广域实时精密定位与时间服务系统

广域实时精密定位与时间服务已成为GNSS应用领域研究热点,目前国内外学者围绕其模型算法已展开大量的研究。本文重点论述广域实时精密定位与时间服务数据的处理方法和服务系统,给出了基于不同基准约束的卫星钟差解算数学模型,提出通过引入外接原子钟测站、标准时间源(UTC/BDT)等不同时间基准,构建卫星拟稳基准、外接原子钟跟踪站拟稳基准及标准时间源等约束下的钟差解算模型,分析了时间基准对精密单点定位和精密单点授时的影响。本文采用实时卫星轨道、钟差、相位偏差、电离层延迟等服务产品及跟踪站实时数据,验证了系统产品可靠性及终端定位与时间服务性能。实测结果表明:GPS轨道径向精度1.8 cm,钟差STD精度约0.05 ns;BDS-3轨道径向精度6.7 cm,钟差STD精度优于0.1 ns;GPS和BDS-2电离层改正精度分别为0.74 TECU与1.03 TECU。基于该产品实现了用户端PPP、PPP-RTK及PPT、PPT-RTK服务,满足了用户实时厘米级定位和优于0.5 ns的单站时间传递服务,当采用GPS+BDS-2 PPP-RTK解算时,平面收敛至5 cm约需要12 min。     

GPS多站组网的亚纳秒实时时间比对算法

针对传统GPS PPP（precise point positioning）时间比对算法依赖精密星历产品、时间延迟较长和实时性差等问题，提出了一种多站组网实时时间比对算法。采用IGU超快速星历产品作为解算输入条件，利用多站联测增加多余观测，将测站钟差和卫星钟差作为未知数统一解算。实验结果表明，比对结果与IGS最终钟差的一致性达到了0.3 ns以内，比对结果的天频率稳定度优于2.5×10-15。     

一种卫星钟差异常实时监测算法

卫星钟差在精密定位中占有重要地位,应当对卫星钟差异常进行实时监测。本文在建立卫星钟差模型的基础上,提出了一种基于递推遗忘因子最小二乘算法(RFFLS)的卫星钟差异常实时监测算法,并利用IGS事后精密钟差产品,对比分析了RFFLS算法与最小二乘算法(LS)、遗忘因子最小二乘算法(FFLS)的卫星钟差预报精度、预报耗时和对卫星钟差异常的监测性能。实验结果表明,RFFLS算法计算时间仅为LS算法和FFLS算法的十分之一,且RFFLS算法钟差异常监测能力最优。该方法简便易行,应用灵活,在实时应用中具有明显优势。     

附加原子钟物理模型的PPP时间传递算法

传统精密单点定位(PPP)时间传递算法通常把接收机钟差当作相互独立的白噪声逐历元进行估计,而忽略了钟差参数历元间的相关性。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种附加原子钟物理模型的PPP时间传递算法。该算法通过利用Kalman滤波对高稳定度的原子钟钟差进行建模,拓展传统PPP时间传递模型中的接收机钟差参数,并给出了Kalman滤波过程噪声协方差和初始状态向量的确定方法。试验结果表明:该算法可以有效避免传统算法时间传递结果需要一定收敛时间的问题,使解算结果更加符合原子钟的物理特性,能够显著提高时间传递结果的精度和稳定性,可将单站时间传递精度平均提高58%,站间时间传递精度平均提高51%。     

基于区域CORS的实时精密卫星钟差估计研究

区域连续运行参考站网(CORS)的广泛建立,为实时精密单点定位(PPP)提供了良好的平台保证。根据区域参考站网络的特点,本文提出了基于星间单差与历元间差分相结合的卫星钟差估计组合模型,确定了基于组合模型的实时卫星钟差估计策略,结合卡尔曼滤波参数估计方法,实现了区域1s采样间隔的精密卫星钟差数据的生成。通过重庆CORS的数据验证,表明该模型实时绝对卫星钟差和相对卫星钟差的精度均优于0.2ns,与国际IGS各分析中心估计的卫星钟差精度相当,满足了卫星钟差实时性的要求。该计算方法不仅可以用于CORS网本区域而且还可以用于距离CORS区域达数百公里以外的地区进行实时定位,这对于实时精密单点定位技术的实现具有重要意义。     

北斗/GPS实时精密卫星钟差融合解算模型及精度分析

实时GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)技术必须使用实时的高精度卫星精密轨道和钟差。本文研究了精密卫星钟差融合解算模型及策略,并利用滤波算法实现了北斗/GPS实时精密卫星钟差融合估计算法。仿真实时试验结果显示:获得的北斗/GPS实时钟差与GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差(GBM)的标准差在0.15 ns左右;使用该钟差进行GPS动态PPP试验,收敛后水平精度优于5 cm,高程精度优于10 cm;使用仿真实时钟差进行的北斗动态PPP与使用GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差开展的试验相比精度相当,可实现分米级定位。     

利用GPS精密单点定位进行时间传递精度分析

利用静态精密单点定位技术(PPP),分别采用IGS5min和30s间隔的精密卫星钟差产品进行单站时间传递实验。实验结果表明,无论是利用5min间隔的卫星钟差产品,还是利用30s间隔的卫星钟差产品,静态PPP都可以实现0.1～0.2ns的时间传递以及半天内稳定度达到1×10-15～2×10-15的频率传递。在短期内,相比于5min间隔的卫星钟差产品,利用30s间隔的卫星钟差产品能较明显地提高静态PPP钟差解所体现的频率稳定度,PPP钟差解的精度略有提高;在长期内,使用这两种钟差产品获得的PPP钟差解的精度及其所体现的频率稳定度相当。     

卫星共视法中Sagnac效应的计算

一、引言卫星共视法时问比对的基本原理如图1所示：两个共视观测站选择共视跟踪时间和跟踪卫星，并在选好的时问内进行跟踪观测，从而测得本地钟与卫星钟之间的时差，经过一系列改正后就得到本地钟与系统时间的钟差。最后，两站间求差就能获得站问高精度的相对钟差，从而实现两站间的时间同步。     

一种基于IGS超快星历的区域性实时精密单点定位方法

实时GPS精密单点定位需要实时的卫星轨道和钟差产品,为此提出一种利用区域GPS连续运行参考站和IGS发布的IGU超快轨道进行实时精密单点定位的方法.该方法首先利用连续运行参考站观测数据与IGU超快轨道预报部分进行实时GPS卫星钟差的估计,然后利用估计得到的实时GPS卫星钟差产品和IGU超快轨道预报部分,进行用户GPS接...     

GPS卫星钟差改正数实时预报算法

实时卫星钟差（satellite clock bias,SCB）的获取是实时精密单点定位（real-time precise point positioning,RTPPP）需要解决的关键问题。给出了国际GNSS服务（International GNSS Service,IGS）所提供的实时服务（real-time service,RTS）钟差产品的修复方法,分析了IGS02、IGS03实时数据流中GPS卫星钟差改正数的稳定性及其精度。同时,从原理上推导证明了钟差一次差分数据符合一次多项式模型,并结合对GPS卫星钟差改正数的分析提出了一种基于一次差分的钟差改正数预报算法,通过与一次多项式模型、二次多项式模型以及灰色模型的预报精度进行对比试验,结果表明,该钟差改正数预报算法预报精度有明显提高,预报30 s的精度达到0.06 ns,可满足实时精密单点定位的要求。     

Real-time clock offset prediction with an improved model

The GPS orbit precision of the IGS ultra-rapid predicted (IGU-P) products has been remarkably improved since 2007. However, the satellite clock offsets of the IGU-P products have not shown sufficient high-quality prediction to achieve sub-decimeter precision in real-time precise point positioning (RTPPP), being at the level of 1–3 ns (30–90 cm) RMS in recent years. An improved prediction model for satellite clocks is proposed in order to enhance the precision of predicted clock offsets. First, the proposed prediction model adds a few cyclic terms to absorb the periodic effects, and a time adaptive function is used to adjust the weight of the observation in the prediction model. Second, initial deviations of the predictions are reduced by using a recomputed constant term. The simulation results have shown that the proposed prediction model can give a better performance than the IGU-P clock products and can achieve precision better than 0.55 ns (16.5 cm) in real-time predictions. In addition, the RTPPP method was chosen to test the efficiency of the new model for real-time static and kinematic positioning. The numerical examples using the data set of 140 IGS stations show that the static RTPPP precision based on the proposed clock model has been improved about 22.8 and 41.5 % in the east and height components compared to the IGU-P clock products, while the precisions in the north components are the equal. The kinematic example using three IGS stations shows that the kinematic RTPPP precision based on the proposed clock model has improved about 30, 72 and 44 % in the east, north and height components.     

Method for evaluating real-time GNSS satellite clock offset products

Real-time satellite clock offset products are frequently utilized in navigation and positioning service fields. The precision of such products is a key issue for their application. The evaluation methods existed for satellite clock offset products are mostly based on post-processed satellite clock offset solutions, which will encounter problems in real-time product evaluation, especially for real-time satellite clock offset products estimated from data with regional stations only. We propose an improved evaluation method for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) satellite clock offset products. In the proposed method, we use all-satellite reference method instead of single-satellite reference method to eliminate the timescale in satellite clock offset products. Moreover, a preprocessing step is suggested to detect gross errors and initial clock bias before evaluating the precision of the satellite clock offsets. We conduct two examples to verify our method, and the experimental results show that the proposed method is more reasonable in assessing the GNSS satellite clock offset precision, and it also provides a reliable approach to analyzing the estimated satellite clock offset in both real-time and post-processed, or globally and regionally.     

多星定轨条件下北斗卫星钟差的周期性变化

基于地面监测网的多星精密定轨可以同时解算出北斗卫星轨道和卫星钟差。由于轨道和钟差的耦合影响,卫星钟差时序难免会出现周期性波动。此外,受限于目前并不完善的北斗全球监测网络分布、系统导航文件缺失以及定轨后处理软件的设置问题,3类卫星的钟差均存在大量数据间断问题。本文利用适用于间断数据的谱分析方法,对多星定轨条件下的北斗卫星钟差数据进行了周期项提取,并利用周期项改进后的钟差预报模型评估了24h以内的预报精度。基于近一年的数据分析表明,北斗GEO卫星钟差3个主周期依次为12、24和8h,IGSO卫星钟差的3个主周期依次为24、12和8h,而MEO卫星钟差的3个主周期依次为12.91、6.44和24h。与改进前相比,周期项改进后的钟差预报模型将北斗卫星钟差在24h以内的预报精度提高了20%~40%。     

A modified mix-differenced approach for estimating multi-GNSS real-time satellite clock offsets

A modified mixed-differenced approach for estimating multi-GNSS real-time clock offsets is presented. This approach, as compared to the earlier presented mixed-differenced approach which uses epoch-differenced and undifferenced observations, further adds a satellite-differenced process. The proposed approach, based on real-time orbit products and a mix of epoch-differenced and satellite-differenced observations to estimate only satellite clock offsets and tropospheric zenith wet delays, has fewer estimated parameters than other approaches, and thus its implementing procedure is efficient and can be performed and extended easily. To obtain high accuracy, the approach involves three steps. First, the high-accuracy tropospheric zenith wet delay of each station is estimated using mixed-differenced carrier phase observations. Second, satellite clock offset changes between adjacent epochs are estimated using also mixed-differenced carrier phase observations. Third, the satellite clock offsets at the initial epoch are estimated using satellite-differenced pseudorange observations. Finally, the initial epoch clock results and clock offset changes are concatenated to obtain the clock results of the current epoch. To validate the real-time satellite clock results, multi-GNSS post-processing clock products from IGS ACs were selected for comparison. From the comparison, the standard deviations of the GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo systems clock results are approximately 0.1–0.4 ns, except for the BeiDou GEO satellites. The root mean squares are about 0.4–2.3 ns, which are similar to those of other international real-time products. When the clock estimates were assessed based on a pseudo-kinematic PPP procedure, the positioning accuracies in the East, North and Up components reach 5.6, 5.5 and 7.6 cm, respectively, which meet the centimeter level and are comparable to the application of other products.     

实时精密单点定位的远海实时GPS潮汐观测

针对IGS实时数据流产品,该文开展了实时精密单点定位技术在远海实时GPS验潮中的应用研究。对RTS改正的实时精密卫星轨道和钟差进行了精度验证和分析,给出了实时精密单点定位的数据处理策略以及实时GPS验潮的基本流程;组织和实施了渤海湾船载GPS验潮试验,以压力式验潮仪数据为参考,对远距离实时GPS潮汐测量结果进行了精度分析。结果表明:以IGS最终卫星轨道和钟差产品为参考,实时数据流产品实时精密卫星轨道在X、Y、Z方向的精度均优于3cm,卫星钟差的精度优于0.15ns;采用傅里叶低通滤波方法,消除波浪对潮汐观测的影响,进一步提取潮位信息。在忽略船体姿态改正的情况下,实时精密单点定位验潮相对于压力式验潮仪结果的最大偏差优于20cm,RMS达到7.5cm。     

BDS卫星实时钟差估计

随着无人驾驶等高新技术的快速发展，实时精密单点定位在GNSS领域中受到越来越多的关注。研究实时卫星钟差的获取和实时定位精度具有较大的现实意义，本文为研究耦合BDS卫星轨道、钟差产品对定位精度的影响，采用不同精度的轨道产品实时获取卫星钟差。分析了卫星钟差误差与轨道误差之间的相关性及钟差对轨道误差的吸收能力，发现卫星钟差能够吸收95%以上的轨道径向误差和部分切线误差，在一定程度上弥补了轨道误差引起的定位误差。采用耦合的卫星轨道、钟差产品，单BDS系统定位精度可达到分米级的定位结果。     

An approach to GPS clock prediction for real-time PPP during outages of RTS stream

The international GNSS service (IGS) has been providing an open-access real-time service (RTS) since 2013, which allows users to carry out real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP). As the availability of RTS products is vital for RT-PPP, a disruption in receiving RTS products will be a concern. Currently, the IGS Ultra-rapid (IGU) orbit is accurate enough to be used as an alternative orbit for RTS during RTS outages, while the precision of the IGU predicted clock offsets is far below that of the RTS clock product. The existing clock prediction methods based on received RTS clock data will not work well if the discontinuity arises shortly after the start of the RT-PPP processing due to the lack of RTS clock data to fit the prediction model or to predict clock offsets at a high precision. Even if there is a sufficient amount of RTS clock data available, saving large amounts of RTS clock data would also use processor memory. An alternate approach for GPS clock prediction is proposed. The prediction model, composed of linear polynomial and sinusoidal terms, is similar to those used by the precious methods. The main innovation is the determination of the model coefficients: coefficients of linear and sinusoidal terms are estimated with the epoch-differenced clock offsets from the IGU observed part, while the constant coefficient is computed with the latest RTS clock corrections. There is no need to save the received RTS clock corrections, and clock prediction can be carried out even with only one epoch of RTS data. Evaluation of the proposed method shows that the predicted clock offsets within a short period of prediction time, e.g., 5 min, are slightly worse than RTS clock data. Even when the predicted time reaches up to 1 h, the precision of the predicted clock offsets is still higher than that of IGU predicted clock offsets by about 50%.     

远海实时GPS潮汐的实时精密单点定位观测

针对传统事后精密单点定位技术的时间延迟问题,该文基于IGS RTS实时数据流产品,开展了实时精密单点定位技术在远海实时GPS验潮中的应用研究.对RTS改正的实时精密卫星轨道和钟差进行了精度验证和分析,给出了RT-PPP的数据处理策略以及实时GPS验潮的基本流程;组织和实施了渤海湾船载GPS验潮试验,以压力式验潮仪数据为参考,对远距离实时GPS潮汐测量结果进行了精度分析.结果表明:①以IGS最终卫星轨道和钟差产品为参考,RTS实时精密卫星轨道在X、y、Z方向的精度(RMS)均优于3 cm,卫星钟差的精度优于0.15 ns;②采用傅里叶低通滤波方法,消除波浪对潮汐观测的影响,进一步提取潮位信息.在忽略船体姿态改正的情况下,实时精密单点定位验潮相对于压力式验潮仪结果的最大偏差优于20 cm,RMS达到7.5 cm.     

BDS/GPS实时钟差估计中ISB分析与函数模型设计

实时钟差产品是高精度广域差分位置服务（亚米级、分米级、厘米级）的基础产品,通过研究BDS/GPS融合的ISB,研究了各类型接收机BDS GEO/IGSO/MEO ISB差异,提出了在BDS/GPS联合的实时钟差估计中引入3个ISB参数的函数模型,在此基础上基于非差法实现了BDS/GPS联合的实时钟差估计。采用MGEX和湖南CORS实时观测数据进行了实时钟差解算,利用iGMAS产品综合中心提供的事后精密钟差产品作为基准,对比分析了新方法与原有方法的实时钟差产品的精度差异。结果表明,该方法与原方法估计的GPS钟差精度相当,对BDS实时钟差精度改进显著,尤其对BDS IGSO/MEO卫星,改进幅度在20%以上,验证了算法的有效性。