天气形势的发展,气象学家们对空间尺度为一千公里以上和时间尺度为一周的大尺度动力学的运动特征给以极大的关注。尽管“大尺度”气象学和“小尺度”气象学包含了许多大气过程,但仍然有大量重要的天气现象,它们的空间尺度和时间尺度居于这二者之间。我们对这些中间尺度的认识是逐渐的,这倒不是因为它们不重要,而是因为要获得那些与它们有关的观测资料是困难的。然而,近年来由于对城市环境和强风暴     

应用单多普勒雷达资料反演风场作暴雨中尺度分析

针对2002年6月23日发生在安徽西部的一次暴雨过程，以有限的探空资料作为大尺度背景场，应用合肥CINRAD-98D多普勒雷达资料，通过准四维变分分析方法进行反演，获得了不易被常规探测到的中小尺度三维风场，由此分析了引起强降水的中尺度天气系统。指出暴雨中心位于风速切变的下方，同时上空也伴随辐合中心，以及正涡度极大值。分析结果表明，变分法是一种较为准确的从雷达资料中提取三维风场的方法。利用雷达资料反映中尺度天气系统，同时又加入大尺度的背景场作为基础，两者相互弥补，能较真实地反映实际天气状况。在气象预报中有效地应用多普勒雷达资料，有助于研究更为细致的中小尺度天气系统结构，而且也可为中小尺度数值预报模式提供准确的初始场。     

多普勒天气雷达在阵风锋监测中的应用

本文利用多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)及常规资料,对2004年5月22日发生在江苏东北部的一次阵风锋天气现象进行了详细分析。阐述了阵风锋的反射率因子和多普勒径向速度特征,如回波强度、宽度、成因及冷锋过境前后的速度场特征等。并且探讨了阵风锋在短时预报中的应用。     

第三讲:滤波

大气中存在各种不同规模的运动和运动系统,水平尺度从几十米至几千公里,时间尺度从数十分钟至数月。根据运动的水平尺度一般将大气运动分成三类:水平尺度在千公里及其以上的运动系统称大尺度天气系统,如大气长波、超长波、气旋、反气旋、高空急流及副热带高压等天气系统;水平尺度在数十公里以内的为小尺度天气系统,如龙卷、局地     

关于天气电码编报的讨论

一、过去天气电码应着重反映天气演变 编码的任务应当是:第一、把已出现的各种天气现象(或云况)尽可能都反映出来;第二、尽可能比较完整地把这些天气现象(或云况)的演变表达清楚。 要达到这个目的和要求,首先需要在时间概念上,区分现在天气、过去天气和特殊天气,同时这三个方面所反映的天气内容又应有所区别,各有侧重点,有机联系,密切结合。因此,现在天气电码应该是尽可能反映近期主要的天气现象(或云况),而过去天气电     

近百年中国、北半球和南半球气温内在结构比较（I）

气温气候资料是一个含有月、年、十年、百年等时间尺度的分形客体．大尺度上是冷暖之分,而每个冷（或暖）又分为较小尺度上的冷暖,形成层次结构．利用它的子波变换的尺度α－时间位置ｔ０表述,可以构造出分段线性一维映射动力系统,这个映射表征气候的层次结构,反映气候变化的突变点时间位置的规律和标度不变性．文中讨论了构造一维动力映射的基本原理,并以中国气温为例进行了验证．     

1996年3月28日冰雹天气与5月28日暴雨天气过程异同分析

通过对天气尺度的平均环而场、中尺度天气系统、大气稳定度、卫星云图等资料进行分析，从几个方面归纳出百色地区1996年3月27～28日和5月28日两次重大天气过程的一些特征，从中揭示了出现冰雹天气和暴雨天气的某些异同点：大尺度环流背景相似而中小尺度系统其强度和范围差异明显。为今后的重大天气预报提供一些新的特征指标。     

相同大尺度环流背景下不同类型强对流天气个例分析

利用常规观测、雷达、卫星和自动站等资料,对2013年3月23日广西一次区域性强对流天气过程中两种不同类型强对流天气现象产生的局地环境条件、触发机制及中尺度等特征进行了对比分析。结果表明：在相同大尺度环流背景下,两种类型强对流天气（即干对流型和混合对流型）在大气层结、湿层厚度、对流有效位能（CAPE值）和垂直风切变等局地环境上存在一定差异;其触发机制不同,广西西部干对流由位于地面锋前暖区的辐合线触发,而北部混合型强对流则由地面锋面触发;雷达和卫星图像上,两类强对流在形态、强度和移速上均存在明显差异,这些差异对广西不同类型强对流天气的监测预警具有一定的参考价值。     

物理量场与环境场相结合作梅雨期暴雨诊断预报

暴雨是中尺度天气现象。要解决暴雨的预报问题,从根本上讲必须搞清楚中小尺度系统发生发展的机制及其预报问题。由于目前获取的分析资料时间间隔太长、空间的距离又很大,因此对认识以致预报直接造成暴雨的中尺度系统的活动规律带来许多困难,这是暴雨预报常常失败的重要原因之一。现实的问题是如何根据现有的条件充分挖掘各种气象资料(包括物理量场的资料)的潜力,结合现代化的监视系统来努力提高短期暴雨预报水平。各种尺度的天气系统是互相联系、互相制约的,尽管中小尺度天气系统发生发展的预报还非常困难,但寻找其赖以发生发展的适宜环境场(摇篮)——大尺度的环流特征仍不失为短期暴雨     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on