基于MODIS EVI时序数据的云南高原山地森林物候特征识别

基于2000—2011年MOD13Q1产品的EVI时序,借助QA-SDS数据集消除云、阴影和冰雪等的影响后,采用非对称高斯函数拟合法进行时序重构,并运用动态阈值法提取云南高原山地典型森林植被的物候特征参数(即生长期开始时间、峰值时间、结束时间和生长期长度),进而分析了不同植被类型物候期规律及其主要控制因素。结果表明:1.从寒温性森林植被到热性森林植被的EVI值呈递增趋势;2.森林植被生长期开始时间、峰值时间和结束时间分别大致发生在3月中旬至4月中下旬、6月中旬至下旬和8月中旬至10月初,生长期长度为135～195 d;3.由寒温性植被向热性植被的生长期高峰时间和生长期结束时间总体呈延迟趋势,且生长期延长,生长期开始时间则由暖性植被向寒温性植被、暖性植被向热性植被双向提前;4.高原山地热量梯度决定了森林植被物候的空间格局,水分条件则主要控制着EVI和物候期的年际波动。     

1981-2010 年柴达木盆地气候要素变化特征及湖泊和植被响应

以1981-2010 年柴达木盆地及其周边气象站点逐月气温和降水量资料为基础, 通过气候趋势分析、气候突变分析等方法, 研究了柴达木盆地气候要素的变化特征, 并结合Landsat TM/ETM+影像、NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI和EOS/MODIS-NDVI 数据, 研究了近30 年来柴达木盆地湖泊面积和植被生长的动态变化及其对气候要素的响应。结果表明:① 1981-2010 年, 柴达木盆地气温整体升高, 秋冬增幅最为明显, 年平均气温在1997 年发生暖突变, 1998 年以后升温趋势显著。② 1981-2010 年, 柴达木盆地年可利用降水量经历了“减少—增加—减少—增加”的变化, 但整体呈增加趋势, 1980-1985 年、1990-2001 年, 年可利用降水量呈减少趋势;1985-1990 年、2001-2010 年, 年可利用降水量呈增加趋势。③ 柴达木盆地湖泊面积受夏季可利用降水量影响显著, 1985-2010 年, 托素和冬给措纳湖泊面积呈“扩张—萎缩—扩张”变化;1985-1990 年, 湖面轻微扩张;1990-2001 年, 湖面明显萎缩;2001 年以后, 湖面显著扩张。④ 柴达木盆地植被生长受生长季可利用降水量影响显著, 1982-2010 年柴达木盆地植被生长呈“退化—改善—退化—改善”变化, 但整体呈改善趋势;1982-1985 年植被轻微退化, 1985-1990 年植被轻微改善, 1990-2001 年植被显著退化, 2001 年以后植被显著改善。     

Comparison of precipitation products to observations in Tibet during the rainy season

Precipitation is an important component of global water and energy transport and a major aspect of climate change. Due to the scarcity of meteorological observations, the precipitation climate over Tibet has been insufficiently documented. In this study, the distribution of precipitation during the rainy season over Tibet from 1980 to 2013 is described on monthly to annual time scales with meteorological observations. Furthermore, four precipitation products are compared to observations over Tibet. These datasets include products derived from the Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data(APHRO), the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC), the University of Delaware(UDel), and the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). The error, relative error, standard deviation, root-mean-square error, correlations and trends between these products for the same period are analyzed with in situ precipitation during the rainy season from May to September. The results indicate that these datasets can broadly capture the temporal and spatial precipitation distribution over Tibet. The precipitation gradually increases from northwest to southeast. The spatial precipitation in GPCC and CMA are similar and positively correlated to observations. Areas with the largest deviations are located in southwestern Tibet along the Himalayas. The APHRO product underestimates, while the UDel, GPCC, and CMA datasets overestimates precipitation on the basis of monthly and inter-annual variation. The biases in GPCC and CMA are smaller than those in APHRO and UDel with a mean relative error lower than 10% during the same periods. The linear trend of precipitation indicates that the increase in precipitation has accelerated extensively during the last 30 years in most regions of Tibet. The CMA generally achieves the best performance of these four precipitation products. Data uncertainty in Tibet might be caused by the low density of stations, complex topography between the grid points and stations, and the interpolation methods, which can also produce an obvious difference between the gridded data and observations.     

伏牛山地森林植被物候及其对气候变化的响应

研究植被物候是理解植被与气候关系的重要途径。在植被对气候变化响应的敏感地区,开展植被物候研究有助于揭示气候变化对植被的影响机制。基于2000-2015年MODIS EVI时间序列影像数据,利用Savitzky-Golay （S-G）滤波方法和动态阈值法提取伏牛山地2000-2015年森林植被物候参数,结合气温、降水数据,运用Man-Kendall趋势检验、Sen斜率、ANUSPLIN插值和相关性分析等方法,研究伏牛山地森林植被物候对气候要素（气温、降水）变化的响应。结果表明：① 伏牛山地森林植被生长季始期主要集中在第105~120 d,生长季末期主要集中在第285~315 d,生长季长度主要集中在165~195 d。从海拔梯度看,随海拔升高,生长季始期、末期和长度整体上分别呈显著推迟、提前及缩短趋势。② 生长季始期和生长季末期整体上呈推迟趋势,推迟的像元分别占森林植被的76.57%和83.81%。生长季长度整体呈延长趋势,延长的像元占比为61.21%。生长季始期变化特征主要是由该地区的春季气温降低所导致的。③ 研究区森林植被生长季始期与3月平均气温呈显著偏相关,且呈负相关的区域最多,即3月平均气温降低,导致生长季始期推迟;生长季末期与9月降水呈显著偏相关区域最多,且两者主要呈正相关,即9月降水增加,使生长季末期推迟。植被生长季长度由整个生长期的气温和降水来共同作用,对大多数的区域而言,8月的平均气温和降水与生长季长度的关系最为密切。     

Spatial-temporal patterns of vegetation dynamics and their relationships to climate variations in Qinghai Lake Basin using MODIS time-series data

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes in recent years. It is necessary to investigate the effects of climatic variations（temperature and precipitation） on vegetation changes for a better understanding of acclimation to climatic change. In this paper, we focused on the integration and application of multi-methods and spatial analysis techniques in GIS to study the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation dynamics and to explore the vegetation change mechanism. The correlations between EVI and climate factors at different time scales were calculated for each pixel including monthly, seasonal and annual scales respectively in Qinghai Lake Basin from the year of 2001 to 2012. The primary objectives of this study are to reveal when, where and why the vegetation change so as to support better understanding of terrestrial response to global change as well as the useful information and techniques for wise regional ecosystem management practices. The main conclusions are as follows：（1） Overall vegetation EVI in the region increased 6% during recent 12 years. The EVI value in growing seasons（i.e. spring and summer） exhibited very significant improving trend, accounted for 12.8% and 9.3% respectively. The spatial pattern of EVI showed obvious spatial heterogeneity which was consistent with hydrothermal condition. In general, the vegetation coverage improved in most parts of the area since nearly 78% pixel of the whole basin showed increasing trend, while degraded slightly in a small part of the area only.（2） The EVI change was positively correlated with average temperature and precipitation. Generally speaking, in Qinghai Lake Basin, precipitation was the dominant driving factor for vegetation growth; however, at different time scale its weight to vegetation has differences.（3） Based on geo-statistical analysis, the autumn precipitation has a strong correlation with the next spring EVI values in the whole region. This findings explore the autumn precipitation is an important indicator     

A dynamic relationship between the leaf phenology and rainfall regimes of Hawaiian tropical ecosystems: A remote sensing approach

Hypertemporal MODIS time series data provide a unique opportunity to investigate a dynamic relationship between leaf phenology and the climatic pattern of diverse, cloud‐prone Hawaiian ecosystems. Harmonic analysis summarized the complex greenness signals of Hawaiian tropical ecosystems into two main phenological wave forms – a moisture‐limited and a light‐limited type. Greenness maximums occurred during the wet season in dry and mesic ecosystems, and during the dry season in wet forests. The magnitude and periodicity of greenness fluctuations were also rainfall‐dependent. The annual greenness amplitude increased with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) in dry and mesic ecosystems. In wetter environments where MAP was greater than 3000 mm, however, annual greenness amplitude decreased with MAP. Annual greenness periodicity was stronger in drylands than in wet forests, and it weakened as annual precipitation increased. This result shows that rainfall is less important as a limiting factor in wet forests than it is in drylands. Therefore, leaf phenology is not governed by rainfall seasonality as forest wetness increases in the region.     

1961-2010 年中国降水强度变化趋势及其对降水量影响分析

探讨区域降水强度的时空变化趋势对于揭示区域气候变化规律、有效应对气候变化水资源影响等具有重要意义。利用756 个气象观测站1961-2010 年50 年逐日降水资料,分析了中国不同等级降水（小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨及年均降水）强度的年际、年代际的变化趋势,以及不同等级降水变化在降水量增量中的贡献。结果表明：在年际变化中,降水强度总体呈现上升趋势,显著上升区域主要分布在中国东部秦岭-淮河线以南的地区;在不同等级降水强度中小雨强度变化趋势最为显著,中雨以上级别降水强度则相对稳定。在年代际变化中,各区域年代际降水强度变化差异明显,20 世纪60 年代和70 年代下降显著,80 年代、90 年代、21 世纪的前10 年则上升明显。此外,降水强度对降水量增量贡献由东至西呈“大-小-大-小”的相间带状分布;在中国西部,小雨、中雨、大雨强度对降水量增量起主导作用,而在中国东部暴雨降水强度在降水量贡献中起主导作用,且在东北区东南、黄淮海西北以及西南中部作用更加明显。     

近60年昆明市气候变化特征分析

利用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验(MTT法)和小波分析等数理统计分析方法,分析昆明市近60 a气候变化趋势和气候突变特征。结果显示:近60 a昆明市气候变化呈气温升高、降水量略微减少的暖干化趋势;气温上升率0.24℃/10 a,降水量下降率3.89 mm/10 a;干季增温强于雨季,而雨季降雨量下降趋势明显;2001~2010年是近60 a来昆明气温最高、降水量最少的10 a;昆明市气温变化包含5~10、10~15 a左右周期,其降水量变化有10~15 a左右的周期变化特征。     

2000~2008年长白山地区植被覆盖变化对气候的响应研究

利用2000~2008年MODIS/NDVI数据,结合谐波分析、影像处理和基于像元的空间统计方法,分析了不同时间尺度下长白山地区的植被覆盖年内和年际变化与气温、降水的空间相关性。结果表明,近10 a来长白山地区气温和降水都均呈增加趋势;年内和年际变化过程中,长白山地区植被覆盖受气温影响的程度要高于降水;长白山地区春季和秋季植被覆盖与气温呈正相关,夏季主要呈负相关;不同月份的相关统计与年统计和分季节统计相比,更能细致地反映植被覆盖与气候的响应关系。     

1956-2010 年甬江流域降水变化特性分析

近几十年气候变化加剧了一些地区的水资源时空分布不均匀性, 使水灾害事件呈突发、频发、并发、重发趋势。本文选取中国东南沿海的甬江流域为研究对象, 基于近55 年日过程降雨资料(1956-2010 年), 采用集中度分析和Mann-Kendall(MK)趋势检验等统计学方法, 分析甬江流域降水的变化特性。结果显示, 甬江流域20 世纪80年代后, 年降水集中度呈现显著(置信水平95%)的下降趋势, 汛期降水量占年降水量比重减少, 其中5 月份降水量比重下降最为明显;而非汛期降水量占年降水量比重增加, 1 月份降水量比重增加最为明显;50~100 mm/d级别的暴雨总量稳定且有增加趋势。总体上, 甬江流域降水年内分布呈现坦化趋势, 不同量级暴雨变化趋势有利于洪水资源化, 因此结合合理的工程措施可以有效地增加该区域的水资源可利用量。     

内蒙古植被覆盖度的时空动态变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The vegetation coverage dynamics and its relationship with climate factors on different spatial and temporal scales in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 were analyzed based on MODIS-NDVI data and climate data.The results indicated that vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia showed obvious longitudinal zonality,increasing from west to east across the region with a change rate of 0.2/10°N.During 2001-2010,the mean vegetation coverage was 0.57,0.4 and 0.16 in forest,grassland and desert biome,respectively,exhibiting evident spatial heterogeneities.Totally,vegetation coverage had a slight increasing trend during the study period.Across Inner Mongolia,the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant increase accounted for 11.25% and 29.13% of the area of whole region,respectively,while the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for 7.65% and 26.61%,respectively.On inter-annual time scale,precipitation was the dominant driving force of vegetation coverage for the whole region.On inter-monthly scale,the change of vegetation coverage was consistent with both the change of temperature and precipitation,implying that the vegetation growth within a year is more sensitive to the combined effects of water and heat rather than either single climate factor.The vegetation coverage in forest biome was mainly driven by temperature on both inter-annual and inter-monthly scales,while that in desert biome was mainly influenced by precipitation on both the two temporal scales.In grassland biome,the yearly vegetation coverage had a better correlation with precipitation,while the monthly vegetation coverage was influenced by both temperature and precipitation.In grassland biome,the impacts of precipitation on monthly vegetation coverage showed time-delay effects.     

基于MODIS时序数据的青海湖流域植被时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes in recent years. It is necessary to investigate the effects of climatic variations(temperature and precipitation) on vegetation changes for a better understanding of acclimation to climatic change. In this paper, we focused on the integration and application of multi-methods and spatial analysis techniques in GIS to study the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation dynamics and to explore the vegetation change mechanism. The correlations between EVI and climate factors at different time scales were calculated for each pixel including monthly, seasonal and annual scales respectively in Qinghai Lake Basin from the year of 2001 to 2012. The primary objectives of this study are to reveal when, where and why the vegetation change so as to support better understanding of terrestrial response to global change as well as the useful information and techniques for wise regional ecosystem management practices. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Overall vegetation EVI in the region increased 6% during recent 12 years. The EVI value in growing seasons(i.e. spring and summer) exhibited very significant improving trend, accounted for 12.8% and 9.3% respectively. The spatial pattern of EVI showed obvious spatial heterogeneity which was consistent with hydrothermal condition. In general, the vegetation coverage improved in most parts of the area since nearly 78% pixel of the whole basin showed increasing trend, while degraded slightly in a small part of the area only.(2) The EVI change was positively correlated with average temperature and precipitation. Generally speaking, in Qinghai Lake Basin, precipitation was the dominant driving factor for vegetation growth; however, at different time scale its weight to vegetation has differences.(3) Based on geo-statistical analysis, the autumn precipitation has a strong correlation with the next spring EVI values in the whole region. This findings explore the autumn precipitation is an important indicator, and then, limits the plant growth of next spring.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林4种树种幼苗生长死亡对海拔变化的反应

在西双版纳山地选取3个海拔梯度,对热带季节雨林4种主要树种进行幼苗移栽试验,观测幼树生长、死亡沿海拔梯度的变化,目的在于明确海拔变化对热带季节雨林主要树种幼苗生长、死亡的影响,热带季节雨林主要树种幼苗的生长是否在低海拔地区优于在高海拔地区.结果表明,4种幼苗对海拔变化的反应并不相同.绒毛番龙眼和云南玉蕊幼苗的生长和存活主要是受到温度的限制,随海拔的变化表现出显著的差异,这两种幼苗在低海拔上的生长显著优于在中、高海拔上,而云南肉豆蔻和小叶红光树没有表现出在低海拔上优于中、高海拔的特征,这可能是由于它们不适应强光照的生活环境而造成的.     

东北高空湿度变化特征及其与地面气温和降水的关系

利用1971~2005年探空和地面观测资料,详细分析了东北地区高空比湿和相对湿度的时空变化特征,并探讨了比湿和相对湿度与地面气温、降水量的关系。结果表明：东北地区比湿空间分布主要受到水汽来源的影响,地面由东南向西北递减,高空由南向北递减;相对湿度受水汽、海拔高度和纬度的共同影响,地面和对流层下层由南向北先减后增,对流层中层由南向北递增,赤峰向通辽延伸的西南-东北向干舌地面最明显,随高度增加逐渐减弱。1971~2005年,东北地区比湿从地面到高空均为增加趋势,对流层中下层的增加趋势更加显著;相对湿度在地面呈显著减小趋势,对流层中层呈显著增加趋势。大气比湿与地面气温在年、季尺度上存在一致的显著正相关关系,大气相对湿度与地面气温在季节尺度上存在显著负相关关系;对流层中下层相对湿度与降水量相关最显著;地面气温升高对东北气候趋于干旱化起了重要作用,高空相对湿度增加有利于降水增加,气温与比湿的相互消长,影响了气候的干、湿变化。     

蒙古国植被物候特征及其对地理要素的响应

蒙古高原是中国重要的北方生态屏障。在全球气候变化的背景下,研究蒙古国植被物候变化特征对于认识蒙古国草地生态系统对气候变化的响应和促进区域畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究利用非对称高斯拟合法对蒙古国2001—2019年MOD13Q1产品中的归一化植被指数（Normalized Differential Vegetation Index,NDVI）数据拟合,得到较为平滑的NDVI时间序列数据;基于TIMESAT平台,采用动态阈值法分析获得蒙古国连续19a植被物候数据。研究分析了蒙古国植被物候的空间分布及年际变化趋势,发现蒙古国植被返青期（Start of growing season,SOS）主要集中在110~150d,总体呈微弱推迟趋势,植被枯黄期（End of growing season,EOS）主要集中在270~310d,总体呈提前趋势,从而导致蒙古国生长季长度（Length of growing season,LOS）呈缩短趋势,且缩短时间最长可达2d以上。采用偏相关分析方法分析了植被物候对地形、降水、地表温度等地理要素的响应,表明蒙古国植被物候具有明显的空间异质性和海拔依赖性,不同植被物候对降水、地表温度（Land Surface Temperature,LST）的响应不同,SOS与日间LST呈显著正相关,EOS与夜间LST呈显著正相关,而LOS与年均降水呈显著负相关关系。     

Streamflow trends and hydrological response to climatic change in Tarim headwater basin

This paper has studied the change of streamflow and the impact of climatic vari-ability conditions on regional hydrological cycle in the headwater of the Tarim River Basin. This study investigates possible causes of observed trends in streamflow in an environment which is highly variable in terms of atmospheric conditions, and where snow and ice melt play an important role in the natural hydrological regime. The discharge trends of three head streams have a significant increase trend from 1957 to 2002 with the Mann–Kendall test. Complex time-frequency distributions in the streamflow regime are demonstrated especially by Morlet wavelet analysis over 40 years. The purpose is to ascertain the nature of climatic factors spatial and temporal distribution, involved the use of EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) to compare the dominant temperature, precipitation and evaporation patterns from normally climatic records over the Tarim’s headwater basin. It shows that the first principal component was dominated since the 1990s for temperature and precipitation, which identifies the significant ascending trend of spatial and temporal pattern characteristics under the con-dition of the global warming. An exponential correlation is highlighted between surface air temperature and mean river discharge monthly, so the regional runoff increases by 10%–16% when surface air temperature rises by 1℃. Results suggest that headwater basins are the most vulnerable environments from the point of view of climate change, because their wa-tershed properties promote runoff feeding by glacier and snow melt water and their funda-mental vulnerability to temperature changes affects rainfall, snowfall, and glacier and ice melt.     

东北地区未来气候变化对农业气候资源的影响

为探求未来气候变化对东北地区农业气候资源的影响,本文基于区域气候模式系统输出的东北地区IPCC AR5提出的低辐射和高辐射强迫RCP_4.5（低排放）、RCP_8.5（高排放）情景下2005-2099年气象资料,通过与东北地区1961-2010年91个气象站点观测资料同化,分析了历史资料（Baseline）、RCP_4.5、RCP_8.5情景下东北地区农业热量资源和降水资源空间分布及其变化趋势。结果表明：① 年均温度空间分布自南向北降低,未来各地区温度均有升高,RCP_8.5情景下升温更明显,Baseline情景年均温度为7.70 ℃,RCP_4.5和RCP_8.5年均温度分别为9.67 ℃、10.66 ℃;其他农业热量资源随温度变化一致,具体≥ 10 ℃初日提前3 d、4 d,初霜日推迟2 d、6 d,生长季日数延长4 d、10 d,积温增加400 ℃·d、700 ℃·d;水资源稍有增加,但不明显。② 历史增温速率为0.35 ℃/10a,未来增温速率最快为RCP_8.5情景0.48 ℃/10a,高于RCP_4.5的0.19 ℃/10a。21世纪后期,RCP_8.5增温趋势明显快于RCP_4.5,北部地区增温更加速。其他农业热量资源随温度变化趋势相一致,但具体空间分布有所不同。生长季降水总体呈增加趋势,但不显著,年际间变化较大;东部地区降水增加,西部减少。未来东北地区总体向暖湿方向发展,热量资源整体增加,但与降水的不匹配可能将会对农业生产造成不利的影响。     

2000—2017年中国区域地表反照率变化及其影响因子

在全球气候变暖的背景下,地表反照率已成为地表辐射平衡和气候研究的重要参数之一。利用中国陆地生态系统研究网络（Chinese Ecosystem Research Network,CERN）提供的34个站点辐射数据、GLASS地表反照率产品、ERA-Interim再分析资料、MODIS EVI（MOD13A3）和中国气象数据共享网提供的气象数据,基于Sen's Slope趋势分析方法,分析不同生态系统地表反照率的变化特征;利用全子集回归和分层分解方法计算地表反照率与各要素之间的相关性和相对重要性;探讨各气候因子对地表反照率的影响。结果表明,2000—2017年裸土地和裸岩砾石地变化率最大,冬季斜率达-0.083% yr^-1。生长季地表反照率与降水、增强型植被指数（Enhanced Vegetation Index,EVI）、土壤水分和气温显著相关的像元分别占总像元的73%、79%、56%和86%。EVI是干旱和半干旱地区地表反照率变化的主导因素,其对地表反照率变化的独立贡献率分别为41%和56.18%。7月东北地区降水量和气温对地表反照率的影响大约滞后2个月;内蒙古沙漠地区和长江中下游平原土壤水分对地表反照率的影响大约滞后1~2个月。     

Current Trends in Climate Change in Yakutia

The spatial distribution patterns of climatic changes in Yakutia are considered. For 26 meteorological stations of Yakutia we calculated the linear trend coefficients of climatic characteristics: air temperature (mean annual, January and July temperatures) and the mean annual amount of atmospheric precipitation from 1966 to 2016. Maps of climate change trends were compiled from linear trend coefficients. A spatial analysis of the zonal (regional) peculiarities of the climate of Yakutia has been carried out. An increase in air temperature was established for the 50-year period under consideration. It was found that the annual values of the air temperature trend are positive and, on average, a characteristic trend change interval is 0.3 to 0.6 °C/10 yr. Most of the meteorological stations recorded trends of air temperature with maximum values in winter and minimum values in summer. It was determined that the values of the trends in annual precipitation show different directions, and positive trends occur on more than 70% of the territory of Yakutia. Their maximum corresponds to the mountain-taiga regions of Southern Yakutia. Negative trends in precipitation with values of up to–15 mm/10 yr. are observed in tundra landscapes. The findings show that different regions of Yakutia respond differently to climate change. The trend of an increase in mean annual temperature is largely due to the rise in temperatures during the winter months. The rise in air temperature in Yakutia may be part of global warming. Over the last 50 years there has been an increase in the amount of precipitation in Yakutia as a whole.