水汽图像在高原天气预报中应用的初步分析

通过对1998年8月4～5日那曲低涡和7月18～20日高原切变线活动的卫星水汽图像以及这次高原低涡形成前改进高原以南洋面上空对流层中上部湿度的数值试验的分析,分析指出(1)水汽图像上水汽涡旋比天气图上高原低涡形成反映提前,且水汽涡旋对高原低涡活动有指示意义.(2)水汽图像上切变线水汽带比天气图上高原切变线形成反映提前,且切变线水汽带的变化对高原切变线活动有指示意义.在切变线水汽带范围变宽时,高原切变线稳定;切变线水汽带减弱时,高原切变线东南移.(3)水汽图像上高原以南洋面上空对流层中上部水汽输送会影响低值天气系统的形成和发展,水汽灰度梯度大值区的变化可预示强降水中心区的变化.(4)数值试验表明利用水汽图像改进高原以南洋面上空对流层中上部湿度,可对数值预报有较大的改进.在高原地区天气预报中应重视水汽图像的应用.     

高原低涡移出高原的观测事实分析

应用天气学、统计学原理,结合TRMM资料,分析了1998—2004年5—9月移出高原的低涡的活动特征。结果指出:6—8月是高原低涡移出高原影响中国东部天气的主要时段,它与高原低涡在高原上的活动特征及西南低涡移出高原特征均不同;移出高原的高原低涡的涡源主要在曲麻莱附近、德格附近,这与高原上产生低涡的涡源不同;移出高原的高原低涡的移动路径多数是随低槽的活动而向东、向东南移动,这与高原低涡在高原上多数是沿切变线移向东北不同,高原低涡移出高原后,不仅影响中国的范围广,还可能影响到朝鲜半岛、日本;高原低涡移出高原后涡的强度、性质会有变化,在高原以东活动时间长(≥36 h)的高原低涡,移出高原前多数为暖性低涡,移出高原后多数为斜压性低涡,低涡加强、多数可产生暴雨、大暴雨;高原低涡移出高原后移到海洋上,往往因下垫面不同而变化,出海后都有降水加强、多数位势高度下降的现象;移出高原后的高原低涡因东面海上热带气旋活动而少动,与其南面热带气旋活动相向而行,因季风低压少动而少动的现象。     

青藏高原低涡活动特征统计分析

利用1998~2011年《青藏高原低涡切变线年鉴》的资料,统计分析了高原低涡的活动特征。结果表明:14年共出现高原低涡561次,其中高原东部低涡466次,高原西部低涡95次;2000~2009年,高原低涡出现次数逐年升高;高原低涡主要出现在夏季,月变化明显,其中7月出现次数最多,2月出现最少;高原低涡移出高原的影响系统包括低槽类和切变类,分别占28.8%,71.2%。      

青藏高原低涡活动对降水影响的统计分析

利用1998—2004年逐日08:00(北京时,下同)和20:00 500hPa高空图、日雨量和青藏高原低涡(下称高原低涡)切变线年鉴资料,统计分析了冬、夏半年不同生命史的高原低涡对我国和四川盆地东、西部降水的影响。结果表明,冬、夏半年高原低涡以东部涡占多数,6-10月有三分之一的东部涡能移出高原。冬半年高原低涡出现次数少,约占全年的五分之一,但也可造成高原及其周边地区的雨雪天气,特别是生命史超过36h以上的高原低涡有近半数可移出高原,造成高原区域暴雨雪,四川盆地中雨,半数可造成云南大雨雪或暴雨雪。夏半年,随着低涡生命史的增长,高原低涡影响高原及其周边地区和我国其他地区的降水范围和强度在增大,生命史超过60h以上的高原低涡可造成高原暴雨、甘肃中雨以上、四川盆地暴雨或大暴雨及云南大部分地区大雨以上的降水,每年都有1～5次可影响到华中、华东地区产生大雨以上的降水。100°E以东的高原低涡,不论是否移出,均可造成四川盆地中雨以上的降水。影响四川盆地降水的高原低涡以偏东路径为主,但东南路径影响更强。     

冷空气对两例高原低涡移出高原影响的分析

利用NCEP再分析资料对2002年8月12~20日托勒涡及2003年7月12~14日诺木洪涡两例高原低涡在冷空气影响下移出高原的斜压性和温度平流进行诊断分析,结果表明:(1)受切变线影响的托勒低涡移出高原时主要受东北方冷空气不断伸入涡区的影响,西风槽前的诺木洪低涡主要受西北方冷空气伸入涡区的影响。(2)高原低涡是在600 hPa以上涡柱内斜压性较强、500 hPa涡区内斜压性加强情况下移出高原的。不同的是:托勒低涡移出高原,涡柱内对流层中上层斜压性、500 hPa涡区内斜压性都比诺木洪低涡弱;托勒低涡涡柱内北冷南暖现象比诺木洪低涡强。(3)高原低涡是在低涡区内大部分受冷平流控制,涡区西部冷平流比东部强时移出高原的;低涡西部的冷平流加强将会使低涡发展加强,在高原以东持续。不同的是:受切变线影响的托勒低涡移出高原时低涡西部冷平流区强度比受西风槽前诺木洪低涡弱;而托勒低涡区冷平流区比诺木洪低涡移出高原时大。     

1979—2013年ERA-Interim资料的青藏高原低涡活动特征分析北大核心CSCD

为分析青藏高原低涡活动特征,利用1979—2013年ERA-Interim再分析资料500 hPa高度场,基于气旋客观识别和追踪算法得到青藏高原及其附近地区低涡路径,同时利用客观分析方法对500 hPa温度场进行分析得到低涡的冷暖性质,从而得到一套青藏高原低涡活动的资料。对高原低涡的频次、强度、持续时间、地理位置和移出高原等特征分析结果表明,35年间青藏高原上活动的系统主要为高原低涡,年均约53个,其中,年均6.7个高原低涡移出青藏高原;高原低涡持续时间从少至多呈指数减少,强度和冷暖性质的出现频次均呈正态分布,初生的高原低涡以暖涡居多,占81%。高原低涡发生且强度较大主要在青藏高原的汛期(5—9月),高原低涡源地主要在西藏那曲地区西部和阿里地区北部,消亡地主要位于源地高频中心东侧的唐古拉山地区和青海西部当曲河流域,高原低涡的消亡可能受地形影响。近35年来高原低涡生成频次呈不显著减少趋势(-2个/(10 a));移出高原低涡数(-1.4个/(10 a))和高原低涡移出率(-2.3%/(10 a))均显著减少。     

1979—2013年ERA-Interim资料的青藏高原低涡活动特征分析

为分析青藏高原低涡活动特征,利用1979—2013年ERA-Interim再分析资料500 hPa高度场,基于气旋客观识别和追踪算法得到青藏高原及其附近地区低涡路径,同时利用客观分析方法对500 hPa温度场进行分析得到低涡的冷暖性质,从而得到一套青藏高原低涡活动的资料。对高原低涡的频次、强度、持续时间、地理位置和移出高原等特征分析结果表明,35年间青藏高原上活动的系统主要为高原低涡,年均约53个,其中,年均6.7个高原低涡移出青藏高原;高原低涡持续时间从少至多呈指数减少,强度和冷暖性质的出现频次均呈正态分布,初生的高原低涡以暖涡居多,占81%。高原低涡发生且强度较大主要在青藏高原的汛期(5—9月),高原低涡源地主要在西藏那曲地区西部和阿里地区北部,消亡地主要位于源地高频中心东侧的唐古拉山地区和青海西部当曲河流域,高原低涡的消亡可能受地形影响。近35年来高原低涡生成频次呈不显著减少趋势(－2个/(10 a));移出高原低涡数(－1.4个/(10 a))和高原低涡移出率(－2.3%/(10 a))均显著减少。      

高原低涡东移出高原的平均环流场分析

利用美国国家环境预测中心(NCEP)再分析资料,挑选出1998—2004年夏季高原涡移出高原多、少的年、月对它们的环流场进行对比分析。对比分析指出,6~8月是高原涡最易移出的月;当500hPa孟湾季风槽偏北,或西太副高明显西伸,高原东部有切变线活动;当200hPa南亚高压东伸明显,高原东部为南亚高压脊前西北气流控制时,有利于高原涡东移出高原。为高原低涡暴雨预报的气候背景提供了科学依据。     

三次高原切变线过程演变特征及其对降水的影响

为了揭示高原切变线的动、热力等特征,进一步认识高原切变线线演变机制,应用MICAPS资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和风云卫星红外亮温资料,选取出现在初夏(2008年5月19 22日)、盛夏(2007年7月1 3日)和夏末(2009年9月19 21日)的三次高原切变线个例,对夏季高原切变线不同时期、不同发展阶段的演变特征及其对降水影响进行了分析。结果表明:(1)当切变线两侧南北风速减弱,特别是北风风速减弱时,切变线过程趋于减弱。冷暖空气势力强弱影响切变线所处位置,初夏和盛夏切变线位置偏北,夏末切变线位置偏南。(2)切变线活动期间有正涡度、辐合上升运动与切变线配合。当切变线减弱消失,辐合带先于正涡度带减弱消失。切变线附近多正涡度中心和辐合中心,可能与低涡活动有关。盛夏和夏末切变线正涡度辐合中心东移特征明显,辐合上升区更为偏东且较强。(3)切变线附近通常有TBB-20℃的带状或块状区域,切变线维持发展阶段,TBB进一步降低,盛夏切变线和形成初期的夏末切变线多TBB低值中心,对流活动比较旺盛。(4)由于地形的阻挡和加热,高原东坡和南坡是大气不稳定能量聚集地。盛夏在切变线附近近地层聚集的高温、高湿能量明显。初夏切变线引发的降水以稳定性降水为主,降水量小,呈零散分布,盛夏和夏末切变线引发降水其对流不稳定降水特征明显,带来的降水更强、范围更广,呈带状分布在切变线附近。(5)500 hPa切变线也是水汽聚集带,切变线附近上空的水汽和不稳定能量聚集,正涡度东传和对流发展是切变线引发强降水的重要机制。     

1998年夏季两例青藏高原低涡结构特征的比较

利用1998年Micaps历史天气图、1998年第二次青藏高原科学试验资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°分辨率的再分析资料,对该年夏季两例移出与未移出高原的低涡活动过程及特征进行了对比分析,结果表明,移出与未移出高原低涡的低涡结构特征差异显著:(1)移出高原低涡,低涡环流呈圆形,厚度有3000 m左右,降水区呈环状分布;未移出高原低涡,低涡环流呈椭圆形,厚度为1500 m左右,降水区在低涡的南、西南方。(2)移出高原低涡,低涡区内绝大部分为上升运动区,并且强度在加强、区域扩大;未移出低涡,涡区内上升运动在减弱,上升运动区在缩小。(3)移出高原低涡,涡区内斜压性强,比未移出的大近一倍。(4)移出高原低涡,涡区内500 hPa有高位涡沿东北方向向上输送位涡平流,未移出高原低涡的有次高位涡沿东南方向向下输送位涡平流。(5)移出高原低涡是下层‘正涡度、暖区’、上层‘负涡度、冷区’;未移出高原低涡是下层‘正涡度、冷区’、中层‘负涡度、弱暖区’、上层‘正涡度、冷区’。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on