GNSS广播星历轨道和钟差精度分析

为了对多个全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）当前的广播星历精度进行一个全面的分析,对比了2014—2018年共5 a的GNSS广播星历与精密星历,并对全球定位系统（global positioning system, GPS）、格洛纳斯卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system, GLONASS）、伽利略卫星导航系统（Galileo satellite navigation system, Galileo）、北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system, BDS）、准天顶卫星系统（quasi-zenith satellite system, QZSS）等5个系统的广播星历长期精度变化进行了分析。结果表明:5 a中GPS的广播星历轨道及钟差精度最稳定;GLONASS的广播星历轨道精度稳定性较好,但其钟差精度存在较大的离散度;Galileo得益于具备全面运行能力（full operational capability, FOC）卫星的大量发射及运行,其广播星历轨道、钟差精度大幅度变好,切向轨道、法向轨道与钟差精度已赶超GPS;BDS的广播星历轨道精度离散度较大,钟差精度出现不稳定现象;QZSS的广播星历轨道与钟差精度的稳定性与离散度相对最差。以2018年1 a的广播星历与精密星历为例分析了各个系统当前的广播星历精度,结果表明,当前GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、BDS、QZSS的考虑轨道误差与钟差误差贡献的空间信号测距误差（signal-in-space ranging error,SISRE）分别为0.806 m、2.704 m、0.320 m、1.457 m、1.645 m,表明Galileo广播星历整体精度最高,GPS次之,其次分别是BDS、QZSS和GLONASS。只考虑轨道误差贡献的SISRE分别为0.167 m、0.541 m、0.229 m、0.804 m、0.675 m,表明GPS广播星历轨道精度最高,其次分别是Galileo、GLONASS、QZSS和BDS。GPS卫星广播星历中新型号卫星的钟差精度总体要优于旧型号卫星。     

北斗三号空间信号测距误差评估与对比分析

北斗三号作为我国自主建设的全球卫星导航系统,其本身性能水平以及与其他卫星导航系统的性能对比情况,对后续推广应用具有重要影响。为此,本文以空间信号测距误差（signal-in-space range error,SISRE）作为系统关键性能指标,以GFZ提供的多系统精密轨道钟差作为标准,给出了卫星轨道、卫星钟差、SISRE的比对评估方法,并以2020年1—3月共3个月的实测数据,验证了北斗三号相对北斗二号的精度改进情况,并重点分析了北斗三号与GPS、Galileo、GLONASS之间的性能对比关系。结果表明：无论是卫星轨道还是卫星钟差,北斗三号的精度水平相对北斗二号都有了明显提高;北斗三号卫星轨道在R、T、N方向精度分别达到0.07、0.30、0.26 m,在4个全球系统中处于最优水平;卫星钟差精度达到1.83 ns,基本与GPS系统持平,优于GLONASS,但还略差于Galileo;在空间信号测距误差方面,如果仅考虑轨道误差,北斗三号SISRE（orb）平均达到0.08 m,紧随其后,Galileo达到0.26 m,GPS达到0.57 m,GLONASS达到0.98 m。如果综合考虑轨道和钟差误差,北斗三号SISRE平均达到0.50 m,稍逊于Galileo的0.38 m,略优于GPS的0.58 m,明显好于GLONASS的2.35 m。     

多模GNSS精密卫星钟差估计与分析

对基于历元间差分相位和非差伪距观测值的混合差分卫星钟差估计方法进行了改进,实现了多模全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）卫星钟差联合快速估计。选择了全球分布的50个跟踪站进行实验,对卫星钟差精度进行了分析和精密单点定位（Precise Point Positioning,PPP）验证。结果表明:多模卫星钟差与武汉大学提供的最终精密卫星钟差互差优于0.2 ns,精密单点定位结果与武汉大学发布的最终精密卫星轨道和钟差产品的定位精度相当。     

Impact of GLONASS pseudorange inter-channel biases on satellite clock corrections

GLONASS carrier phase and pseudorange observations suffer from inter-channel biases (ICBs) because of frequency division multiple access (FDMA). Therefore, we analyze the effect of GLONASS pseudorange inter-channel biases on the GLONASS clock corrections. Different Analysis Centers (AC) eliminate the impact of GLONASS pseudorange ICBs in different ways. This leads to significant differences in the satellite and AC-specific offsets in the GLONASS clock corrections. Satellite and AC-specific offset differences are strongly correlated with frequency. Furthermore, the GLONASS pseudorange ICBs also leads to day-boundary jumps in the GLONASS clock corrections for the same analysis center between adjacent days. This in turn will influence the accuracy of the combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning (PPP) at the day-boundary. To solve these problems, a GNSS clock correction combination method based on the Kalman filter is proposed. During the combination, the AC-specific offsets and the satellite and AC-specific offsets can be estimated. The test results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed clock combination method. The combined clock corrections can effectively weaken the influence of clock day-boundary jumps on combined GPS/GLONASS kinematic PPP. Furthermore, these combined clock corrections can improve the accuracy of the combined GPS/GLONASS static PPP single-day solutions when compared to the accuracy of each analysis center alone.     

A modified mix-differenced approach for estimating multi-GNSS real-time satellite clock offsets

A modified mixed-differenced approach for estimating multi-GNSS real-time clock offsets is presented. This approach, as compared to the earlier presented mixed-differenced approach which uses epoch-differenced and undifferenced observations, further adds a satellite-differenced process. The proposed approach, based on real-time orbit products and a mix of epoch-differenced and satellite-differenced observations to estimate only satellite clock offsets and tropospheric zenith wet delays, has fewer estimated parameters than other approaches, and thus its implementing procedure is efficient and can be performed and extended easily. To obtain high accuracy, the approach involves three steps. First, the high-accuracy tropospheric zenith wet delay of each station is estimated using mixed-differenced carrier phase observations. Second, satellite clock offset changes between adjacent epochs are estimated using also mixed-differenced carrier phase observations. Third, the satellite clock offsets at the initial epoch are estimated using satellite-differenced pseudorange observations. Finally, the initial epoch clock results and clock offset changes are concatenated to obtain the clock results of the current epoch. To validate the real-time satellite clock results, multi-GNSS post-processing clock products from IGS ACs were selected for comparison. From the comparison, the standard deviations of the GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo systems clock results are approximately 0.1–0.4 ns, except for the BeiDou GEO satellites. The root mean squares are about 0.4–2.3 ns, which are similar to those of other international real-time products. When the clock estimates were assessed based on a pseudo-kinematic PPP procedure, the positioning accuracies in the East, North and Up components reach 5.6, 5.5 and 7.6 cm, respectively, which meet the centimeter level and are comparable to the application of other products.     

四大GNSS广播星历精度评估与对比分析

分析了 目前广播星历精度评估中存在的问题,详细论述了广播星历精度评估过程中对精密星历进行天线相位中心改正的取值方法,提出了利用单颗星单日钟差均值作二次差对广播星历钟差的系统性偏差进行改正的方法.选取2019-09-01-2019-11-01 共计62天的多模 GNSS 实验(multi-GNSS experiment,...     

Modeling and assessment of combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning

A combination of GPS and GLONASS observations can offer improved reliability, availability and accuracy for precise point positioning (PPP). We present and analyze a combined GPS/GLONASS PPP model, including both functional and stochastic components. Numerical comparison and analysis are conducted with respect to PPP based on only GPS or GLONASS observations to demonstrate the benefits of the combined GPS/GLONASS PPP. The observation residuals are analyzed for more appropriate stochastic modeling for observations from different navigation systems. An analysis is also made using different precise orbit and clock products. The performance of the combined GPS/GLONASS PPP is assessed using both static and kinematic data. The results indicate that the convergence time can be significantly reduced with the addition of GLONASS data. The positioning accuracy, however, is not significantly improved by adding GLONASS data if there is a sufficient number of GPS satellites with good geometry.     

Galileo系统服务中断前后广播星历精度对比分析

2019年7月中旬发生的Galileo服务中断事件,在整个卫星导航发展史上都是较为罕见的重大事故。本文选取Galileo服务中断前后的广播星历,从纵向（利用中断前后29 d的数据）和横向（与其他主要系统进行对比）两个维度,通过卫星位置、速度、钟差、空间信号测距误差4个方面,对中断事件前后广播星历计算精度进行了较为全面的分析。结果表明：从纵向维度来看,服务中断前,Galileo健康卫星数发生剧烈变化,卫星钟差精度普遍发散,卫星位置、速度精度未发生明显异常,服务恢复后各项指标随之恢复正常。从横向维度来看,与GPS相比,Galileo系统目前在卫星位置速度精度、卫星钟差精度方面已表现出优于GPS的性能,在空间信号测距误差（SISRE）方面,Galileo轨道精度具有明显优势,平均SISRE达到0.27 m。GPS与BDS相当,GPS平均SISRE达到0.61 m,BDS的3类卫星MEO、IGSO和GEO分别达到0.76、0.58和0.68 m;QZSS的IGSO和GEO卫星平均SISRE分别达到0.85和0.99 m。GLONASS轨道精度稍差,平均SISRE为1.05 m。     

亚太地区BDS-3/GNSS组合系统单频单点定位性能分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)向全球提供定位、导航和授时(PNT)服务后的定位性能评估问题,基于MGEX (Multi-GNSS Experiment) WHU2站7天实测数据,从可视卫星数、几何精度衰减因子(GDOP)、定位精度、定位成功率和伪距残差方面分析了BDS-3及BDS/GNSS组合伪距单点定位(SPP)性能. 结果表明:在亚太地区,BDS-3具有比美国的GPS、俄罗斯的GLONASS、欧洲的Galileo更优的SPP性能,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为1.19 m、2.34 m、2.38 m,三维精度比北斗二号卫星导航系统(BDS-2)、GPS、GLONASS和Galileo 的SPP精度分别提升了54.8%、27.2%、86.4%和1.2%. 此外,BDS/GPS/Galileo组合能获得最优的SPP精度,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为0.96 m、1.66 m、1.77 m,相较于BDS-2/BDS-3 SPP分别提升了18.6%、19.4%和17.3%.      

顾及卫星姿态的多系统精密钟差产品综合

国际GNSS服务(IGS)提供的GPS综合产品被广泛应用于各种高精度科学研究中. 随着各国卫星导航系统的发展,亟需研究针对多系统全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)产品的综合策略. 由于卫星姿态与钟差相互耦合,综合钟差时额外考虑姿态改正将进一步提高综合产品精度,因此研究了一种顾及卫星姿态的GNSS钟差综合策略,改正姿态后GPS综合残差最大可减小80%. 对142个IGS测站进行精密单点定位(PPP)解算发现,综合产品比单个分析中心产品更加稳定,东(E)、北(N)、高(U)方向的动态定位精度最大可提升22.7%、16.7%和18.3%. 相对于未顾及姿态改正的综合产品,顾及姿态改正的综合产品的动态定位精度最大可提升65.3%.      

多模全球导航卫星系统融合精密定轨

基于武汉大学自主研制的卫星导航系统综合处理软件(PANDA),利用全球实测的GPS/GLONASS、GPS/Gali-leo试验卫星(GIOVE)多模接收机数据进行GPS、GLONASS、GIOVE卫星的融合精密定轨理论与方法研究。通过与IGS提供的GPS与GLONASS卫星精密轨道比较、轨道重叠弧段互差以及SLR观测数据检核等多种方法对融合计算的精密轨道精度进行了评定。     

Multi-GNSS precise point positioning with raw single-frequency and dual-frequency measurement models

GPS Solutions - The emergence of multiple satellite navigation systems, including BDS, Galileo, modernized GPS, and GLONASS, brings great opportunities and challenges for precise point positioning...     

遮挡环境下GPS／GLONASS／Galileo组合PPP性能分析

对于城市遮挡环境下单GPS系统精密单点定位(PPP)性能较差的问题,本文采用多系统融合来改善PPP性能,通过不同卫星高度角,将城市四周环境分为正常环境、一般遮挡、较重遮挡等三种环境.分别采用GPS、GPS／GLONASS、GPS／Galileo、GPS／GLONASS／Galileo不同的模式,对香港4个连续运行参考站进行遮挡环境下的静态PPP模拟实验,结果表明:多系统组合能够有效弥补城市四周遮挡环境下卫星的不足,并且GPS／GLONASS、GPS／Galileo、GPS／GLONASS／Galileo组合相对单GPS系统下的PPP性能有着不同程度的改善.      

GPS and GLONASS Integration: Modeling and Ambiguity Resolution Issues

The integration of GPS with GLONASS may be considered a major milestone in satellite-based positioning, because it can dramatically improve the reliability and productivity of said positioning. However, unlike GPS, GLONASS satellites transmit signals at different frequencies, which result in significant complexity in terms of modeling and ambiguity resolution for integrated GPS and GLONASS positioning systems. In this paper, a variety of mathematical and stochastic modeling methodologies and ambiguity resolution strategies are analyzed, and some remaining research challenges are identified. The exercise, of developing mathematical models and processing methodologies for integrated systems based on more than one satellite system, is a valuable one as it identified crucial issues concerned with the combination of any two or more microwave positioning systems, be they satellite-based or terrestrial. Hence these are experiences that can be applied to future projects that might integrate GPS with Galileo, or GLONASS and Galileo, or all three. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

GNSS相应坐标系之间的关系及其影响

不同的GNSS采用的坐标系定义几乎相近,但参考椭球及其坐标实现不同,这将影响多GNSS融合导航定位效果。根据各GNSS坐标系所采用参考椭球的基本常数,计算比较了不同坐标系参考椭球参数的差异;导出了相应的正常重力公式,比较了这些正常重力公式确定的正常重力值差异;最后分别从坐标系统的定义与实现两个方面分析了其对定位结果的影响。结果表明:1)GPS(BDS)与Galileo和GLONASS所使用的参考椭球引起正常重力差约为0.15和0.30 mgal;2)GPS与BDS,Galileo及GLONASS所使用参考椭球引起纬度分量最大差异约为0.1 mm,3 cm和3 cm,高程分量约为0.1 mm,0.5 m和1 m;3)各GNSS所使用坐标框架间转换参数引起的坐标变化达到厘米级。     

GBM快速轨道产品及非差模糊度固定对其精度的改进

GNSS是实时定位导航最重要的方法,精密卫星轨道钟差产品是GNSS高精度服务的前提。国际GNSS服务中心(IGS)及其分析中心长期致力于GNSS数据处理的研究及高精度轨道和钟差产品的提供。GFZ作为分析中心之一,提供GBM多系统快速产品。本文基于2015—2021年GBM提供的精密轨道产品,阐述了数据处理策略,分析了轨道的精度,介绍了非差模糊度固定的原理和对精密定轨的影响。结果表明:GBM快速产品中的GPS轨道精度与IGS后处理精密轨道相比的精度约为11~13 mm,轨道6 h预报精度约为6 cm;GLONASS预报精度约为12 cm,Galileo在该时期的精度均值为10 cm,但是在2016年底以后精度提升到5 cm左右;北斗系统的中轨卫星(medium earth orbit,MEO)在2020年以后预报精度约为10 cm;北斗的静止轨道卫星(geostationary earth orbit,GEO)卫星和QZSS卫星的预报精度在米级;卫星激光测距检核表明,Galileo、GLONASS、BDS-3 MEO卫星轨道精度分别为23、41、47 mm;此外,采用150 d观测值的试验结果表明,采用非差模糊度固定能显著改善MEO卫星轨道精度,对GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、BDS-2和BDS-3的MEO卫星的6 h时预报精度改善率分别为9%~15%、15%~18%、11%~13%、6%~17%和14%~25%。     

BeiDou、Galileo、GLONASS、GPS多系统融合精密单点

随着中国BeiDou系统与欧盟Galileo系统的出现以及俄罗斯GLONASS系统的恢复完善,过去单一的GPS导航卫星系统时代已经逐步过渡为多系统并存且相互兼容的全球性卫星导航系统(multi-constellation global navigation satellite systems,multi-GNSS)时代,多系统GNSS融合精密定位将成为未来GNSS精密定位技术的发展趋势。本文采用GPS、GLONASS、BeiDou、Galileo 4大卫星导航定位系统融合的精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)实测数据,初步研究并分析了4系统融合PPP的定位性能。试验结果表明:在单系统观测几何构型不理想的区域,多系统融合能显著提高PPP的定位精度和收敛速度。4大系统融合的PPP收敛速度相对于单GNSS可提高30%~50%,定位精度可提高10%~30%,特别是对高程方向的贡献更为明显。此外,在卫星截止高度角大于30°的观测环境下,单系统由于可见卫星数不足导致无法连续定位,而多系统融合仍然可以获得PPP定位结果,尤其是水平方向具有较高的定位精度。这对于山区、城市以及遮挡严重的区域具有非常重要的应用价值。     

GNSS技术在GEO、IGSO航天器中的导航精度与适用性分析

现阶段高轨道航天器导航主要依靠地基测控系统,为了研究全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)技术用于高轨道航天器导航的可行性,对GNSS技术在地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星、倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星航天器中的导航精度及适用性展开了分析研究. 采用2021年11月9日的两行轨道数据(TLE)仿真GNSS星座,以不同星下点的GEO卫星和不同倾角的IGSO卫星作为目标星展开导航仿真试验. 实验结果表明:为了满足GNSS解算所需的卫星数量,须通过接收旁瓣信号来增加可见卫星数目. 对GEO目标星而言,当接收机灵敏度高于?169 dB时,导航精度可达30 m;利用GPS对7个不同的GEO或IGSO轨道目标星进行导航实验表明,GPS对目标星导航的位置误差约为35 m;北斗三号(BDS-3)、GPS、GLONASS、Galileo的导航位置误差均值分别为28.03 m、21.16 m、37.15 m、25.09 m,具有良好的内符合精度,其中GPS精度最高,GLONASS精度最低,但大部分时段也在45 m内.      

GPS／GLONASS组合点定位模型及其精度分析

GPS与GLONASS系统的联合应用有利于提高单点定位的精度及稳定性。文中简要介绍GPS／GLONASS等导航系统,讨论GPS／GLONASS组合单点定位算法,并采用拉萨IGS站的观测数据计算分析GPS与GLONASS伪距单系统以及组合系统单点定位精度。结果表明组合定位精度优于单系统定位。     

European GNSS – Competitive, Yet Cooperative

The management of the Global Positioning System (GPS) by the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD) has been the subject of persistent criticism by the global community of users in general and particularly in Europe. The European Union (EU) is considering various global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that would provide it with varying degrees of control, autonomy, and specificity of use. The gamut of options includes various augmentations of GPS, a combination of GLONASS and GPS, and its own GNSS, dubbed Galileo. We discuss the concerns of the global community with respect to GPS and the motives that drive the GPS globalization debate. We also describe the various European GNSS concepts and initiatives, and the likelihood for their realization as substitutes to the GPS. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.