一种解析正圆锥状褶皱和复杂环带的方法——三点法

圆锥状褶皱是与圆柱状褶皱几何特征不同但又有一定联系的构造,在自然界并不少见,不仅可以出现于圆柱状褶皱的尾端,而且常见于多期构造变形迭加的地区。作者在辽宁省鞍本地区进行变质岩构造解析时,也遇到了多个不同尺度的圆锥状褶皱。     

区域变质杂岩的构造序列规律探讨

根据实地观测和有关资料的研究表明,不论前寒武纪地质区或是显生宙的造山带,其变质杂岩普遍存在着构造变形的某些共同规律,表现于面、褶皱和线构造的发生、发展和转化,遵循着大致类同的顺序,形成构造序列,集中反映了区域变质造山带的变形与演化过程。如果将面、褶皱和线构造各序列中同期的构造形迹相组合,就形成构造组合,代表变形幕。相继生成的构造组合表明一个构造旋迴的变形序列。过去对造山带变质杂岩的构造研究很少注意构造演化中的序列规律。     

米仓山变质带火地垭群中片内无根褶皱与面理置换

片内无根褶皱是变质岩系中分布广泛的一种小型构造,它的存在是面理置换的重要判据之一(特纳等,1963),对于认识区域性面理的成因,恢复区域构造具有重要意义。本文对四川北部南江上两地区火地垭群中片内无根褶皱进行了研究。     

中国南方侏罗山式褶皱及其形成机制

侏罗山式褶皱起源于欧洲侏罗山区的褶皱,以背斜紧闭向斜开阔和向斜紧闭背斜开阔为特征。这类褶皱在形态上与褶皱造山带的强烈紧闭褶皱和地台盖层的极其平缓开阔的褶皱明显不同。所以本世纪初的阿尔卑斯构造研究者就注意到这类构造,布克斯多夫(Buxtorf1916)进行了研究并提出了侏罗山式褶皱,认为这类褶皱是盖层在海西基底上剪切滑动的结果。别洛马索夫和张文佑以区域构造为基础的褶皱分类中,都把侏罗山式褶皱与阿尔卑斯式褶皱(地槽型全形褶皱)和日尔曼式褶皱(地台型断续褶皱)并列为三大褶皱类型。 株罗山式褶皱两种基本型式:隔档式褶皱和隔槽式褶皱。区域构造研究确定,在地质背景、形成机制和形态特证上与这两种基本型式相同和近似的褶皱广泛发育。一些学者据其     

中国东部中新生代地质构造发展特征与地震

引言本文讨论范围包括贺兰山、六盘山、龙门山和大雪山一线以东的广大东北、华北和华南地区及台湾省(简称中国东部)。中国东部自前震旦纪结晶基底形成后(其中华南东部是加里东褶皱基底),古生代时期受地中海构造体系和西太平洋构造体系的控制,主要处于一个三面有地槽带围限、内部为地台的发展阶段。随着属于地中海构造体系的天山和蒙古-大兴安岭地槽带、昆仑山-秦岭地槽带和川西-滇西地槽带于古生代至三迭纪期间逐渐褶皱迴返结束地槽生命后,中国东部受西太平洋构造体系的影响便相应地明显起来,成为中国东部中新生代地质构造发展的主导因素。     

迁安紫苏花岗岩的稀土元素地球化学

迁安断块隆起或称迁安花岗岩片麻岩穹隆是冀东高级变质地体的一个重要组成部分,它的四周为大型古断裂所切割,仅在西侧保留了边缘褶皱束,在褶皱束内有同构造的或构造后的纵向断裂(钱祥麟,1981)。本文讨论的紫苏花岗岩,大致沿西部边缘褶皱束的纵向断裂分布。     

扎格罗斯盆地Buzurgan背斜斜向逆冲断裂褶皱的几何解析及运动学模拟

扎格罗斯盆地因其丰富的油气资源和复杂的构造体系而深受国际石油界的重视,其中是否存在斜向逆冲断裂褶皱对于进一步深化盆地构造特征的认识至关重要.基于断裂相关褶皱理论,采用地层倾角域分析和褶皱轴面分析方法,系统地开展了扎格罗斯盆地Buzurgan背斜地震剖面的构造几何解析,获得了时间构造等T₀图、沿层时间域水平切片图和平行于断层走向的地震剖面图.在此基础上,依据斜向逆冲断裂褶皱的构造几何识别特征,解释出Buzurgan背斜的斜向逆冲断裂褶皱几何变形样式.最后通过计算机正演模拟,再现了Buzurgan背斜斜向逆冲断裂褶皱构造样式的成生过程,验证了斜向逆冲断裂褶皱解释的合理性和可靠性.      

西南地区现代构造应力场与地震活动性的实验研究

前言西南地区(指云南、四川西部地区)位于我国南北构造带即南北地震带的南段,是地壳运动剧烈、构造形态复杂、地震活动十分频繁的地区。它西临印度洋板块的俯冲带,东濒古老稳定的四川地台和黔桂古陆,岩层遭到十分强烈的挤压,形成了一系列平行于印度洋板块的巨型褶皱带、深大断裂带及弧形山脉。     

安徽省主要构造地质要素的变形

安徽省在中国东部的中心部位,跨越不同的构造地质单元。前寒武纪变质岩出露面积约占基岩出露面积的三分之一。变质岩包括太古宙、元古宙及少部分古生代地层;变质相包括麻粒岩相到低级绿片岩相。其中发育有多期褶皱变形和同变质期的断层作用,这些断层在后继变形过程中被改造和复活,形成十分复杂的构造地质图案。     

浙江桐村寒武系大陈岭组地震驱动的软沉积变形构造特征分析

软沉积变形构造是确立古地震是否发育的关键证据之一。在浙江桐村寒武系大陈岭组剖面确立的三个地震驱动的软沉积变形事件层中,主要软沉积变形有地震微断裂、微褶皱、液化构造,它们反映出沉积物遭受地震作用时,流体压力改变的程度以及发生液化的强度。其中,微褶皱构造主要包括微褶皱纹层和与液化脉有关的褶皱;液化构造包括泄水构造和液化脉构造。通过对软沉积变形构造的形态特征、产状观察和统计,与其它非地震成因的类似构造相区分,进一步确立地震是它们最有可能的驱动机制,统计出三个事件层中地震扰动层的厚度和震中距,估算事件层Ⅱ和事件层Ⅲ的震级为6~7级和6级左右,并初步认为在大陈岭组地震带以外的地层中,存在臼齿构造。从而,完善了震积岩的识别标志和岩相序列,深化了对浙西寒武系大陈岭组地震事件沉积的认识。     

鞍山附近“樱桃园组”的构造样式及其时代讨论

本文区分了“樱桃园组”岩石在元古主构造旋回的三幕变形,详细描述了各幕SFL组合和按区段进行了投影。主变形幕D₁的构造最发育,F₁控制着本区的岩性分布。构造序列及样式变化显示由高塑性向脆性的变形格式。本组与下伏的太古鞍山群变粒岩在构造序列、样式和变质相上都有显著差异,过去许多地质学家把二者混划为一个单位,统名“鞍山群”,属太古宙。但本组与上覆的辽河群(上元古)的构造样式和变质相却相似,故其时代相当于早元古Ferrian期。     

西藏康马片麻岩穹隆及其周围变质岩的主要特征

位于西藏康马县城北面的花岗片麻岩穹隆体,因其形态上类似一个侵入体,故早期的研究大都将其当作一个花岗岩体,其周围的变质岩则被认为是接触变质岩(周云生和张魁武,1981;张旗和李炤华,1981,涂光炽等,1981;李锦统等,1981)。目前,对穹隆体本身及其周围变质岩的性质和成因,仍然存在着争论。本文对康马片麻岩穹隆的性质及其成因机制进行了探讨,试图对认识拉轨岗日构造带的演化提供某些线索。     

Fold dating: A new Ar/Ar illite dating application to constrain the age of deformation in shallow crustal rocks

We propose a deformation dating method that combines XRD quantification and Ar chronology of submicroscopic illite to determine the absolute ages of folds that contain clay-bearing layers. Two folds in the frontal segment of the Mexican Fold-Thrust Belt (MFTB), which was deformed from Late Cretaceous to Eocene, are used to illustrate the method and its future potential.Variations in mineral composition, illite-polytype, crystallite-size (CS) and Ar total gas ages were analyzed in the limbs and hinge of two mesoscopic folds. This analysis examines potential effects of strain variation on illitization and the Ar isotopic system along folded layers, versus possible regional thermal overprints. The Ar total-gas ages for 9 samples in Fold 1 vary between 48.4 and 43.9 Ma. The % of 2M₁ (detrital) illite vs. Ar total-gas ages tightly constrains the age of folding at 43.5 ± 0.3 Ma. Nine ages from three samples in Fold 2 range from 76.2 to 62.7 Ma, which results in a folding age of 63.9 ± 2.2 Ma. Both ages are in excellent agreement with more broadly constrained stratigraphic timing. The method offers a novel approach to radiometric dating of clay-bearing folds formed at very low-grade metamorphic conditions, and has the potential to constrain dates and rates of regional and local deformation along and across foreland orogenic belts.     

冀西北坝上地区石墨矿成矿模式及找矿模型

通过分析冀西北坝上地区石墨矿地质背景、含矿带、矿体、含矿建造、变质变形及混合岩化特征,总结得出该区石墨矿的成矿特征。通过对比区域典型石墨矿床与同一成矿带相邻石墨矿床的地质特征,结合区域大地构造演化规律,总结了石墨矿的成矿模式。按照“三位一体”找矿理论,总结了石墨矿的成矿地质体及构造特征,构建了石墨矿综合找矿模型。该区石墨矿呈似层状赋存于红旗营子岩群含石墨变粒岩中,矿带分布受大型复式褶皱控制,含矿建造的沉积时代为古元古代早期,变质成矿时代为古元古代中期,变质程度为角闪岩相,成因类型为区域变质型。该区为浅覆盖区,“低阻-高极化”物探异常是重要的地球物理找矿标志,地质-物探-钻探相结合是石墨找矿快速、有效的手段。     

Neoproterozoic collisional metamorphism in overthrust terranes of the Trans-Angarian Yenisey Ridge,Siberia

Four polymetamorphic complexes in the vicinity of regional faults in the Trans-Angarian region of the Yenisey Ridge were studied to determine their metamorphic evolution and to elucidate distinctive features of the regional geodynamic processes. Based on our geological and petrological studies using geothermobarometry and P–T path calculations, we show that a Neoproterozoic medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite-sillimanite type at c. 850 Ma overprinted regionally metamorphosed low-pressure andalusite-bearing rocks. A positive correlation between rock ages and P–T estimates for the kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism provides evidence for regional structural and tectonic heterogeneity. The medium-pressure recrystallization was characterized by (1) localized distribution of metamorphic zones in the area directly underlying thrust faults with a measured thickness of 2.5–8 km; (2) syntectonic formation of kyanite-bearing mineral assemblages related to thrusting; (3) gradual increase in metamorphic pressure towards the thrust faults associated with a low metamorphic field gradient (from 1–7 to 12°C/km); and (4) equally steep burial P–T paths recorded for the highest grade rocks. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and are evidence of near-isothermal loading in accordance with the transient emplacement of thrust sheets. The proposed model for tectono-metamorphic evolution of the study areas due to crustal thickening at high thrusting rates and subsequent rapid exhumation explains these tectonic features. Data analysis allowed us to consider the medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelites as a product of collisional metamorphism, reflecting unidirectional thrusting of Siberian cratonal blocks onto Yenisey Ridge along regional deep faults (Angara, Mayakon, and Chapa areas) and by opposite movements in the zone of secondary splay faults (Garevka area).     

冀西北坝上地区石墨矿成矿模式及找矿模型

通过分析冀西北坝上地区石墨矿地质背景、含矿带、矿体、含矿建造、变质变形及混合岩化特征,总结得出该区石墨矿的成矿特征。通过对比区域典型石墨矿床与同一成矿带相邻石墨矿床的地质特征,结合区域大地构造演化规律,总结了石墨矿的成矿模式。按照“三位一体”找矿理论,总结了石墨矿的成矿地质体及构造特征,构建了石墨矿综合找矿模型。该区石墨矿呈似层状赋存于红旗营子岩群含石墨变粒岩中,矿带分布受大型复式褶皱控制,含矿建造的沉积时代为古元古代早期,变质成矿时代为古元古代中期,变质程度为角闪岩相,成因类型为区域变质型。该区为浅覆盖区,“低阻-高极化”物探异常是重要的地球物理找矿标志,地质-物探-钻探相结合是石墨找矿快速、有效的手段。     

Pre‐ to syn‐tectonic emplacement of early Palaeozoic granites in southeastern South Australia

Stratigraphic and structural observations indicate that the Encounter Bay Granites concordantly intruded the youngest formations of the Kanmantoo Group in the Mount Lofty Ranges metamorphic belt prior to the culmination of the first phase of folding and associated schistosity development recorded during the early Palaeozoic Delamerian Orogeny. Metamorphic textures in the metasediments of the Kanmantoo Group suggest that cordierite crystallized locally near the granites prior to and during the F ₁ folding, whereas andalusite crystallized on a regional scale during the F ₁ folding and in the post‐F ₁ and pre‐F ₂ static phase.

Rb‐Sr isotope data for total‐rock, feldspar, and muscovite samples of the meta‐sediment‐contaminated border facies and the uncontaminated inner facies of the Encounter Bay Granites indicate that the granites were emplaced between 515 ± 8 m.y. and 506 ± 6 m.y. ago in the Late Cambrian epoch. Rb‐Sr and K‐Ar data for biotite from the granites record variable radiogenic Sr loss until about 469 m.y. ago and comparatively uniform radiogenic Ar loss until 460–475 m.y. ago. Rb‐Sr data for Kanmantoo Group metasediments and a metamorphic pegmatite indicate crystallization ages between 459–463 m.y. ago. Thus the regional andalusite‐grade temperatures and pressures, which appear responsible for the leakage of radiogenic Sr and Ar from biotite in the granites and the redistribution of Rb and Sr in the metasediments, seem to have persisted for some 50 m.y. after emplacement of the granites until the Early Ordovician epoch. There is evidence for further leakage of Sr and Ar from biotite in deformed granites from the margins of the intrusion more than 50 m.y. afterwards in the Late Silurian or Early Devonian, possibly during the F ₂ folding.

Geological observations and radiometric data for other granitic rocks in southeastern South Australia, including the Palmer Granite, are consistent with this structural and metamorphic history of the Encounter Bay region.     

河北滦平周台子条带状铁矿地质特征、围岩时代及其地质意义

河北滦平县周台子铁矿位于华北克拉通北缘,是产于前寒武纪单塔子群变质岩系中的鞍山式铁矿,具有条带状铁建造(BIF)特征。矿石主要呈条带状构造,有的呈条纹和致密块状构造。矿石类型主要以石英磁铁矿型为主,含铁介于30%~35%。前寒武纪变质岩是矿床的主要围岩,出露有黑云母(角闪)斜长片麻岩和斜长角闪岩,局部见花岗片麻岩。原岩恢复表明,黑云母(角闪)斜长片麻岩的原岩为英安岩-流纹岩,斜长角闪岩原岩为玄武岩。花岗片麻岩的SiO₂含量大于56%,MgO含量小于3%,Al₂O₃含量大于15%,Sr含量大于500×10^-6,Yb含量均小于1.9×10^-6,轻重稀土元素分异明显,重稀土元素强烈亏损,并且Eu负异常不明显,表明该片麻岩具埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示出几组年龄,分别是2512±21Ma, 2452±9.6Ma,2394±55Ma。大体看,2512Ma代表了火山喷发和周台子铁矿BIF沉淀年龄,2452Ma左右的锆石年龄代表了TTG质花岗片麻岩的侵位结晶年龄,2394Ma锆石年龄代表了周台子铁矿经历了一次变质作用,并对原有的岩石和矿石进行了改造。锆石Hf同位素特征显示斜长角闪岩和TTG质片麻岩的岩浆源区受到过古老地壳物质的混染。周台子铁矿构造环境可能是与裂谷有关的张性环境。