基于Logistic回归的区域地质灾害综合气象预警模型

应用Logistic回归拟合地质灾害发生概率,建立了区域地质灾害综合气象预警模型,实现了降雨引发地质灾害发生概率的动态预报。降雨观测和数值降雨预报作为模型的动态输入,利用信息量模型集成地学因子得到的总信息量作为模型的静态预报因子。预警模型在栅格点上预报降雨引发地质灾害的发生概率,并以等级形式发布预警。用2004年实际观测对预报进行检验,结果表明当年80%的灾害都达到了预警发布的标准。2006年汛期的业务运行对台风碧利斯引发的地质灾害做出了较准确的预报预警。说明模型能满足预警业务的要求,是提高地质灾害气象预警水平的有效途径。     

区域气象站降水资料在地质灾害预警中的应用

区域气象站所提供的降水资料,具有很高的时间和空间分辨率,是预警山洪地质灾害气象等级最为直接有效的手段.本文研究了2006～2008年区域气象观测降水与地质灾害发牛情况的关系,并根据地质灾害的类型、规模和影响范围,在建立相应的经验预报方程的基础上,提出了有针对性的方案和流程,为防范山洪地质灾害,提高防灾减灾能力服务.     

降雨型滑坡地质灾害预警预报研究进展

为了提高我国不同区域、不同气候条件下受降雨影响产生的滑坡地质灾害预警预报水平,通过对近30 a国内外降雨型滑坡地质灾害预警预报主要研究成果的回顾,总结其预警预报的相关方法和手段,重点分析了在降雨型滑坡地质灾害预警预报研究与业务中常用的三类方法(即数学统计分析法、理论模型评价法、数值模拟法)的优缺点与适用范围,以期为今后国内科研业务人员开展降雨型滑坡地质灾害预警预报研究和业务工作提供参考依据。     

降雨型地质灾害预报方法研究进展

开展降雨型地质灾害预报是减少灾害损失的有效方法。该文在讨论降雨型地质灾害预报相关概念的基础上,结合国内外已有的研究成果,系统总结了隐式统计模型、显式统计模型和动力模型等降雨型地质灾害预报模型的特点和适用条件。近几年区域降雨型地质灾害的预报技术研究有以下新特点:统计模型简单实用,目前已经由单一考虑降雨特征的第1代隐式统计模型,进一步发展为考虑地质、地貌等静态因子的显示统计模型;动力模型逐渐由基于垂直入渗理论的边坡稳定性模型开始向基于水土耦合机制的复杂预报模型发展;降雨型地质灾害业务预报预警的核心是地质灾害预报模型的本地化运行,我国已经基于统计模型搭建了服务于不同区域的业务预报预警系统。结合多源预报降雨资料,搭建基于水土耦合机制的降雨型地质灾害集合预报预警系统是未来可能的发展方向。     

河北省山区地质灾害气象预警系统

介绍了国内地质灾害预报预警方法研究及系统开发现状,阐述了河北省山区地质灾害气象预警系统的设计思路、系统构成、主要功能及特点.该系统利用河北省地质灾害区划信息、地理信息、气象观测和探测信息(稠密区域气象观测站降水、多种多普勒雷达产品、卫星云图、闪电定位等资料)、数值模式降水预报产品等,采用数理统计、天气动力学方法及计算机应用技术,可以方便快捷地生成预报预警产品.经2007年汛期业务应用证明,该地质灾害气象预警系统可以对地质灾害预报进行及时订正,减少空、漏报率.     

陕西降雨型地质灾害气象预报预警系统

基于降雨型地质灾害气象预报预警模型,采用自动气象站数据和乡镇雨量站降水数据作为实况基础资料,利用WRF(weather research and forecasting model,即天气预报模式)降水预报数据,计算综合雨量并得出降雨型地质灾害发生的等级。系统集成了数值预报精细化预报处理模块、自动气象站监测数据处理模块、乡镇降水量插值模块、地质灾害预报预警模型运算模块和预报预警结果展示模块,实现了数据自动化处理,运行稳定,建成之后发挥了较好的服务效益。     

秦巴山区地质灾害成因及预报预警

利用1955～2007年地质灾害与降水资料以及加密乡镇人工监测站、乡镇自动气象站、水文降水资料,分析秦巴山区地质灾害特点、形成机制、灾害发生与降水强度和降水持续时间的关系,用数理统计方法研究地质灾害不同易发区的临界降水指标,并结合气象部门现行精细化气象预报预警业务流程,研制了秦巴山区地质灾害精细化预报预警思路和制作流程,建成了自动运行的地质灾害预报预警业务系统。2008年应用取得较好的预报效果。     

陕西省地质灾害预报预警研究

地质灾害是陕西省较为严重的自然灾害之一，用近50a中陕西省地质灾害及降水资料分析了陕西省地质灾害分布规律。研究了气象条件与地质灾害发生的关系。发现强暴雨和连续降雨是造成地质灾害的主要诱因，确定了不同区域不同降雨日数诱发地质灾害的临界值，制定出不同区域1级至5级地质灾害预报预警标准，并介绍了省气象台开发的地质灾害预报预警系统。     

浙江省地质灾害气象预报模型研究

运用浙江省1950年以来的地质灾害个例,分类统计滑体性质、微地貌、原始坡高、原始坡度和滑体结构,计算灾害数量和灾害规模,并结合2008年实地考察获得的不稳定斜坡资料,通过归一化来划定浙江省地质灾害易发区,又将灾害发生时间划分成梅汛期和台汛期两大类型。对每一个类型,结合浙江省常规气象站点和中尺度雨量站资料,分别计算与地质灾害最近的气象观测点的当日雨量、前一日雨量以及连续雨日,利用拟合方法计算每日降水对灾害的贡献程度从而获得有效降雨量,根据地域气候特征计算每个气象站的各级预警临界值,从而划分地质灾害的预警级别,建立预报模型。最后对2010年梅汛期和台汛期的地质灾害进行预报检验,TS评分分别达到89.5%和75.7%。      

肇庆市地质灾害与降水的耦合特征及预报方法

利用1991-2003年肇庆市发生的21例地质灾害的当日和前期降水资料,研究前期累积降水、当日降水与不同地质环境的地质灾害的耦合关系,得出相对固定的全市地质灾害易发程度分区图,并根据逐日的降水预报按二维综合判别表得出地质灾害预警等级,对2006-2008年进行预报效果检验,准确率分别为83%、87.5%、91.7%.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on