Remote sensing of aerosols over the Solar Village, Saudi Arabia

Aerosol optical properties over Solar Village, Saudi Arabia have been studied using ground-based remote sensing observations through the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Our analysis covered 8 recorded years of aerosol measurements, starting from February 1999 through January 2007. The seasonal mean values of aerosol optical thickness (AOT), the Ångström wavelength exponent α and the surface wind speed (V), exhibit a one year cyclical pattern. Seasonal variations are clearly found in the shape and magnitude of the volume size distribution (VSD) of the coarse size mode due to dust emission. The Spring is characterized by dusty aerosols as the modal value of the exponent α was low ~ 0.25 while that of AOT was high ~ 0.3. The modal value of wind speed was the highest ~ 3.6 m/s in spring. The increase in wind speed is responsible for increasing the concentration of dust particles during Spring. Spring of 2003 has the highest mean values of AOT, V and VSD and the lowest mean value for the exponent α. The seasonal mean values of the exponent α are anticorrelated with those of the wind speed (r = − 0.63). The annual mean values of the exponent α are well correlated (r = 0.77) with those of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of temperature ΔT. They are anticorrelated (r = − 0.74) with the annual mean values of the relative humidity. Large aerosol particles and high relative humidity increase the radiative forcing. This results in reduction of the values of the temperature difference ΔT.     

Models for obtaining daily global solar irradiation from air temperature data

The study presents a critical assessment of the possibility of global solar irradiation computation by using air temperature instead of sunshine duration with the classical Ångström equations. The reason for this approach comes from the fact that, although the air temperature is a worldwide measured meteorological parameter, this is rarely used in solar radiation estimation techniques. More than that, the literature is very silent concerning the testing of such models in Eastern Europe. Two new global solar irradiation models (to be called AEAT) related to solar irradiation under clear sky conditions and having the minimum and maximum daily air temperature as input parameters were tested and compared with others from the literature against data measured at five stations in Romania in the year 2000. The accuracy of AEAT is acceptable and comparable to that of the models which use sunshine duration or cloud amount as input parameters. Since temperature-based Ångström correlations are strongly sensitive to origin, the approach for AEAT as a tool for potential users is presented in detail. Additionally reported is a new method to increase the generality of AEAT concerning the extension of the geographical application area. Based on overall results it was concluded that air temperature successfully substitutes sunshine duration in the estimation of the available solar energy.     

南海北部海域气溶胶光学厚度研究

气溶胶光学厚度是大气校正所需要的重要参数.利用2006年9月7~30日中科院南海海洋研究所公开航次的多波段太阳光度计资料,得到了南海北部海域的气溶胶光学厚度.分析结果表明,南海北部海域气溶胶光学厚度在一天内的变化非常明显,最小值可达0.1(870 nm),最大值为0.9(440 nm),而日平均气溶胶光学厚度在0.2~0.6之间.结合同步观测气象数据,发现从陆地方向吹来的风,当风速达4 m/s,对气溶胶的光学厚度有非常明显的影响,而从大洋方向吹来的风,对气溶胶的光学厚度影响不明显.     

Microphysical, chemical and optical aerosol properties in the Baltic Sea region

The microphysical structure, chemical composition and prehistory of aerosol are related to the aerosol optical properties and radiative effect in the UV spectral range. The aim of this work is the statistical mapping of typical aerosol scenarios and adjustment of regional aerosol parameters. The investigation is based on the in situ measurements in Preila (55.55° N, 21.00° E), Lithuania, and the AERONET data from the Gustav Dalen Tower (58 N, 17 E), Sweden.Clustering of multiple characteristics enabled to distinguish three aerosol types for clear-sky periods: 1) clean maritime–continental aerosol; 2) moderately polluted maritime–continental aerosol; 3) polluted continental aerosol. Differences between these types are due to significant differences in aerosol number and volume concentration, effective radius of volume distribution, content of SO₄⁻ ions and Black Carbon, as well as different vertical profiles of atmospheric relative humidity. The UV extinction, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångstrom coefficient α increased with the increasing pollution. The value α = 1.96 was observed in the polluted continental aerosol that has passed over central and eastern Europe and southern Russia. Reduction of the clear-sky UV index against the aerosol-free atmosphere was of 4.5%, 27% and 41% for the aerosol types 1, 2 and 3, respectively.     

黑龙江省龙凤山区域大气本底站气溶胶光学特征分析

利用2010—2020年黑龙江省龙凤山区域大气本底站气溶胶光学特性长期观测资料, 分析并探讨了背景地区气溶胶光学厚度、波长指数、单次散射反照率、粒子体积谱分布以及气溶胶直接辐射强迫效应的变化特征。结果表明: 龙凤山区域气溶胶光学厚度最高值出现在7月, 平均值为0.67;最小值出现在12月、1月和2月, 平均值分别为0.17、0.02和0.18;气溶胶光学厚度在17时达到最高值为0.39。气溶胶波长指数在4—5月最低, 平均值分别为1.20和1.21;12月最高, 平均值为1.74;波长指数在12时达到峰值, 为1.44。单次散射反照率最低值分别出现在4月、8月和10月, 平均值分别为0.84、0.82和0.84;气溶胶单次散射反照率在12时出现峰值, 为0.95。龙凤山区域春季气溶胶粗粒子体积分数最高值出现在5月, 为0.04 μm³·μm^-2, 有效半径为3.85 μm; 夏季气溶胶细粒子体积分数最高值出现在7月, 为0.06 μm³·μm^-2, 有效半径为0.19 μm; 秋冬季龙凤山背景地区气溶胶细粒子和粗粒子体积分数均进一步减小。龙凤山区域地面和大气层顶气溶胶直接辐射强迫最高值均出现在7月, 分别为-94.44 W·m^-2和-22.33 W·m^-2。     

Optical and radiative properties of aerosols during a severe haze episode over the North China Plain in December 2016

The optical and radiative properties of aerosols during a severe haze episode from 15 to 22 December 2016 over Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Jiaozuo in the North China Plain were analyzed based on the ground-based and satellite data, meteorological observations, and atmospheric environmental monitoring data. The aerosol optical depth at 500 nm was < 0.30 and increased to > 1.4 as the haze pollution developed. The Ångström exponent was > 0.80 for most of the study period. The daily single-scattering albedo was > 0.85 over all of the North China Plain on the most polluted days and was > 0.97 on some particular days. The volumes of fine and coarse mode particles during the haze event were approximately 0.05–0.21 and 0.01–0.43 μm³, respectively—that is, larger than those in the time without haze. The daily absorption aerosol optical depth was about 0.01–0.11 in Beijing, 0.01–0.13 in Shijiazhuang, and 0.01–0.04 in Jiaozuo, and the average absorption Ångström exponent varied between 0.6 and 2.0. The aerosol radiative forcing at the bottom of the atmosphere varied from –23 to –227,–34 to –199, and –29 to –191 W m^–2 for the whole haze period, while the aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere varied from –4 to –98, –10 to –51, and –21 to –143 W m^–2 in Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Jiaozuo, respectively. Satellite observations showed that smoke, polluted dust, and polluted continental components of aerosols may aggravate air pollution during haze episodes. The analysis of the potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory showed that the contribution from local emissions and pollutants transport from upstream areas were 190–450 and 100–410 μg m^–3, respectively.     

天空辐射计观测反演北京城区气溶胶光学特性

利用2018年10月—2019年9月天空辐射计观测数据反演北京城区气溶胶光学特性参数,重点分析污染过程中气溶胶光学特性与气象条件的相关性。结果表明:500 nm气溶胶光学厚度在2—7月较大,最高值出现在6月,为0.71。单次散射反照率最高值出现在8月,为0.96;最低值出现在5月,为0.89。440~870 nm ?ngstr?m波长指数最高值出现在夏季,为1.11;最低值出现在春季,为0.89。统计发现污染日数仅占总日数的17%,其中62%为轻度污染;污染和清洁天气条件下PM_2.5浓度分别为107.22 μg·m-3和47.16 μg·m-3,500 nm气溶胶光学厚度分别为0.85和0.49,单次散射反照率分别为0.96和0.92;冬季?ngstr?m波长指数在污染天气条件下（1.02）大于清洁天气（0.91）,春季相反。结合天空辐射计、激光雷达和气象数据分析2019年1月一次污染事件,可知低风速与高湿度等不利气象条件、气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长和二次转化、污染物局地排放及区域输送共同导致污染事件发生。     

基于腔减相移光谱技术测量大气气溶胶消光系数的应用研究

基于腔减相移光谱(CAPS)技术检测灵敏度高、光源性价比好、容易控制和有效吸收光程长等优点,搭建了一套基于CAPS技术的连续测量大气气溶胶消光系数的监测系统。测试系统高反射镜片反射率约为0.9999,对应有效光程约为4.4 km;通过Allan方差测试分析系统最佳积分时间约为80 s,对应消光系数检测极限为0.06Mm-1;将系统应用于实际大气气溶胶消光系数的12个周期和48 h连续监测,显示空腔相移基本稳定,样品测量相移偏移明显,反演得到的大气能见度结果稳定可靠。由此表明,研制的基于CAPS技术的大气气溶胶消光系数连续测量系统应用于实际的测量是完全可行的。     

A method for spaceborne synthetic remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol optical depth and vegetation reflectance

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长三角工业区夏季近地层臭氧和颗粒物污染相互关系研究

利用2013年5月15日到8月31日南京江北工业区（长三角典型工业区）同步的观测资料分析了近地层臭氧（O₃）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）、气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的变化特征及相互间的关系,并结合光化学箱模式分析了AOD对近地层O₃生成的影响。结果表明,观测期间PM_2.5平均质量浓度为56.2±20.1 μg m-3;AOD（500 nm）均值为1.4±0.9;波长指数α（440~870 nm）均值为1.0±0.3。PM_2.5质量浓度24 h均值超国家二级标准20.2%,超标时AOD均值增加14.7%,α平均值增加23.9%,O₃体积分数均值减少12.3%。O₃超国家二级标准10.1%,超标时段AOD增加34.9%,α变化不显著。高温低湿条件下,O₃日变化峰值（y）和PM_2.5质量浓度（x）存在较高的线性相关。相对湿度＜60%时,两者拟合曲线为y＝0.97x+43.96（拟合度R2=0.60）,温度＞32°C时,两者拟合方程为y＝1.24x+30.61（R2＝0.64）。夏季长三角工业区呈现高浓度O₃与高浓度PM_2.5叠加的大气复合污染。O₃日变化峰值和AOD变化呈显著负相关。模拟结果显示,O₃日变化峰值（y）和AOD（x）呈现极高的负相关[y＝－34.28x+181.62,R2 = 0.93或y＝220.62·exp (－x/3.17)－19.50,R2＝0.99]。     

Analysis and evaluation of the global aerosol optical properties simulated by an online aerosol-coupled non-hydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model

Aerosol optical properties are simulated using the Spectral Radiation Transport Model for Aerosol Species(SPRINTARS)coupled with the Non-hydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model(NICAM). The 3-year global mean all-sky aerosol optical thickness(AOT) at 550 nm, the ngstr m Exponent(AE) based on AOTs at 440 and 870 nm, and the single scattering albedo(SSA) at 550 nm are estimated at 0.123, 0.657 and 0.944, respectively. For each aerosol species, the mean AOT is within the range of the Aero Com models. Both the modeled all-sky and clear-sky results are compared with observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and the Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET). The simulated spatiotemporal distributions of all-sky AOTs can generally reproduce the MODIS retrievals, and the correlation and model skill can be slightly improved using the clear-sky results over most land regions. The differences between clear-sky and all-sky AOTs are larger over polluted regions. Compared with observations from AERONET, the modeled and observed all-sky AOTs and AEs are generally in reasonable agreement, whereas the SSA variation is not well captured. Although the spatiotemporal distributions of all-sky and clear-sky results are similar, the clear-sky results are generally better correlated with the observations. The clear-sky AOT and SSA are generally lower than the all-sky results, especially in those regions where the aerosol chemical composition is contributed to mostly by sulfate aerosol. The modeled clear-sky AE is larger than the all-sky AE over those regions dominated by hydrophilic aerosol, while the opposite is found over regions dominated by hydrophobic aerosol.     

北京地区大气气溶胶光学特性监测研究

该文依据气溶胶光学厚度测量原理,利用CE318太阳光度计,于2000年7月～2001年7月期间对北京地区大气气溶胶光学厚度进行观测试验,计算得到约50天的气溶胶光学厚度和Junge参数等大气光学特性数据,给出了北京地区气溶胶光学特性分布特征.计算统计得到北京城区晴空条件下的Junge参数为3 15、2001年3月份沙尘天气状况下急剧下降为2.28,而北京郊区顺义县的测量结果介于二者之间为2.65.分析表明,由试验获得的气溶胶光学特性数据对于分析和监测北京地区大气污染、改善北京地区空气质量具有一定的意义.     

华北及其周边地区秋季气溶胶光学性质的星载和地基遥感观测

利用2004～2009年秋季臭氧监测仪的3级观测资料,分析了华北及周边地区的气溶胶光学性质。结果表明:大部分区域气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)和气溶胶紫外吸收指数(Ultra Violet Aerosol Index,UVAI)平均值分别高于0.8和0.75;高气溶胶事件发生频次统计表明,AOD高值(>0.4)频发于北京及其周边地区,UVAI高值(>1.0)频发于河北中部及南部地区;华北及其周边地区绝大多数城市平均AOD和UVAI分别高于0.7和0.60,而张家口、承德和阳泉3个城市的平均AOD和UVAI值分别低于0.6和0.65。作者进一步研究了2006年10月30日的一次霾事件中气溶胶的光学性质以及其时空分布特征。结果表明,霾由华北地区输送至渤海海域,并向东北方向输送;香河地基EZlidar激光雷达的垂直观测结果进一步表明,工业和城市型气溶胶主要集中在1500m以下,其中高浓度部分集中于650m以下,平均峰值位于285m,平均消光系数达2.15km-1;CALIOP卫星观测资料结合后向轨迹分析表明,大气低层气溶胶类型以工业和城市型气溶胶为主,而高层则由于上游大气输送沙尘粒子的混入使气溶胶类型转变为污染—沙尘型。霾事件期间,香河站CE-318太阳光度计观测的AOD平均值(标准差)从背景值0.08(0.04)升高至1.17(0.14);ngstrm指数平均值(标准差)从背景值0.90(0.10)升至1.12(0.09);核模态、积聚模态和粗模态的气溶胶粒子数柱总量均增加,其中细粒子所占比例明显升高。     

基于能见度及AOD数据的北京市PM2.5浓度的反演

选择北京市为研究地区,对2014～2017年AERONET（Aerosol Robotic Network）提供的CE-318太阳光度计440 nm波段反演的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）进行风速订正,对订正后 AOD 日均数据与同期地面监测站PM2.5日均浓度数据做季节相关性分析并建立回归模型。又引入能见度因子并利用广义差分法构建2015～2017年北京市AOD与PM2.5浓度、能见度的三元回归模型,最后将2014年数据分为污染日和非污染日分别进行模型检验。结果表明:AOD与PM2.5浓度存在显著的线性正相关性,且存在季节性差异,夏季相关性最强、秋季次之、春季和冬季最低。引入能见度因子并消除自相关后,四季的模型相对误差均显著减小,模型拟合优度显著提高。检验结果为四季整体的平均相对误差在21%～31%范围内,与前人的结果相比拟合曲线的准确性得到了明显地提高。且模型对低PM2.5浓度日的模拟效果较好,对于高PM2.5浓度日的模拟效果较差。本研究对构建北京地区PM2.5浓度长期的历史数据具有重要的科学意义。     

Measurements of desert dust optical characteristics at Porte au Sahara during SAMUM

Main optical characteristics of desert dust, such as phase function and single scattering albedo, have been derived from combinations of sun-/sky-radiometer and satellite measurements during the SAMUM experiment (10 May–10 June 2006) at the site Porte au Sahara (30.237°N, 5.607°W) in South Morocco. Scattering phase functions have been retrieved using combined data of spectral aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and spectral sky brightness in the almucantar, considering non-spherical light scattering. Intercomparisons of modelled top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance with satellite observations of the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography () instrument have been used for the estimation of spectral single scattering albedo. For the radiative transfer calculations scattering phase functions and AOT from ground-based observations have been used. The spectral single scattering albedo ranges from 0.93 in the blue to 0.98 at 753 nm.     

基于AERONET和OMI数据分析中国北方典型地区气溶胶单次散射反照率的变化趋势

气溶胶单次散射反照率（SSA）表征气溶胶吸收特性,很大程度上决定了气溶胶辐射强迫的正负,对准确评估气候变化中的气溶胶辐射强迫具有重要意义。根据2004年10月至2016年12月地基AERONET（AERosol RObotic NETwork）和OMI（Ozone Monitoring Instrument）卫星数据,分析了中国北方典型地区（北京、香河、兴隆和兰州郊区）SSA的变化趋势以及两组数据的一致性。4个站AERONET和OMI 的SSA年均值分别为:北京0.89±0.04和0.90±0.04,香河0.89±0.04和0.91±0.04,兴隆0.92±0.04和0.91±0.04,兰州0.91±0.04和0.90±0.04。4个站点SSA季节变化一致,夏季高冬季低。SSA年际变化趋势分析时,因有效数据较少且为非正态分布,用月中位数代替月均值,同时需对数据进行筛选和去季节变化,结果显示北京和香河均有地基和卫星有效数据时间尺度不同的情况,而兴隆OMI和兰州AERONET满足趋势分析要求。在研究期间,4站SSA均呈上升趋势,说明近年来中国北方气溶胶的吸收性减弱,散射特性增强,尤其北京四季地基和卫星数据均呈上升趋势,但香河秋冬吸收性增强。同时,对AERONET和OMI两种反演算法得到的SSA一致性进行分析。香河结果差异较大,仅30%的数据在误差±0.03的范围内,55%在±0.05的范围内;北京分别为46%（±0.03）和68%（±0.05）,兴隆分别为50%（±0.03）和76%（±0.05）,兰州数据一致性较好,分别为51%（±0.03）和86%（±0.05）,总体来说是受人为活动影响比较明显的地区,数据一致性较差。     

基于TUV模式的银川光化辐射通量特征及其影响因子

利用TUV模式计算分析了银川光化辐射通量变化特征,探讨了云、气溶胶、臭氧柱浓度、NO_(2)柱浓度等因子对银川光化辐射通量的影响。结果表明:2019年7—9月银川月平均光化辐射通量分别为6.5E+16光子数·cm^(-2)·s^(-1)、5.6E+16光子数·cm^(-2)·s^(-1)和4.7E+16光子数·cm^(-2)·s^(-1),日最大值出现在13:00;波长小于325 nm时,光化辐射通量随波长增加缓慢上升,波长在325—480 nm之间时,光化辐射通量迅速升高,波长大于480 nm时,光化辐射通量随波长增加变化较小,此特征在中午前后较早晚表现更明显;云光学厚度和气溶胶光学厚度对光化辐射通量的衰减作用具有明显的“U”型日变化特征,比较而言,气溶胶光学厚度对光化辐射通量衰减作用的“U”型波形更为宽广;光化辐射通量衰减率对较低的云光学厚度的变化更敏感;光化辐射通量随气溶胶光学厚度增加而减小的变率要比随云光学厚度增加而减小的变率小;光化辐射通量对单次散射反照比大于0.6的强散射性气溶胶的变化更敏感,且气溶胶光学厚度越大,此特性整体表现越明显;波长指数对光化辐射通量的影响相对较小。     

STUDYING THE SKY RADIANCE AND DEGREE OF POLARIZATION AND SOUNDING THE OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL

The sky radiance and degree of polarization with multiple scattering process considered were calculated inthis paper by solving vector form radiative transfer equation iteratively. Numerical experiment for simultaneouslyretriving the size distribution (SD) and the complex refractive index (CRI) of aerosol particle was conductedwith the degree of polarization of skylight (DPS) and the library method used. It is shown from the resultsthat the real part of CRI is always sensitive to DPS. But situation is somewhat complicated for the imaginarypart of CRI. Therefore, it is expected that the real part of CRI can be retrieved from DPS and its imaginarypart should be retrieved as the particle is large in size. In this paper, seven sets of DPS measurements on 6 January,1990 in Beijing were given and the optical characteristics of aerosol were retrieved.     

Size dependent partitioning of organic material: evidence for the formation of organic coatings on aqueous aerosols

Organic aerosol formation resulting from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, myrcene and sabinene was investigated in a large aerosol chamber in the presence of aqueous seed aerosols. The chemical composition of the particles was monitored by an aerosol mass spectrometer (Aerodyne Research Inc.) as a function of time and the particle size. Smaller particles were found to contain more organics relative to sulfate than the larger ones. In contrast, the water to sulfate mass ratio was not dependent on the particle size. These experimental findings indicate the formation of organic layers on the particles. With the aid of an aerosol dynamic model we demonstrate that the observations are consistent with the formation of multilayered organic films having thicknesses of approximately 10 nm. The results also suggest that the films were formed through condensation of low-volatile oxidation products that did not take up water considerably. Even though dissolution of oxidation products into the particle aqueous phase cannot be conclusively ruled out, the most plausible interpretation of the results is that the monoterpene ozonolysis lead to the formation of organic coatings on aqueous aerosols. Such films are likely to form in regions with monoterpene emissions.     

北京晴天紫外波段气溶胶光学厚度反演与分析

利用太阳一大气紫外光谱辐射计(SAUVS)，测量到达北京地表的太阳直接和散射紫外光谱辐射，给出反演大气气溶胶光学厚度的一种方法。结果表明：在紫外波段，大气气溶胶的光学厚度随波长的增加而单调减小，用指数函数可以很好地拟合反演结果。统计得到了3个水平能见度状况下拟合函数的系数值，与全球气溶胶监测网络(AERONET)北京站的资料对比，表明反演结果基本合理。