Acacia mearnsii management in a South African National Parks:SWOT analysis using hot topics in biological invasion as a guide

The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances the efficacy of IAS control. The aim of this study is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the policy framework guiding the control of the spreading of Acacia mearnsii and other IAS in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa,as well as the implementation of restorative measures in the park and adjacent communities in line with the recommendations of the Convention on Biodiversity. A comparative analysis of this framework and the hierarchical framework that was developed during the European Union Conference on Freshwater Invasives- Networking for Strategy in 2013 is undertaken. The results indicate the need to strengthen parkcommunity relations,upgrade existing legislation,and boost the technical capacity of South African national parks to identify,detect,monitor and predict IAS invasions,both within the parks and their surroundings. This knowledge is important for developing future policies on IAS control in South Africa.     

SWOT宽刈幅干涉测高卫星数值模拟：以南海海平面变化监测为例

以中国南海及周边区域为例,利用ECCO2海洋模式数据模拟的SWOT观测数据评估SWOT的海平面长期观测能力。分析SWOT模拟误差表明,相位误差和横滚误差占主导,并且距离星下点越远误差越大。通过空间平滑对模拟的误差进行消除,南海地区SWOT的观测与海洋模式真值的均方根误差从4 cm降低到2 cm。对SWOT的观测和海洋模式信号进行分析发现,SWOT观测误差的空间分布基本呈南北条带状,这主要受卫星宽刈幅沿轨观测方式的影响,与海平面变化信号强度无关。进一步提取SWOT一条轨迹进行滤波和10 km×10 km网格插值,结果表明,2 km空间分辨率的地转流估计结果受噪声影响较大,而10 km分辨率结果更接近真值。     

基于Hofstede数据的国家间文化亲疏程度测度与全球文化圈划分

文化对世界格局的塑造是无形却深远的。当前研究中鲜有基于地理空间视角、应用计量方法探索国家文化差异并刻画全球文化空间格局规律。为此,本研究构建了基于欧氏几何距离的文化亲疏程度测算方法,利用Hofstede国别文化属性数据测度了国家间文化亲疏程度分值;继而以此分值构建网络矩阵,分别应用社区探索算法和基于“子群内外关系”的凝聚子群分析方法识别出各国因文化亲疏差异而结成的若干文化集团,综合2种结果,命名全球文化圈类型并分析其空间格局。结果显示：① 全球存在盎格鲁-撒克逊文化圈、北欧文化圈、大陆欧洲文化圈、拉丁文化圈、东正教文化圈、西非-加勒比文化圈、伊斯兰教文化圈、泛亚文化圈8个文化圈,其中盎格鲁-撒克逊文化圈、北欧文化圈、大陆欧洲文化圈、拉丁文化圈关联较为紧密,组成泛欧美大文化圈;② 中国与其他国家文化亲疏度存在一定程度上的由近及远分布特征：周边亚洲国家与中国最为亲密,少数高加索、巴尔干半岛和撒哈拉以南非洲国家也与中国较为亲密;亲疏不明显的国家广泛分布在中间地带,包括西亚、北非、中东欧,以及撒哈拉以南非洲和南美洲少数国家;较为疏远的国家主要分布在北欧、西欧、北美、大洋洲地区,在撒哈拉以南非洲以及南美洲亦有分布,最为疏远的区域是北欧。     

马来西亚在南海的战略利益分析

采用实证分析法,分析了对马来西亚南海战略利益及政策,认为马来西亚南海政策具有较为明显的务实性、矛盾性、两面性特点,未来具有解决南海问题多边化、国际化的趋向,我国对此发展趋向应予以高度重视。     

全球恐怖袭击事件时空演变与态势分析

恐怖主义具有极大的破坏性与杀伤力,已成为世界和平与安全的最大威胁之一。本文以全球恐怖主义数据库（GTD）为基础,采用伤亡人数的热点分析以及各区域事件频次的层次聚类方法,对全球恐怖主义袭击事件的时空演变特征与态势进行分析研究,探讨了2013-2017年内全球高伤亡率热点区域的空间分布与变化,并对不同地区的袭击频次进行统计并划分了事发率严重等级。研究表明：① 5年内,伤亡人数在2014年为最高达103 134人,而后逐年递减的趋势;袭击频次呈现一种锯齿状为“猖狂-治理-收敛-不治理-再次猖狂”的模式;② 中东及北非地区是恐怖主义袭击的严重区与策源地,也是高伤亡率的热点区域,平均每年伤亡人数约占全球的49%,事件发生频次约占40%,而南亚伤亡人数约占22.8%,袭击频次约31.1%,撒哈拉以南的非洲地区次之,东南亚及西欧、东欧、南美地区也为恐怖主义的暴动区域;③ 全球恐怖主义的时空演变趋势已形成以中东及北非地区以及与撒哈拉以南的非洲交界区域为爆发中心,逐渐向南亚、东南亚、西欧地区扩散的趋势,为新的恐怖主义活跃区。通过对5年内全球恐怖主义的时空演变和态势,以及造成恐怖主义发生的原因进行分析,可为反恐组织以及避免袭击事件的发生提供有效的参考和决策辅助。     

南非地理信息标准化综述

本文对南非地理信息标准的特点,标准化机构的发展历程,现有的地理信息标准作了介绍,对其中的南非地理空间数据字典作了着重描述,包括数据字典产生的背景,数据字典的内容与特点,以及数据字典的意义。     

水土质量调查评价与人群健康关系的融合路径研究

为有效支撑健康中国行动,我国正在探索开展健康地质调查,但受制于对健康地质概念的理解,统一的工作思路和技术方法还未形成,制约了此项工作在全国的推广。采用文献研究、定性分析及对比分析等方法,综述了国内外水土质量调查评价与地方病防治的最新研究成果,特别关注了在中国分布较广、影响较大的氟中毒、砷中毒、甲状腺肿(包括克汀病)、大骨节病和克山病等地方病的研究思路与最新进展。研究认为:健康地质调查与传统地质调查的最大区别是以影响人群健康的水土质量为核心指标,加强水岩相互作用研究方法和地下水流系统的运用,强化分析元素物质在岩-土-水-气-生地球表层圈层的迁移转化及暴露途径,坚持地球系统科学和生命科学相结合、岩水土气生等多要素系统监测与单因素优势观测相结合、地质环境与人群健康指标调查监测相结合、区域全面调查与典型案列分析相结合的工作思路,有序推进健康地质调查、监测、评价、区划、智慧服务等工作任务,部署开展保障安全供水、提供健康饮水、开发优质水和圈定劣质地块、开发优质耕地、规划有益元素产业园等核心内容,按照区域面上控制、流域精细刻画、村镇监测重点解剖、点上工程示范探索4个尺度,系统开展水土质量本底调查、资源属性分析和社会价值评估,构建水土质量与人群健康关系概念框架,筛选人群健康关键因素的管控阈值,从而满足人群对安全、公平、幸福、文化、可持续等健康需求。研究成果明确了当前健康地质调查的核心任务与主要方向,可为这一尚处于探索阶段工作的推广部署提供决策参考。      

Compatible taper and stem volume equations for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix kaempferi</Emphasis> (Japanese larch) species of South Korea

In this study, compatible taper and stem volume equations were developed for Larix kaempferi species of South Korea. The dataset was split into two groups: 80% of the data were used in model fitting and the remaining 20% were used for validation. The compatible MB76 equations were used to predict the diameter outside bark to a specific height, the height to a specific diameter and the stem volume of the species. The result of the stem volume analysis was compared with the existing stem volume model of Larix kaempferi species of South Korea which was developed by the Korea Forest Research Institute and with a simple volume model that was developed with fitting dataset in this study. The compatible model provided accurate prediction of the total stem volume when compared to the existing stem volume model and with a simple volume model. It is concluded that the compatible taper and stem volume equations are more convenient to use and therefore it is recommended to be applied in the Larix kaempferi species of South Korea.     

Performance of Weibull function as a diameter distribution model for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> stands in the eastern coast of South Korea

This study was carried out to determine the performance of percentile-based Weibull diameter distribution model for Pinus thunbergii stands thriving along the eastern coast of South Korea. The parameter recovery technique was used to estimate the three parameters of the Weibull model. The analysis demonstrated satisfactory results based on the following test statistics for the principal percentile models: fit index (FI) range from 0.501 (minimum diameter) to 0.932 (50th diameter percentiles) and root mean square error (RMSE) range from 0.112 (quadratic mean diameter) to 3.572 (minimum diameter). The developed model was further evaluated by determining the mean bias (ē) in trees per ha (TPH) for each diameter class, and the results showed highest over-prediction in the 20 cm, and under-prediction in the 16 cm and 24 cm diameter classes. The goodness of fit tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between the observed and predicted diameter distributions for almost all plots. Using site index and aboveground biomass (AGB) models developed for P. thunbergii in South Korea, a model to predict the AGB per ha for each diameter class and subsequently the total AGB of the stand was created. An application guide was also created, which will serve as a decision-support tool for forest managers in quantifying the future total AGB in P. thunbergii stands located in the eastern coast of South Korea and, subsequently, the quantification of potential carbon stocks aside from being a vital input in designing efficient management and protection strategies for these stands.     

USERS′ PERCEPTION OF KOWLOON PARK, HONG KONG： VISITING PATTERNS AND SCENIC ASPECTS

Hong Kong is a hyper-dense city with 7×10⁶ people living in an area of 1100km². One way to improve the livability of compacted and congested cities like Hong Kong is through the provision of urban parks, an aspect that has largely been under-researched. This study focuses on how users perceive and utilize various facilities in the Kowloon Park. The findings revealed that the Kowloon Park is one of the most preferred parks in Hong Kong for both local residents and tourists. Users were quite satisfied with the park’s facilities. Notably, the most important component of an urban park is its greenery. This is followed by water elements, seating places, and facilities for various recreational activities. The improvements users would like to see in urban parks include good design and management, meeting users’ needs, overcoming barriers to use, and providing a high quality and varied experience for different groups in the community. The findings of this study provide a good basis to address park management issues from the users’ perspective. In particular, parks should provide easy access, encourage optimum usage and enable complimentary improvements to the environment. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Germany-Hong Kong Joint Research Scheme (No.GER/99-00/01) and the Faculty Research Grant of the Hong Kong Baptist University (No.FRG/00-01/I-38) Biography: WONG Koon-kwai (1950—), male, a native of Guangdong Province, Ph.D., associate professor, specialized in the analysis of human-environment interaction. E-mail: kenwong@hkbu.edu.hk     

Utilization and sustainable development of island mountains in China

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Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT) for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park,SW Poland

National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC) of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP) in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT) and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor's motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.     

An algorithm to detect tropical deep convective clouds through AMSU-B water vapor channels

An algorithm to detect tropical deep convective clouds and deep convective overshootings based on the measurements from the three water vapor channels (183.3GHz±1 GHz, 183.3GHz±3GHz and 183.3GHz±7GHz) of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) is presented. This algorithm is an improved version of the method of Hong et al. (2005). The proposed procedure is based on the statistical analysis of seven years'(2001-2007) measurements from AMSU-B on NOAA-16 From the 1-d histograms of the brightness temperature of the three water vapor channels and the 2-d tustograms of the brightness temperature dif-ference between these channels, new thresholds for brightness temperature differences and the brightness temperature of channel 18 (183.3 GHz±1 GHz) are suggested. The new algorithm is employed to investigate the mean distribution of tropical deep convective clouds and convective overshootings from 30°S to 30°N for the years 2001 to 2007. The major concentration of deep convective clouds and convective overshootings is found over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), tropical Africa, South America, the Indian Ocean and Indonesia with an average fraction of 0.4%. In terms of these clouds we identify the secondary Intertropical Convergence Zone located in the eastern South Pacific and parallel to the main ITCZ in the North Pacific. The convective overshooting is more frequently observed over land than over the ocean.     

评《圣殿》对哥特罗曼司的戏仿

福克纳的长篇名著《圣殿》以其浓厚的哥特成分而招致过不少非议,从“戏仿”这一概念视角,在哥特传统这一框架中重读该作品,通过文本对照和文本细读,从主题、情节、人物塑造和背景四个方面探讨了福克纳对哥特罗曼司中的道德教化、暴力、死亡、恶棍—英雄、牺牲品—贞女以及古城堡所进行的借鉴和改造。证明作者绝非机械地模仿哥特罗曼司,也并非为挣钱而哗众取宠,而是藉“仿”而造新“戏”,以暴露现代南方社会的灵魂堕落及其种种历史恶疾,这使得他成为一个超越地域限制的南方文学大家。     

南海历史地理争端空间分布与关联性研究

南海占我国海洋国土的2/3,不仅是中国国家安全的天然屏障和重要的出海口与战略通道,而且是我国未来重要的能源接续区与资源基地、地缘政治经济问题的多发区。对南海争端发展态势进行空间分布与关联性GIS分析,是重要的辅助决策支持。结果表明：（1）文献研究和网络爬虫等方法可以快速有效地获取南海争端历史地理数据,GIS技术能够对南海争端历史地理数据进行时空变化的深入分析;（2）就争端事件的时间分布而言,事件数量随时间推进呈现显著增长,个别发生重大南海争端事件的年份出现突增的现象;（3）就争端事件的空间分布而言,与越南及菲律宾相关的南海争端事件尤甚,其他周边国家则相对较少,这主要源于越菲两国的战略利益与南海所在区域交叠,使得越菲不断挑起事端;（4）越南、菲律宾与马来西亚等国的利益诉求区主要位于南沙群岛,各国诉求区分布明确,局部交错。网络GIS技术丰富了历史地理研究的途径,为其提供了新的思路和方法。     

基于微博大数据的北京市流动人口情绪与职住分布的关系研究

流动人口的职住情绪能够反映其工作与生活状态。本研究首先基于2017年北京市微博大数据,利用jieba分词结合人工筛选得到流动人口发布的微博文本;其次,对Roberta-wwm-ext-large模型进行迁移学习识别北京全人群与流动人口的微博情绪;然后,结合POI数据与微博发布时间得到流动人口的职住分布;最后,基于微博情绪与职住分布得到流动人口的职住情绪,利用Getis-Ord Gi*挖掘职住情绪的空间聚集模式,采用地理探测器分析影响职住情绪热点分布的因素。实验表明,北京流动人口情绪均值（0.56）稍低于北京全人群（0.57）（P<0.01）,但整体表现为积极;从空间分布来看,流动人口在东、西城区情绪均衡,西北部科技创新区情绪相对于流动人口情绪均值较为低落,而东南部中心商务区、文化交流区及国际化社区情绪较高涨;从情绪与职住的关系来看,流动人口的工作情绪与从事的工作类型有关（q=0.03,P<0.05）,高新技术产业园、工业园、物流产业园的流动人口从业人员的工作情绪相对于流动人口工作情绪均值较为消极,健康产业园、文化创意产业园、农业园的流动人口从业人员的工作情绪较积极;流动人口的居住情绪与居住环境有关（q=0.06,P<0.1）,居住在远郊区的流动人口情绪相对于流动人口居住情绪均值较为消极,居住在近郊高密度的流动人口情绪较为积极。因此,相关部门应重点关注从事高新技术产业、工业、物流产业的流动人口以及居住在远郊区的流动人口。     

Recreational potential as an indicator of accessibility control in protected mountain forest areas

The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks(Bieszczady National Park, Babia Góra National Park, Gorce National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland) and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as manhour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park(BG: 19o 35' E, 49o 35' N) to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park(B: 22o 40' E, 49o 10' N). In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park(M: 21°25' E, 49o 30' N), Gorce National Park(G: 20o10' E, 49o 35' N), B) recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%,or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic,and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.     

基于ACE的海量三维空间数据通信研究

三维可视化已成GIS发展的潮流,这必然会导致空间数据量的激增,通过集群系统和并行数据库系统可以很方便地解决海量数据的存储管理问题。但是,在海量环境下,一般数据库管理系统提供的查询接口,仍然难以满足实时三维场景可视化的速度需求。因此研究C/S模式下海量三维空间数据的高效调度成为三维GIS发展亟须突破的难点。在数据库服务器端和客户端之间加上应用服务器端,提供数据缓存、预调度等功能,减少服务器端磁盘I/O所带来的时间消耗,可以明显加速数据调度。本文系统分析了这种客户端/应用服务器端/数据服务器端模式下三维空间数据通信的难点和主要设计挑战,并针对三维GIS的数据访问特征,设计了一套能满足三维GIS实时调度的通信应用层协议。以ACE中前摄器框架为基础,结合线程池技术提出分层策略,搭建了海量三维空间数据的通信架构,它是一种面向对象的构架,可以方便地进行功能的定制和扩展。     

Utilization and sustainable development of island mountains in China

The island mountain utilization is a kind of mountain utilization. Although the islands cover little area, they can be used as the base of marine development. The sustainable development of island mountains is of significance to marine development. There are more than 6500 islands (including the South China Sea Islets) in China, and most of them are continental islands which are the extension of continental mountains extent towards sea. For this reason, there are many hills but few mountains, the area of hills makes up more than two thirds of the whole land area. In order to keep ecological balance of islands, the utilization of island hills and mountains should take exploitation of forests as the main to conserve water source and water-soil, and forests become an important factor in keeping ecological balance and sustainable development of islands. At the same time we should make good use of forests through setting up forest nature protecting area and forest parks and developing forest tourism. A part of research achievements of the project subsidized by National Natural Science Foundation (No. 49171026).     

Uses of invasive alien plant species in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary of Bangladesh

An exploratory survey was conducted on the uses and role of invasive alien species(IAS) to local livelihoods in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in the northeastern hilly region of Bangladesh.Vegetation was sampled in 50 quadrates,each 10 m×10 m,and 25 line transects,each 50 m×20 m,through a combination of random and systematic sampling.Group discussions were also arranged with fifty local inhabitants(17 % of the total inhabitants) to learn the various uses of IAS.A total of 17 alien plant species belonging to 10 different families,of which Leguminosae constitutes the highest number(5 species),include tree(53%) followed by herb(12%),shrub(12%) and others(weed,climber and palm).The majority of the identified species were found to be used for fuel,followed by timber production,medicinal or curative uses,fodder,and many others.In addition to providing various forest products,alien tree species planted in forest plantation help provide many vital ecosystem services such as soil amelioration through nitrogen fixation.It is true that the alien species have some negative impacts on local ecosystems,and not all of them are harmful.Therefore,a national programme must be initiated to distinguish the harmful from the harmless species and to identify the uses and impacts of the former and latter.