上对流层/下平流层GPS掩星资料与我国探空温度对比

本文使用CDAAC(COSMIC Data Analysis and Archival Center)提供的1995—2010年GPS掩星干反演大气温度和我国无线电探空温度资料,选择临近的廓线进行匹配,以掩星资料为基准,分析上对流层/下平流层区域(200～30 hPa)探空温度与掩星温度之间的偏差。分析多种时空匹配条件下总的温度偏差和标准差的结果表明,匹配条件对偏差平均值影响较小,主要影响偏差标准差,选择探空和掩星廓线时间差小于3 h、距离小于200 km作为匹配条件。就全国平均而言,探空温度和掩星温度相差很小,其中在上对流层的偏差大于下平流层,偏差的标准差随高度增加而变大。在上对流层昼夜偏差都为正,下平流层白天为正、夜间为负,温度偏差和标准差在白天大于夜间,说明掩星资料具有足够的精度可以识别出太阳辐射对我国探空温度的影响。偏差在低纬较大,随纬度升高逐渐减小,与使用掩星资料计算的大气垂直减温率有较好的对应关系,其变化特征与探空滞后误差比较一致,说明使用掩星资料可以辨别滞后误差对探空资料的影响。就全国平均而言,L波段探空仪和59型探空仪的平均温度偏差都相对较小,但在不同纬度表现不同;在低纬地区二者偏差对比明显,59型探空仪具有较大的偏差,L波段探空仪偏差较小,高纬地区二者偏差相对都较小;59型探空仪的偏差标准差始终大于L波段探空仪。结果说明掩星资料可以分辨仪器换型对温度偏差的影响,探空仪的升级使我国探空资料的精准度提高,特别在纬度较抵的区域,偏差的改进更加明显。     

附加相位延迟到弯曲角反演过程中的误差传递模型

为了研究全球卫星导航定位系统无线电掩星探测中的误差传递过程,文中讨论了掩星探测中附加相位延迟到弯曲角的反演过程中,附加相位延迟随机误差对反演弯曲角误差的影响。在对全球卫星导航定位系统和低轨道卫星进行精密定轨的情况下,忽略轨道误差对反演结果的影响,将轨道参数视为常数,考虑附加相位延迟△L存在随机误差δ△L时对反演弯曲角α带来的弯曲角误差δα。利用EGOPS仿真软件,采用数值模拟的方法模拟了无电离层影响的大气附加相位延迟数据,利用CHAMP真实轨道数据,MSIS-90大气模型和全三维射线追踪器进行前向建模,从中选取了一个掩星事件对误差传递模型进行了验证。结果表明:附加相位延迟的变化会给弯曲角的反演带来相应的误差:当随机误差为5 cm左右时,反演的弯曲角误差在±0.2 mrad范围内;当随机误差为1 cm左右时,反演的弯曲角误差在±4μrad范围内;当随机误差为1 mm左右时,反演的弯曲角误差在±40μrad范围内。最后从模拟的掩星事件中随机抽取了20个掩星事件进行统计分析,给出了20个掩星事件存在1 cm附加相位延迟测量误差引起弯曲角误差的均值误差,其误差特性虽略大于个例研究结果,但与模型完全吻合,反演的弯曲角误差也在±40μrad范围内,进一步验证了模型的准确性。     

COSMIC-2掩星反演数据质量分析

为评价COSMIC-2掩星反演数据精度,利用探空站点资料,对比验证了基于COSMIC-2附加相位数据由无线电掩星数据处理软件ROPP计算得到的大气折射率及温湿廓线。实验结果表明:COSMIC-2数据经反演后的大气廓线质量较高,大气折射率相对偏差标准差为1.5%~4.3%,大气温度和相对湿度均方根误差分别为1.3~2.2 K、10%~15%;低纬地区样本精度总体优于中纬地区; 季节性差异不明显,但冬春季样本精度总体略优于夏秋季。反演数据与COSMIC-2二级产品相比,折射率与温度在部分高度层精度更优,相对湿度在总体上精度更优。      

基于往返式平漂探空的FY-3D卫星反演温度检验

往返式平漂探空观测（以下简称平漂探空）可实现对流层至平流层低层大气温度廓线垂直探测以及平流层低层内持续4 h的水平温度分布探测。该文介绍利用平漂探空试验数据对风云3号气象卫星D星（FY-3D）反演温度数据的检验评估算法,基于该算法和2021年3—9月长江中下游平漂探空试验数据完成对卫星反演大气温度数据的检验。结果显示:FY-3D卫星反演的温度数据准确度总体较高,与平漂探空上升段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.34℃,与下降段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.93℃;卫星反演的100 hPa以上和850 hPa以下温度误差分别偏大0.59℃和0.33℃;卫星反演平流层温度准确度低于温度廓线,平均绝对偏差约为3.92℃;与平漂探空数据相比,卫星大气温度廓线分辨率较低、趋势较平滑,无法显示大气温度垂直分布和平流层温度水平分布的细节特征。     

全球探空站附近掩星观测资料误差估计北大核心

利用2016年1月1日至2020年10月1日GPS无线电掩星观测、探空观测、美国微波综合反演系统(MiRS)卫星微波资料反演产品、美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统(Global Forecast System,GFS)分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料这5种资料,采用“三角帽”方法,估计GPS掩星资料的观测误差,分析了资料集之间偏差和误差相关性对观测误差估计值的影响。结果表明,用MiRS资料替代ERA5再分析资料后所得到的掩星观测误差大于用掩星、探空观测、GFS分析和ERA5再分析资料的掩星观测误差。掩星观测误差随纬度增加而减小。本文对即将到来的掩星资料的合理应用具有重要意义。     

COSMIC计划及掩星数据误差分析

掩星观测资料的误差特性是GPS气象学研究的热点之一,COSMIC（the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere and Climate）计划在技术上做了很多改进,包括采用“开环”跟踪技术,以改进对低对流层掩星信号的跟踪能力,从而减小掩星数据的反演误差。本文采用2006年7月29日至12月31号的COSMIC掩星数据与全球探空资料进行对比,统计了掩星数据在不同地区、不同高度层的分布以及其折射率的误差特性,结果表明：（1）与探空资料匹配后的掩星事件主要集中在中纬度地区陆地上;在垂直方向5km以上,掩星探测趋于稳定。（2）“开环”技术的应用修正了以前掩星计划中出现在低对流层的折射率负偏差,但是却引进了折射率正偏差。在低纬地区,这种正偏差最大,在地表到1km范围内达到0．6％;随着纬度增加,正偏差减小,在中纬度地区10km以下最大值为0．3％;到高纬度地区,正偏差减小到0．2％以内。     

COSMIC反演大气温湿廓线与模式客观分析场的比较

利用2009年不同季节COSMIC湿反演的大气温度和相对湿度廓线数据,分别与时、空相匹配的ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,欧洲中尺度天气预报中心)、NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,美国环境预报中心)模式客观分析场和无线电探空观测数据,进行全球范围的比较分析.初步研究表明,无论夏季还是冬季,各种资料源之间相互比较的偏差和标准差分布相似,与季节无关.就温度而言,三种资料源的温度水平、垂直分布都很接近,ECMWF模式数据比NCEP不论是温度廓线还是湿度廓线都更接近COSMIC反演值.模式的水汽客观分析场在对流层基本上都比无线电探空观测值偏湿,对流层中高层在大部分海洋地区也比COSMIC反演场偏湿.COSMIC反演的相对湿度相对于无线电探空整层偏大,具有明显正偏差,在300 hPa偏差达最大值(约30%).     

风云三号气象卫星掩星大气产品精度的初步检验

风云三号气象卫星C星于北京时间2013年9月23日成功发射,其上搭载了中国第一个以掩星方式探测中性大气和电离层大气的民用新型有效载荷——全球导航卫星掩星探测仪(Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder, GNOS)。GNOS可以接收GPS(Global Positioning System)导航卫星和中国北斗导航卫星信号,进而得到全球范围内的中性大气和电离层大气的探测结果。利用常规无线电探空资料,对GNOS接收GPS信号的掩星探测大气产品(包括折射率、密度、温度以及湿度廓线)进行检验,结果表明:在近地面至25 km垂直范围内,GNOS掩星大气产品折射率廓线和干大气密度廓线的平均偏差在0.5%左右,标准偏差在2%左右;温度廓线的平均偏差约为0.5 K,标准偏差约为2 K;水汽廓线的标准偏差在6 km 以下为0.25—1.0 g/kg。对于风云卫星首次尝试的掩星观测技术,GNOS掩星产品的精度基本达到预定目标,在未来还有改进的空间。     

COSMIC与FY-3C掩星电离层反演的比较

利用基于TEC的电子密度廓线反演方法,对2014年12月31日的COSMIC和FY-3C掩星任务的电离层掩星相位数据进行处理,将反演的电子密度廓线及电离层峰值参数分别与两个掩星任务的官方产品进行比较,发现两个掩星任务的反演结果与官方产品均具有较好的一致性.其中COSMIC反演结果与CDAAC官方产品的一致性略好于FY-3C反演结果与NSMC官方产品的一致性,且两个任务的NmF2的反演质量均优于hmF2的反演质量.但与COSMIC不同,FY-3C掩星电离层相位数据进行反演处理之前有必要进行滤波平滑预处理,且由于FY-3C非掩星时段的相位数据量太少,反演过程中不建议对TEC进行改正.     

LEO-LEO掩星探测频点选择分析与仿真研究

LEO-LEO低轨掩星探测是高效的地球大气层探测技术,探测频率的选择是掩星探测计划的重要环节。首先,详细分析水的复介电常数与频率之间的关系,以及大气中水汽和氧气分子对电波的衰减情况,得出10~30 GHz适合作为LEO-LEO掩星的探测频段;其次,在可行探测频段范围内选择3个探测频点进行仿真研究,给出120次LEO-LEO掩星事件的温、压、湿廓线及对应的误差廓线图,并将仿真结果与标准大气模式对比:大气压力最大相对偏差为0.5%,温度最大标准偏差为0.8K,湿度最大标准偏差为0.47 g·kg~(-1),达到LEO-LEO掩星探测的精度要求;得出14.6GHz、17.4 GHz和22.6 GHz适合作为LEO-LEO掩星探测的频点,为LEO-LEO掩星探测频率的选择提供了参考。所得结论对进一步发展LEO-LEO掩星探测计划,提高大气探测精度具有重要的科学意义。     

全谱反演技术在山基掩星数据处理中的应用

山基掩星观测是一种探测特定区域气象数据的新技术。该文从山基掩星探测技术的概念出发,阐述了山基掩星探测技术的特点和优势,介绍了山基掩星观测数据几何光学反演方法; 在详细介绍全谱反演技术的基础上,提出了采用全谱反演技术来处理山基掩星观测数据的新方法。采用该方法对2005年8月在河北兴隆雾灵山获取的山基掩星观测试验探测数据进行了处理,成功获得了大气折射率剖面, 将全谱反演结果与几何光学反演结果和同时获取的时空匹配的探空数据进行了比对分析。结果表明:全谱反演结果与几何光学反演结果平均相对偏差小于2%,全谱反演结果偏小,标准偏差低于3%;全谱反演结果与常规探空结果的平均相对偏差为8.15%,全谱反演结果偏小,标准偏差为1.4%。     

雾灵山GPS掩星观测实验分析

在高山的山顶上, 利用GPS接收机跟踪低仰角和负仰角的GPS卫星信号, 即山基GPS掩星观测, 该技术可以获得低层大气折射指数剖面。2005年8月1—29日, 在河北雾灵山 (40.60°N, 117.48°E, 海拔2118 m) 开展了山基GPS掩星观测实验, 共获得576 h的原始观测数据, 跟踪到掩星事件共1136次, 其中621次上升掩星事件, 515次下降掩星事件, 平均每小时观测到2次掩星事件, 经反演成功获得939个大气折射指数剖面。分析结果表明:山基掩星事件发生时间 (地方时) 大体呈平均分布; 山基掩星事件持续时间大部分在15~20 min; 山基掩星事件跟踪最低负仰角分布的峰值出现在-3°~-2.5°之间, 所跟踪到的最低负仰角达到-4.994°, 出现在正南稍偏东方向; 下降掩星事件的最低仰角分布明显低于上升掩星事件的最低仰角分布。上述实验结果表明:山基掩星观测每天可为低层大气环境监测提供大量时空分布的折射率数据, 具有潜在的应用前景。     

Comparison of Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder Biases Estimated Using Radio Occultation and Hurricane Florence(2018) Captured by NOAA-20 and S-NPP

The second Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS)was onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)-20 satellite when launched on 18 November 2017.Using nearly six months of the earliest NOAA-20 observations,the biases of the ATMS instrument were compared between NOAA-20 and the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership(S-NPP)satellite.The biases of ATMS channels 8 to 13 were estimated from the differences between antenna temperature observations and model simulations generated from Meteorological Operational(MetOp)-A and MetOp-B satellites’Global Positioning System(GPS)radio occultation(RO)temperature and water vapor profiles.It was found that the ATMS onboard the NOAA-20 satellite has generally larger cold biases in the brightness temperature measurements at channels 8 to 13 and small standard deviations.The observations from ATMS on both S-NPP and NOAA-20 are shown to demonstrate an ability to capture a less than 1-h temporal evolution of Hurricane Florence(2018)due to the fact that the S-NPP orbits closely follow those of NOAA-20.     

Growing Operational Use of FY-3 Data in the ECMWF System

This paper reviews the data quality and impact of observations from the FY-3 satellite series used operationally in the ECMWF system. This includes data from the passive microwave radiometers MWHS-1, MWHS-2 and MWRI, as well as observations from the radio occultation receiver GNOS. Evaluations against background equivalents show that the quality of the observations is broadly comparable to that of similar instruments on other polar-orbiting satellites, even though biases for the passive microwave observations can be somewhat larger and more complex for some channels. An observing system experiment shows that the FY-3 instruments jointly contribute significantly to the forecast skill in the ECMWF system. Positive impact of up to 2% is seen for most variables out to the day-2 forecasts over hemispheric scales, with significant benefits for total column water vapor or for temperature and wind in the stratosphere out to day 4.     

Ensemble retrieval of atmospheric temperature profiles from AIRS

ABSTRACT Satellite-based observations provide great opportunities for improving weather forecasting. Physical retrieval of atmo spheric profiles from satellite observations is sensitive to the uncertainty of the first guess and other factors. In order to improve the accuracy of the physical retrieval, an ensemble methodology was developed with an emphasis on perturbing the first guess. In the methodology, a normal probability density function （PDF） is used to select the optimal profile from the ensemble retrievals. The ensemble retrieval algorithm contains four steps： （1） regression retrieval for original first guess; （2） perturbation of the original first guess to generate new first guesses （ensemble first guesses）; （3） using the ensemble first guesses and nonlinear iterative physical retrieval to generate ensemble physical results; and （4） the final optimal profile is selected from the ensemble physical results by using PDE Temperature eigenvectors （EVs） were used to generate the pertur- bation and generate the ensemble first guess. Compared with the regular temperature profile retrievals from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder （AIRS）, the ensemble retrievals RMSE of temperature profiles selected by the PDF was reduced between 150 and 320 hPa and below 400 hPa, with a maximum improvement of 0.3 K at 400 hPa. The bias was also reduced in many layers, with a maximum improvement of 0.69 K at 460 hPa. The combined optimal （CombOpt） profile and a mean optimal （MeanOpt） profile of all ensemble physical results were improved below 150 hPa. The MeanOpt profile was better than the CombOpt profile, and was regarded as the final optimal （FinOpt） profile. This study lays the foundation for improving temperature retrievals from hyper-spectral infrared radiance measurements.     

An evaluation of various forms of VAS retrievals in the analysis of a preconvective environment

Summary Quantitative retrievals derived from VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) radiances are combined with conventional surface and radiosonde data to evaluate the impact of the higher time and space resolution geosynchronous satellite soundings on the diagnosis of a preconvective environment over the central United States on 20 July 1981. Retrievals of temperature, dewpoint temperature, equivalent potential temperature, total column precipitable water, and lifted index, all derived at 60 km resolution over approximately three-hourly intervals, are shown to be physically consistent in space and time and to compare well with available radiosonde data. When VAS fields are used to augment qualitative VAS imagery and analyses from conventional data sources mesoscale regions with convective instability are more clearly delineated prior to the development of convection. The analysis of the VAS retrievals identifies significant spatial gradients and temporal changes in the thermal and moisture fields, especially at times and locations between radiosonde observations. Direct retrievals of vertically integrated bulk precipitable water and lifted index are particularly useful in this case since they correspond well to features in the VAS imagery and provide a strong preconvective signature. The nature of the VAS instrument dictates that these bulk parameters should display more consistency in space and time than the level-specific parameters due to the poor vertical resolution of the VAS instrument. The detailed analyses also point to limitations in using VAS data. Even with nearly optimal conditions for passive remote sounding (generally clear skies, minimal orographic effects, and a rapidly changing moisture field), the VAS retrievals were still degraded in some regions by VAS instrument noise and calibration errors and unresolved cloud contamination. Another problem is the cloud-free nature of the instrument data set, which biases the results toward a drier environment. In spite of these and other limitations, the analyses demonstrate that the geosynchronous VAS can be used in a case study mode to produce high-resolution spatial and temporal measurements which are useful for the quantitative analysis of a cloud-free preconvective environment.With 16 Figures     

Analysis of ice water path retrieval errors over tropical ocean

Retrieval of multi-layered cloud properties, especially ice water path (IWP), is one of the most perplexing problems in satellite cloud remote sensing. This paper develops a method for improving the IWP retrievals for ice-over-water overlapped cloud systems using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) data. A combined microwave, visible and infrared algorithm is used to identify overlapped clouds and estimate IWP separately from liquid water path. The retrieval error of IWP is then evaluated by comparing the IWP to that retrieved from single-layer ice clouds surrounding the observed overlapping systems. The major IWP retrieval errors of overlapped clouds are primarily controlled by the errors in estimating the visible optical depth. Optical depths are overestimated by about 10–40% due to the influence of the underlying cloud. For the ice-over-warm-water cloud systems (cloud water temperature Tw > 273 K), the globally averaged IWP retrieval error is about 10%. This cloud type accounts for about 15% of all high-cloud overlapping cases. Ice-over-super-cooled water clouds are the predominant overlapped cloud system, accounting for 55% of the cases. Their global averaged error is 17.2%. The largest IWP retrieval error results when ice clouds occur over extremely super-cooled water clouds (Tw 6 255 K). Overall, roughly 33% of the VIRS IWP retrievals are overestimated due to the effects of the liquid water clouds beneath the cirrus clouds. To improve the accuracy of the IWP retrievals, correction models are developed and applied to all three types of overlapped clouds. The preliminary results indicate that the correction models reduce part of the retrieval error.     

重庆微波辐射计资料的评估和探测特征分析

对比了2017～2019年重庆沙坪坝MP-3000A型地基微波辐射计和Metop-A掩星资料气温、湿度廓线探测之间的差异,并对两次天气过程中微波辐射计的探测特征进行分析,结果表明：(1)微波辐射计与掩星气温在整个探测高度上均为显著正相关,且低层高于高层；夏半年偏差小于冬半年；,4km以下微波辐射计探测气温高于掩星气温,降雨时偏差更大。(2)微波辐射计与掩星相对湿度相关性稍高于气温；,夏半年相关性高于冬半年,,偏差小于冬半年；降水天气时,1km以下及4～-6km之间,微波辐射计相对湿度的负偏差值明显比无降水时大。(3)降水时段,微波辐射计探测5km以下为高湿区,暖湿气团上升过程中凝结潜热和绝热冷却作用,中低层出现了逆温层；辐射雾出现时,微波辐射计探测到近地面层相对湿度增大和气温降低。