掩星接收机误差对大气温度反演精度影响仿真研究

为了评估掩星接收机误差对无线电掩星探测精度的影响,利用EGOPS软件仿真研究了多普勒偏差、多普勒频移、时钟稳定性/单差分、接收机噪声和局部多路径等对GNSS无线电掩星反演大气温度、折射率、密度、压力廓线的影响.模拟设计过程中选择METOP作为接收的LEO卫星,GPS星座作为发射系统,设置GRAS天线.从模拟的567个掩星事件中选择了一个上升掩星事件和一个下降掩星事件进行模拟分析.研究结果表明:对于设置的"最差"情况,温度误差最大值大部分出现在平流层顶附近,其中多普勒偏差引起的温度误差最大值接近2 K,多普勒频移引起的温度误差最大值小于0.3 K,时钟稳定性/单差分引起的温度误差最大值接近3 K,现实接收机噪声引起的温度误差最大值超过了4 K,局部多路径引起的温度误差最大值小于1.5 K.经讨论分析认为:对于高质量的无线电掩星反演,掩星接收机误差源中最主要的是接收机热噪声、时钟稳定性/单差分和多普勒偏差.文中还随机选取了30个掩星事件进行统计分析,将其温度反演结果与ECMWF分析场数据比较得出,温度误差的平均偏差在45 km高度上最大,约为1 K;最大标准偏差出现在平流层顶,约为5 K,这验证了廓线反演算法的有效性,表明了误差分析结果的正确性和普遍性.     

COSMIC与FY-3C掩星电离层反演的比较

利用基于TEC的电子密度廓线反演方法,对2014年12月31日的COSMIC和FY-3C掩星任务的电离层掩星相位数据进行处理,将反演的电子密度廓线及电离层峰值参数分别与两个掩星任务的官方产品进行比较,发现两个掩星任务的反演结果与官方产品均具有较好的一致性.其中COSMIC反演结果与CDAAC官方产品的一致性略好于FY-3C反演结果与NSMC官方产品的一致性,且两个任务的NmF2的反演质量均优于hmF2的反演质量.但与COSMIC不同,FY-3C掩星电离层相位数据进行反演处理之前有必要进行滤波平滑预处理,且由于FY-3C非掩星时段的相位数据量太少,反演过程中不建议对TEC进行改正.     

COSMIC-2掩星反演数据质量分析

为评价COSMIC-2掩星反演数据精度,利用探空站点资料,对比验证了基于COSMIC-2附加相位数据由无线电掩星数据处理软件ROPP计算得到的大气折射率及温湿廓线。实验结果表明:COSMIC-2数据经反演后的大气廓线质量较高,大气折射率相对偏差标准差为1.5%~4.3%,大气温度和相对湿度均方根误差分别为1.3~2.2 K、10%~15%;低纬地区样本精度总体优于中纬地区; 季节性差异不明显,但冬春季样本精度总体略优于夏秋季。反演数据与COSMIC-2二级产品相比,折射率与温度在部分高度层精度更优,相对湿度在总体上精度更优。      

全球探空站附近掩星观测资料误差估计北大核心

利用2016年1月1日至2020年10月1日GPS无线电掩星观测、探空观测、美国微波综合反演系统(MiRS)卫星微波资料反演产品、美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统(Global Forecast System,GFS)分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料这5种资料,采用“三角帽”方法,估计GPS掩星资料的观测误差,分析了资料集之间偏差和误差相关性对观测误差估计值的影响。结果表明,用MiRS资料替代ERA5再分析资料后所得到的掩星观测误差大于用掩星、探空观测、GFS分析和ERA5再分析资料的掩星观测误差。掩星观测误差随纬度增加而减小。本文对即将到来的掩星资料的合理应用具有重要意义。     

COSMIC计划及掩星数据误差分析

掩星观测资料的误差特性是GPS气象学研究的热点之一,COSMIC（the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere and Climate）计划在技术上做了很多改进,包括采用“开环”跟踪技术,以改进对低对流层掩星信号的跟踪能力,从而减小掩星数据的反演误差。本文采用2006年7月29日至12月31号的COSMIC掩星数据与全球探空资料进行对比,统计了掩星数据在不同地区、不同高度层的分布以及其折射率的误差特性,结果表明：（1）与探空资料匹配后的掩星事件主要集中在中纬度地区陆地上;在垂直方向5km以上,掩星探测趋于稳定。（2）“开环”技术的应用修正了以前掩星计划中出现在低对流层的折射率负偏差,但是却引进了折射率正偏差。在低纬地区,这种正偏差最大,在地表到1km范围内达到0．6％;随着纬度增加,正偏差减小,在中纬度地区10km以下最大值为0．3％;到高纬度地区,正偏差减小到0．2％以内。     

利用改进的GoogLeNet深度学习模型识别COSMIC-2掩星信号中的反射信号

GPS(Global Positioning System)掩星探测技术作为一种先进的大气探测手段,已广泛用于数值天气预报、气候和空间天气研究。掩星探测存在的问题之一是容易受到地球表面反射信号的干扰,识别和分离掩星探测信号中的反射信号有助于将掩星数据同化到数值天气预报系统中去,具有重要意义。本文提出一种基于改进的GoogLeNet深度学习模型（Im-GNet）,并应用于COSMIC-2掩星探测数据来识别反射信号。本文选择了2020年1月1～9日的COSMIC-2掩星数据（conPhs文件）,进行质量控制后,利用无线电全息方法得到掩星信号的无线电全息功率谱密度图像,然后训练得到Im-GNet深度学习模型,Im-GNet模型测试的准确率达到了96.4%,显著高于支持向量机（SVM）方法的结果。本文还分析了反射信号对掩星数据的影响,掩星事件的地理分布以及掩星反演数据（atmPrf文件）与NCEP再分析资料的12 h预报值（avnPrf文件）的折射率比较表明：有反射信号的掩星事件数据质量更好,所包含的大气信息更丰富。     

雾灵山GPS掩星观测实验分析

在高山的山顶上, 利用GPS接收机跟踪低仰角和负仰角的GPS卫星信号, 即山基GPS掩星观测, 该技术可以获得低层大气折射指数剖面。2005年8月1—29日, 在河北雾灵山 (40.60°N, 117.48°E, 海拔2118 m) 开展了山基GPS掩星观测实验, 共获得576 h的原始观测数据, 跟踪到掩星事件共1136次, 其中621次上升掩星事件, 515次下降掩星事件, 平均每小时观测到2次掩星事件, 经反演成功获得939个大气折射指数剖面。分析结果表明:山基掩星事件发生时间 (地方时) 大体呈平均分布; 山基掩星事件持续时间大部分在15~20 min; 山基掩星事件跟踪最低负仰角分布的峰值出现在-3°~-2.5°之间, 所跟踪到的最低负仰角达到-4.994°, 出现在正南稍偏东方向; 下降掩星事件的最低仰角分布明显低于上升掩星事件的最低仰角分布。上述实验结果表明:山基掩星观测每天可为低层大气环境监测提供大量时空分布的折射率数据, 具有潜在的应用前景。     

LEO-LEO掩星探测频点选择分析与仿真研究

LEO-LEO低轨掩星探测是高效的地球大气层探测技术,探测频率的选择是掩星探测计划的重要环节。首先,详细分析水的复介电常数与频率之间的关系,以及大气中水汽和氧气分子对电波的衰减情况,得出10~30 GHz适合作为LEO-LEO掩星的探测频段;其次,在可行探测频段范围内选择3个探测频点进行仿真研究,给出120次LEO-LEO掩星事件的温、压、湿廓线及对应的误差廓线图,并将仿真结果与标准大气模式对比:大气压力最大相对偏差为0.5%,温度最大标准偏差为0.8K,湿度最大标准偏差为0.47 g·kg~(-1),达到LEO-LEO掩星探测的精度要求;得出14.6GHz、17.4 GHz和22.6 GHz适合作为LEO-LEO掩星探测的频点,为LEO-LEO掩星探测频率的选择提供了参考。所得结论对进一步发展LEO-LEO掩星探测计划,提高大气探测精度具有重要的科学意义。     

GPS弯曲角资料在WRF模式中的同化试验——对台风“森拉克”的影响分析

实现了在WRF模式中GPS掩星弯曲角资料的三维变分同化,正演算子采用大气一维球对称假设条件下,Abel变换方法计算弯曲角。以2008年13号台风“森拉克”为例,研究了COSMIC弯曲角资料对台风预报路径、强度及降水等的影响。与控制试验及台风实况的对比结果表明,同化COSMIC弯曲角资料后,在24小时预报以后,对台风路径预报有较明显的改进效果,路径预报误差平均降低约67.5%;但台风强度预报整体偏弱。分析认为,同化弯曲角资料后,台风附近形势场的改进是提高路径预报的原因。由于弯曲角资料本身存在水平分辨率较低的问题,以及对流层底部信号质量不如中上部和平流层是台风强度预报偏弱的重要原因。      

适应数值模式垂直坐标的GPS掩星反演资料稀疏化方案

GPS掩星反演大气温湿资料具有高垂直分辨率、高精度、受云和降水影响小等优点,针对GRAPES同化预报系统,发展设计了一种既考虑预报模式高度-地形追随垂直坐标不均匀分层特点,又结合掩星反演资料特性的新适应性垂直稀疏化方案。通过个例试验和批量试验,探索了该适应性稀疏化方案对分析预报质量的影响。试验结果表明:选取合适的稀疏参数,新稀疏化方案的GPS掩星反演资料对背景场的调整更加有效,分析场质量更高;位势高度、比湿、温度和风场等预报场的均方根误差均更小;适应性稀疏化方案对改善台风路径预报具有积极作用。批量试验则进一步证实了适应性稀疏化方案对分析场质量有明显的改善作用。     

Retrieval of water vapor profiles with radio occultation measurements using an artificial neural network

A new method applying an artificial neural network （ANN） to retrieve water vapor profiles in the troposphere is presented. In this paper, a fully-connected, three-layer network based on the backpropagation algorithm is constructed. Month, latitude, altitude and bending angle are chosen as the input vectors and water vapor pressure as the output vector. There are 130 groups of occultation measurements from June to November 2002 in the dataset. Seventy pairs of bending angles and water vapor pressure profiles are used to train the ANN, and the sixty remaining pairs of profiles are applied to the validation of the retrieval. By comparing the retrieved profiles with the corresponding ones from the Information System and Data Center of the Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload for Geoscientific Research and Application （CHAMP-ISDC）, it can be concluded that the ANN is relatively convenient and accurate. Its results can be provided as the first guess for the iterative methods or the non-linear optimal estimation inverse method.     

Retrieval of Vertical Distribution of Tropospheric Refractivity through Ground-Based GPS Observation简

In the present reported study, the vertical distributions of local atmospheric refractivity were retrieved from ground- based GPS observations at low elevation angles. An improved optimization method was implemented at altitudes of 0-10 km to search for a best-fit refractivity profile that resulted in atmospheric delays most similar to the delays calculated from the observations. A ray-tracing model was used to simulate neutral atmospheric delays corresponding to a given refractivity profile. We initially performed a ＂theoretical retrieval＂, in which no observation data were involved, to verify the optimization method. A statistical relative error of this ＂theoretical retrieval＂ （-2% to 2%） indicated that such a retrieval is effective. In a practical retrieval, observations were obtained using a dual-frequency GPS receiver, and its initial value was provided by CIRA86aQ_UoG data. The statistical relative errors of the practical retrieval range from -3% to 5% were compared with co-located radiosonde measurements, Results clearly revealed diurnal variations in local refractivity prc,files, The results also suggest that the general vertical distribution of refractivity can be derived with a high temporal resolution. However, further study is needed to describe the vertical refractivity gradient clearly.     

Use of total precipitable water classification of a priori error and quality control in atmospheric temperature and water vapor sounding retrieval

This study investigates the use of dynamic a priori error information according to atmospheric moistness and the use of quality controls in temperature and water vapor profile retrievals from hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders. Temperature and water vapor profiles are retrieved from Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) radiance measurements by applying a physical iterative method using regression retrieval as the first guess. Based on the dependency of first-guess errors on the degree of atmospheric moistness, the a priori first-guess errors classified by total precipitable water (TPW) are applied in the AIRS physical retrieval procedure. Compared to the retrieval results from a fixed a priori error, boundary layer moisture retrievals appear to be improved via TPW classification of a priori first-guess errors. Six quality control (QC) tests, which check non-converged or bad retrievals, large residuals, high terrain and desert areas, and large temperature and moisture deviations from the first guess regression retrieval, are also applied in the AIRS physical retrievals. Significantly large errors are found for the retrievals rejected by these six QCs, and the retrieval errors are substantially reduced via QC over land, which suggest the usefulness and high impact of the QCs, especially over land. In conclusion, the use of dynamic a priori error information according to atmospheric moistness, and the use of appropriate QCs dealing with the geographical information and the deviation from the first-guess as well as the conventional inverse performance are suggested to improve temperature and moisture retrievals and their applications.     

TOVS水汽及演的误差分析及其订正

该文利用同步物理反演法以６小时数值预报场为背景场对１９９２年１月份ＮＯＡＡ－１２卫星垂直探测（ＴＯＶＳ）资料进行了大气参数反演，并对水汽反演误差进行了检验和分析．以常规观测作为检验的标准，检验结果按３条轨道统计，发现反演的相对湿度平均误差与背景场的误差密切相关，均为负值；在高层和高纬度，误差绝对值随高度的增加而增加，随纬度的升高而增加；误差的日际变化在高层比较稳定，低层振动较大．对反演误差进行订正后的结果表明，在５００ｈＰａ以上反演均比背景质量要好，尤其轨道Ａ所有层次上订正后的反演比背景场好．     

TOVS 水汽反演的误差分析及其订正

该文利用同步物理反演法以6小时数值预报场为背景场对1992年1月份NOAA-12卫星垂直探测（TOVS）资料进行了大气参数反演，并对水汽反演误差进行了检验和分析。以常规观测作为检验的标准，检验结果按3条轨道统计，发现反演的相对湿度平均误差与背景场的误差密切相关，均为负值；在高层和高纬度，误差绝对值随高度的增加而增加，随纬度的升高而增加；误差的日际变化在高层比较稳定，低层振动较大。对反演误差进行订正后的结果表明，在500 hPa以上反演均比背景质量要好，尤其轨道A所有层次上订正后的反演比背景场好。     

利用MODIS红外资料反演大气温湿度廓线的研究

概述了利用特征向量统计回归反演算法,从EOS/MODIS的红外通道资料反演大气温湿度垂直分布的过程,并与美国国家环境预报中心NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)的等压面再分析场资料按照纬度和气压高度进行了真实性检验。结果表明：由MODIS资料反演得到的大气温湿度参数能够揭示大气温湿度的垂直分布。在各个等压面上均方根误差平均值在中纬度地区为3.39K,低纬度地区为1.40K,近地面层、对流层顶附近及下垫面地形复杂的区域误差较大,总体上低纬度地区要好于中纬度地区。反演的水汽误差也为低纬度地区小于中纬度地区,且随高度升高,中、高纬度误差都逐渐减小并逐渐接近。     

GMS-5 估计可降水量的研究

文章证明了由静止气象卫星GMS-5的分裂窗通道和水汽通道亮温反演可降水量的可行性,探讨了GMS-5红外通道亮温与可降水量的关系,建立了由3个通道亮温反演可降水量的经验公式。用60组大气平均廓线,对公式模拟检验误差为0.18 g/cm2,而用实际124组探空和对应的GMS-5亮温资料进行检验,误差0.40 g/cm2。用得到的经验公式可反演大范围的晴空可降水量分布。     

Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Model

The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemi-cally corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states, to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field, vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent.     

Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Mode

The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemically corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states,to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field,vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent.