大气环境防护距离与卫生防护距离确定技术方法对比研究

根据环境影响评价技术导则—大气环境（HJ2.2-2008）等有关规定,对基于SCREEN3模型的大气环境防护距离确定技术方法进行研究,对比分析了现行的卫生防护距离和HJ2.2-2008规定的大气环境防护距离确定方法的差异,论述了各行业卫生防护距离标准仍执行的可行性,进一步探讨了大气环境防护距离确定存在的问题与技术解决方案,提出了尽快制定无组织排放源强确定技术方法规范、各行业大气环境防护距离标准的建议,为环境评价与保护工作提供参考。     

建设项目卫生防护距离业务系统开发研究

通过对建设项目卫生防护距离确定的技术方法原理的研究,总结提出了技术要点,全面系统地收集了卫生防护距离行业标准,采用VB6.0语言开发了卫生防护距离计算业务系统,经实际应用,效果良好.     

煤矿电力系统防雷技术研究

为寻求煤矿电力系统防雷方法,首先介绍煤矿电力系统的特点及其雷电防护的重要性。根据35k V进线特点,建议使用保护角法对线路保护,并对布线方式和避雷线的设置提出建议。通过对雷电流和电力杆塔自身特性的分析、计算提出了相应的防护措施。提出煤矿变电所应当进行防雷类别划分,并根据变电所区域防雷保护对象的特点,计算"滚球法"和"折线法"的保护范围,经过对比,提出不同高度避雷针保护范围的计算方法。最后对安全距离、SPD设置等煤矿电力系统防雷的其它问题进行了说明。     

高建筑对周围建筑雷击保护距离的模拟

在已有先导连接参数化方案的基础上,选取近地面层为研究区域,保持方案中其他基本参量不变,通过改变闪电的空间形态,在同一建筑分布的背景下进行多次闪电模拟。研究多个建筑之间的屏蔽作用以及建筑雷击保护距离与建筑相关特征参数之间的关系,结果表明:高建筑对矮建筑具有屏蔽作用,并存在一个临界保护距离,当高、矮建筑高度分别为190 m和165 m,宽度均为20 m时,建筑之间的距离在12 m以内,矮建筑受高建筑完全保护不遭受雷击;建筑之间的距离超过12 m,矮建筑遭雷击次数明显增多。     

独立防雷装置间隔距离计算公式

保证独立防雷装置的间隔距离对于雷电防护十分重要。为了使间隔距离计算公式更符合实际情况与提升防雷装置的安全性,根据雷电反击机制,分别推导出防护首次正极性雷击、首次负极性雷击和首次负极性以后雷击3种典型雷击反击危害的间隔距离公式,并求其公共解,得出能够同时防护3种典型雷击反击危害的公共间隔距离公式。通过对比发现《建筑物防雷设计规范》中的间隔距离计算公式存在着不足。经分析和论证,本文得出的公共间隔距离公式更为合理和安全。     

黄河三角洲地区农田防护林的规划设计

以减轻或防止大风对农田作物的危害为目的，运用黄河三角洲地区１６个台站１９６１～１９９０年的气候资料，根据林带防护区内风速水平分布方程计算出林带的有效防护距离，确定林带的走向、林带的间距和林带的宽度     

风观测对障碍物距离要求的定量评估

为定量评估气象站风观测对障碍物的距离要求,通过流体力学模式(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)对单体建筑物进行了敏感性试验分析,并用河北沽源构筑物观测试验对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明:(1)按照来流风速90%进行风速影响范围评估,障碍物对风速的影响距离为迎风面上3倍建筑物高度,背风面为28.5倍建筑物高度;按风向偏差10°进行风向影响范围评估时,障碍物对风向的影响距离为迎风面1.4倍建筑物高度,背风面为6.8倍建筑物高度,侧风向为2.8倍建筑物高度,垂直方向上为4倍建筑物高度。(2)对来流风速、建筑物厚度、建筑物高度、建筑物视宽角、来流风向的敏感性分析表明,10 m风速、风向测量对障碍物距高比的要求随背景风速的增大而增大;随着建筑物厚度的增大,10 m风速、风向观测对距高比的要求减小;当障碍物高度6 m时,对10 m风速、风向观测影响不明显,当障碍物高度6 m时,对距高比的要求随障碍物高度的增加而减小;随着建筑物视宽角的增大,10 m风速、风向观测对距高比的要求增大;来流风向与建筑物呈45°时,风速影响区域增大,风向影响区域水平方向增大、侧方向减小。     

利用滚球法反推求解新一代天气雷达站避雷针高度

新一代天气雷达站雷电防护设计的安全性和可靠性是保障雷达站设备正常运转的重要前提,特别是直接雷击防护方案的设计。本文利用滚球法给出了求解新一代天气雷达站避雷针高度的反推方法,分别计算了一定条件下采用2支、3支、4支避雷针方案所需的避雷针最低高度,并利用三维绘图法测量、验证。结果显示,滚球法计算结果和绘图模拟结果一致,通过对比分析得出,采用3支避雷针对称分布的保护方案为新一代天气雷达站避雷针设计最佳方案,采用3支避雷针的方案,屋顶边缘至天线罩的水平距离需大于3.34m。     

714S天气雷达电磁辐射对人体影响分析及电磁辐射的防护

介绍了电磁辐射对人体的危害以及对电子设备或系统的干扰影响,并依据<电磁辐射防护规定>和相关国家标准,通过对714S天气雷达功率密度的计算,分析了该雷达电磁辐射对人体的影响区域,结果表明:距离该雷达325.5 m以外属安全区域;距离在100-325.5 m为建筑物限高区;距离在100 m以内为雷达旁瓣辐射影响区.     

工业集聚区发展规划的大气环境影响评价方法研究

以焦作市西部工业集聚区总体规划环境影响评价为案例,讨论工业集聚区规划大气环境影响评价工作内容及应关注的问题,包括大气环境现状调查与评价、大气环境容量估算、大气污染源强确定、大气环境影响预测、规划方案大气环境合理性综合论述、大气污染防治对策等。     

气象条件对烟囱污染物影响的模拟研究

利用ISC3模型模拟了某电厂不同高度烟囱在不同风速、不同稳定度情况下SO2的最大落地浓度和落地距离。结果表明:在烟囱高度不变的情况下,稳定度不变,如果风速逐渐加大,则SO2最大落地浓度变小,且最大落地距离亦变小;烟囱高度不变且风速不变情况下,稳定度由稳定趋向于不稳定,则SO2最大浓度变小且最大落地距离变小;在风速和稳定度不变的条件下,随着烟囱高度的减小,SO2最大浓度变大且最大落地距离不变;在建烟囱最高高度不宜超过300 m。     

Maximum fluctuations of wind direction in limited time intervals at the levels up to 300 m from observations at a meteorological tower

On the basis of wind direction measurements with 1-s discreteness at the meteorological tower VMM-310 in the town of Obninsk, maximum fluctuations of wind direction are obtained with 10-s averaging over limited time intervals that correspond to the transport of pollutant puffs at distances about 10 km from the source at altitudes up to 300 m. Average values of maximum fluctuations of wind direction decrease with increasing wind speed, level of measurements, and stratification stability. Examples are presented of distributions of maximum fluctuations of wind direction as dependent of these factors. Parameters are given of distributions of maximum fluctuations of wind direction at six levels under different wind speeds and different atmospheric stability. The empirical distributions are approximated by Weibull distribution, and parameters of the latter are presented for separate levels. The results obtained can be used for estimation of an angular size of an area of possible pollution under different conditions of atmospheric stratification, wind speed, and levels of transport of an instantaneous puff of pollutants for the pollutant cloud motion up to a distance of 10 km from the source.     

江西亚东水泥有限公司大气污染控制与清洁生产评价

通过采用污染源分析、治理措施分析、清洁生产分析等技术,对江西亚东水泥有限公司第3、4条4200t/d新型干法水泥生产线扩建工程大气污染控制进行了全过程实例分析,得出了该项目水泥粉尘污染控制的最佳技术方案。认为水泥生产采用清洁高效的窑外分解新型干法生产工艺和先进的5级旋风预热预分解回转窑系统,对污染产生源头加以控制,可使得大气污染物粉尘的产生量大大减少;如果在所有粉尘产生点均使用高效的袋式除尘器或静电除尘器,则各排尘点粉尘排放均能达到国家标准。     

颗粒物干沉降对AERMOD模型预测大气污染的影响

AERMOD模型是《环境影响评价技术导则—大气环境》中的推荐模式。为了更好地验证颗粒物干沉降作用对该模型预测结果的影响,选取福州市的煤堆场作为面源污染源,对预测范围内所有网格点PM10、TSP最大地面浓度进行预测。结果表明：所有网格点TSP地面浓度考虑干沉降时,约为不考虑干沉降时的0.13;PM10地面浓度考虑干沉降时,约为不考虑干沉降时的0.70,干沉降对TSP的影响大于PM10。同一粒径分布下,密度对颗粒物干沉降的影响较大,密度增加对可吸入颗粒物干沉降的影响大于总悬浮颗粒物,当密度大于3 g.cm-3时,所有网格点PM10与TSP地面浓度比值的平均值接近于0.98,认为粒径大于10μm的颗粒物基本完全沉降。此后,随着密度增加网格点处地面浓度的减小主要由PM10的沉降引起。AERMOD考虑干沉降时,距离污染源中心500 m外的网格点处地面浓度,PM10/TSP〉0.98,大于10μm的粗颗粒几乎完全沉降。     

Atmospheric chemistry of hydrogen fluoride

Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence.     

局地输电对济南地区空气质量的影响研究

以锡盟特高压输电线路为主要研究对象,利用化学模式对济南地区进行模拟和评估,定量化评估特高压跨区域输电工程对受端区域大气灰霾的改善效应,开展排放源的敏感性试验.结果表明:静稳天气背景下,虚拟电厂对大气环境最大影响距离约30 km,最大的影响面积约占济南地区的20％左右;对不同高度层PM2.5浓度的影响46 m降幅最大,对...     

Evaporation from Irrigated Lands in Arid Regions as Inferred from the Regional Climate Model and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Model Simulations

The applicability is analyzed of the modeling system consisting of the MGO regional climate model and multilevel atmospheric boundary layer model for the mesoscale climate change evaluation in the regions with irrigated land use. Based on these models, the Aral Sea evolution impact on the spatial distribution of temperature and humidity in the vicinity of irrigated land is assessed. Numerical experiments cover climate evolution during 1979–2011. It is shown that in the middle of the 20th century the Aral Sea impact was manifested in the temperature and humidity distributions up to the altitude of 200–300 m at the distance of about 40 km off the seashore. The effect of advection on the calculated values of evapotranspiration in irrigated areas located at different distances from the sea is also investigated. Different methods for the determination of evapotranspiration over the irrigated cotton fields are intercompared. The influence of different resolution of surface temperature distribution on total evapotranspiration estimates is analyzed.     

“两湖盆地”秋季黑碳气溶胶的分布及来源特征

应用耦合了黑碳(Black Carbon,BC)区域源追踪方法的中尺度天气-化学模式(WRF-Chem),对位于长江中游的湖南湖北盆地(以下简称两湖盆地)秋季(2015年10月)黑碳的分布、区域来源和日变化特征进行研究。结果表明,由于两湖盆地所处地理位置及地形的特殊性,在不同的风场条件下,本地源和外来源对两湖盆地BC的贡献占比变化较大。两湖盆地秋季BC的来源主要有3种情形:1)北风控制下的传输型:地面风速大,BC质量浓度相对低,上风向源对两湖盆地近地面BC的贡献占比达30.6%,其中汾渭地区的贡献最大,本地源的贡献占比为61.7%。2)地面风速小、大气稳定条件下的静稳型:近地面BC质量浓度高,本地源的贡献占比高达79.6%。3)东北风控制下的传输型:本地源和外来源的贡献共同使得两湖盆地BC维持较高质量浓度,本地源的贡献占比为64.1%,外来源的贡献主要包括安徽省、汾渭地区及长江三角洲的输送。在垂直方向上,传输型的本地源贡献占比仅在300 m以下较高;静稳型的本地源贡献占比较高,可延伸到1 500 m以上(本地源的贡献占比在近地面约为75%、至1 500 m约为50%)。在日变化上,本地源与外来源对两湖盆地BC的贡献占比呈相反变化,夜间和早间本地源的贡献占比较高而外来源的贡献占比较低,午后本地源的贡献占比减小而外来源的贡献占比明显增大;相对静稳型而言,传输型的这一日变化特征更为显著。     

山西省大雾的中尺度数值模拟

利用中尺度模式MM5（The Fifth—Generation NCAR／Penn State Mesoscale Model）对山西省2009年发生的3场典型雾个例进行了数值模拟,探讨了物理过程参数化方案对雾数值模拟的影响,确定了基于模式模拟数据的雾判别指标,为该地区大雾数值预报系统的研制提供了理论基础。结果表明,综合考虑边界层方案和辐射方案对地表温度、高空温度、2m温度及相对湿度、10m风速、雾的空间分布、雾的生消过程、雾的发展高度等要素数值模拟的影响,边界层方案选用high-resolution planetary boundary layers cheme（HIR）方案、辐射方案选用Cloud方案时,雾数值模拟的结果与实况更为一致。综合分析多个典型雾个例的模拟结果,山西省境内雾的预报指标为：20m液态水含量为0．13～0．6g·kg^（-1）,20～1500m高度大气层存在逆温层,10m风速小于4m·s^（-1）。