Rapid cooling of the Yanshan Belt,northern China: Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and implications for cratonic lithospheric thinning

The Yanshan Orogenic Belt is located in the northern part of the North China Craton (NCC), which lost ∼120 km of lithospheric mantle during Phanerozoic tectonic reactivation. Mesozoic magmatism in the Yanshan fold-and-thrust belt began at 195–185 Ma (Early Jurassic), with most of the granitic plutons being Cretaceous in age (138–113 Ma). Along with this magmatism, multi-phase deformational structures, including multiple generations of folds, thrust and reverse faults, extensional faults, and strike-slip faults are present in this belt. Previous investigations have mostly focused on geochemical and isotopic studies of these magmatic rocks, but not on the thermal history of the Mesozoic plutons. We have applied ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar thermochronology to biotites and K-feldspars from several Lower Cretaceous granitic plutons to decipher the cooling and uplift history of the Yanshan region. The biotite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of these plutons range from 107 to 123 Ma, indicating that they cooled through about 350 °C at that time. All the K-feldspar step-heating results modeled using multiple diffusion domain theory yield similarly rapid cooling trends, although beginning at different times. Two rapid cooling phases have been identified at ca. 120–105 and 100–90 Ma. The first phase of rapid cooling occurred synchronously with widespread extensional deformation characterized by the formation of metamorphic core complexes, A-type magmatism, large-scale normal faults, and the development of half-graben basins. This suggests rapid exhumation took place in an extensional regime and was a shallow-crustal-level response to lithospheric thinning of the NCC. The second phase of rapid cooling was probably related to the regional uplift and unroofing of the Yanshan Belt, which is consistent with the lack of Upper Cretaceous sediments in most of the Yanshan region.     

The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at least by 3-4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3-0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5-6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5- 0.6 mm /a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1 - 2 km at a rate of 0.016-0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7-3 km at a rate of 0.028-0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan-Yingxiu-Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan - Garze fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro-image correlation, i.e     

秦岭造山带的差异隆升特征--花岗岩40Ar/39Ar年代学研究的证据

分别出露于东、西秦岭的曹坪和沙河湾岩体、老君山和秦岭梁岩体 ,是秦岭全面碰撞后于三叠纪末 (T3 )侵入的花岗岩体 ,其冷却历史记录了秦岭陆内造山阶段的初期隆升过程。通过对角闪石、黑云母和钾长石的40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ,以及对钾长石40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄谱进行的多重扩散域模拟计算 ,发现东、西秦岭经历了完全不同的冷却历史 :从晚三叠世末至早侏罗世 ,东、西秦岭同时由 5 0 0℃开始快速冷却 ,之后东秦岭经过一个短暂的稳定期 (约 2 0Ma)后又持续快速冷却 ,至中侏罗世末即已通过 15 0℃等温线 (约地表下 3～ 5km) ;而西秦岭在早侏罗世至晚白垩世初的近 10 0Ma中一直处于稳定平缓的状态 ,至晚白垩世中期才快速冷却至 15 0℃。这种不同的冷却历史可能反映了东、西秦岭的差异隆升过程。     

燕山南缘盘山岩体的热历史与构造-地貌演化过程

应用热年代学方法,揭示了燕山南缘盘山岩体的热历史与隆升过程。结果表明,盘山岩体的侵位深度约为10km.岩体侵位以后,经历了快速冷却过程,在226.48Ma~204.95Ma期间,岩体温度由520℃冷却至300℃,平均降温速率为10.22℃/Ma.204.95Ma~118Ma期间为盘山岩体的缓缦隆升时期,平均隆升速率约为0.028mm/a,隆升幅度约2.5km.118Ma~96Ma为盘山岩体较快速隆升时期,隆升速率为0.035mm/a,隆升幅度约0.77km.96Ma~35Ma为盘山岩体与盘山山脉的快速隆升时期,隆升速率约为0.115mm/a,隆升总幅度达7km.35Ma以来,盘山岩体的隆升速率很小,仅约0.014mm/a,隆升幅度约为0.5km.盘山周缘环状构造系统的形成时代略早于226.48Ma,盘山南缘边界正断层的活动时代为中生代末~始新世。      

Uplift and denudation of Mt Sanqingshan Geopark,Jiangxi Province,China

Mt Sanqingshan, a global Geopark and world natural heritage site located in Jiangxi Province, China, is famous for its eroded granite peaks. The uplift and denudation history of the area has been reconstructed using fission track methods for the first time. Apatite fission track ages (AFTAs) cluster into three groups at ca. 25 Ma, 45–55 Ma, and 70 Ma. These ages can be related to ancient multilevel denudation planes at about 900, 1200, and 1500 m above sea level, respectively. The apatite data also reveal four cooling stages for the Mt Sanqingshan region, from ca. 90 to 65–60 Ma, 65–60 to 45 Ma, 45 to 20–15 Ma, and 20–15 Ma to the present, with cooling rates of 1.96°C, 1.18°C, 0.37°C, and 3.78°C per million years, respectively, and an average cooling rate of 1.80°C per million years. Calculated uplift rates are 0.055, 0.034, 0.011, and 0.11 mm year^?1 in the four stages, yielding uplifts of 4140, 570, 290, and 1940 m, respectively. The uplift rate of the last stage was significantly faster than that of the other three preceding stages, reflecting rejuvenation of Mt Sanqingshan, as a result of new tectonism. The average uplift rate at Mt Sanqingshan is 0.053 mm year^?1, and the average denudation rate is 0.048 mm year^?1, resulting in 3550 m of uplift and 2540 m of denudation relative to eustatic sea level. The 1010 m difference is very close to the average elevation of about 1000 m at present. A comparison of uplift–denudation histories for Mt Sanqingshan and Mt Huangshan shows that fission track results can be useful for defining geomorphological development stages.     

Rapid Variscan exhumation and the role of magma in core complex formation: southern Brittany metamorphic belt, France

ABSTRACT The high-grade migmatitic core to the southern Brittany metamorphic belt has mineralogical and textural features that suggest high-temperature decompression. The chronology of this decompression and subsequent cooling history have been constrained with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹ Ar ages determined for multigrain concentrates of hornblende and muscovite prepared from amphibolite and late-orogenic granite sheets within the migmatitic core, and from amphibolite of the structurally overlying unit. Three hornblende concentrates yield plateau isotope correlation ages of c. 303–298 Ma. Two muscovite concentrates record well-defined plateau ages of c. 306–305 Ma. These ages are geologically significant and date the last cooling through temperatures required for intracrystalline retention of radiogenic argon. The concordancy of the hornblende and muscovite ages suggest rapid post-metamorphic cooling. Extant geochronology and the new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data suggest a minimum time-integrated average cooling rate between c. 725 °C and c. 125 °C of c. 14 ± 4°C Ma^-1, although below 600 °C the data permit an infinitely fast rate of cooling. Mineral assemblages and reaction textures in diatexite migmatites suggest c. 4 kbar decompression at 800–750 °C. This must have pre-dated the rapid cooling. Emplacement of two-mica granites into the metamorphic belt occurred between 345 and 300 Ma. The youngest plutons were emplaced synkinematically along shallow-dipping normal faults interpreted to be reactivated Eo-Variscan thrusts. A penetrative, west-plunging stretching lineation developed in these granites suggests that extension was orogen-parallel. Extension was probably related to regional uplift and gravitational collapse of thermally weakened crust during constrictional (escape) tectonics in this narrow part of the Variscan orogen. This followed slab breakoff during the terminal stages of convergence between Gondwana and Laurasia; detachment may have been consequent upon a change in kinematics leading to dextral displacement within the orogen. Dextral ductile strike-slip displacement was concentrated in granites emplaced synkinematically along the South Armorican Shear Zone. Rapid cooling is interpreted to have resulted from tectonic unroofing with emplacement of granite along decollement surfaces. The high-grade migmatitic core of the southern Brittany metamorphic belt represents a type of metamorphic core complex formed during orogen-parallel extensional unroofing and regional-scale ductile flow.     

青藏高原腹地典型岩体热历史与构造—地貌演化过程的热年代学分析

通过对青藏高原腹地不同构造部位的班戈、雄梅、羊八井、拉萨花岗岩和甲岗、曲水花岗闪长岩的热年代学分析，剖析了青藏高原腹地构造－热事件与构造－地貌演化过程。结果表明，青藏高原腹地自中生代中、晚期以来发生4期重大区域性构造－热事件，包括121－116Ma沿班公－怒江缝合带发生的强烈中酸性岩浆侵位事件、93－45Ma沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带北缘发生的强烈中酸性岩浆侵位事件和随后发生于78－40Ma的快速隆升事件、25－15Ma沿冈底斯构造－岩浆带发生的强烈构造隆升事件及8－6．5Ma以来在拉萨地块中部发生的区域性伸展裂陷－差异隆升事件。区域性剥蚀夷平事件主要发生于40－25Ma与15－8Ma，区域性整体隆升主要发生在中新世早、中期即25－8Ma，区域性伸展裂陷与差异升降事件的开发时代约为8－6．5Ma。     

Collision and thermal history of Indian-Sundaland-Eurasian plates as implicated by40Ar/39Ar age spectra of granodiorites

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages of biotite, plagioclase, K-feldspar and hornblende from the Biluoxueshan and Lincang plutons in the three-river area of Yunnan and the Quxu pluton in the Gandise belt of Xizang indicate that the three plutons were emplaced at 420, 234 and 43.4 Ma, respectively. Based on the study of closure temperatures and thermal histories, it is shown that the Lincang and Biluoxueshan plutons experienced the same thermodynamic event during 85–90 Ma, temporally representing the collision between the Sundaland and Eurasian plates, and that the Quxu pluton was uplifted at a much faster rate during 40–44 Ma(2.6 mm/a), marking the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.     

张广才岭南段两个侏罗纪花岗岩体的地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石化学分析,研究了张广才岭南段上营北岩体和帽儿山岩体的形成年代,地球化学特征和形成环境。上营北岩体为中粗粒钾长花岗岩,帽儿山岩体为中细粒黑云母钾长花岗岩。上营北岩体的加权平均年龄为178.9±2.7 Ma,帽儿山岩体为183.7±2.4 Ma,均为早侏罗世侵入岩。上营北岩体和帽儿山岩体主量元素都具有Si O_2和K_2O含量较高,Ti O_2、Mg O、Ca O含量较低,TFe O/Mg O值较高的特点;上营北岩体A/CNK=0.98~1.08,里特曼指数σ=1.51~2.66;帽儿山岩体含铝指数A/CNK=1.00~1.01,里特曼指数σ=2.12~2.36。上营北岩体稀土元素配分模式为海鸥型,轻重稀土分馏不明显;帽儿山岩体稀土元素配分模式为右倾型,轻稀土较重稀土富集;两个岩体均富集Rb、K,Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti、P、Ho、Er、U、Eu等元素出现不同程度的亏损。地球化学特征分析显示上营北岩体和帽儿山岩体均为A_2型花岗岩,为后造山型花岗岩,形成于兴蒙造山带后造山的伸展环境。     

吕梁山脉中北段元古代花岗岩体隆升演化的裂变径迹证据

研究区位处华北克拉通中部造山带,在中-新生代经历了多次构造体制与区域构造属性的重大转变。对吕梁山脉中北段古元古代花岗岩体隆升剥露的定量化研究,可以更加整体、直观的认识中部构造带内基底岩石隆升剥露作用,有助于了解华北克拉通演化过程。同时能为周围能源型盆地的形成演化提供佐证,深化对盆地资源赋存条件的认识,从而为资源的开发提供基础证据。通过对研究区古元古代花岗岩体系统的裂变径迹热年代学采样分析,揭示了基底岩石初始隆升剥露作用发生在晚白垩世至新生代早期,主要有两个阶段:白垩世晚期约88~77Ma和新生代早期约65~53Ma。之后,样品处在磷灰石退火带之上,虽有短暂的再次埋藏,但总体一直处在抬升剥露作用下。磷灰石裂变径迹数据和热史模拟表明,不同岩体抬升剥蚀在时空上具有非均衡性,晚白垩世早期,中部关帝山岩体呈穹隆状隆升剥蚀。北部芦芽山岩体和云中山岩体晚白垩世遭受挤压,发生隆褶变形。新生代以来,岩体加速隆升,早期(65~53Ma)是岩体抬升-剥露速率出现转折的关键时期,与东西两侧相邻断陷的发育具成因上的耦合联系,在华北地块中部地区具有区域响应,并可能奠定了现今吕梁山脉中北段的地势发展格局。     

安徽绩溪伏岭岩体隆升时代的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

安徽绩溪伏岭岩体位于安徽省南部、黄山花岗岩体的东部。伏岭岩体裂变径迹（AFT）热年代分布于51±5～68±7 Ma之间,围限径迹长度为11.9～12.9μm。岩体形成之后,所在山系经历了速率波动较大的隆升过程,至55 Ma期间为一加速隆升过程,到55 Ma时速度达到最大的73 mm/ka;随后速度减缓,54 Ma左右时的平均抬升速率为60 mm/ka;54～51 Ma间又是一个快速加速隆升时期,到51 Ma时,速度达到70 mm/ka。研究区具有三个主要的冷却剥露阶段：130～116 Ma左右,冷却速率约为1.34℃/Ma;70～60 Ma左右,进入第二个较为快速冷却阶段,冷却速率约为25℃/Ma;在7～8 Ma左右发生突然加剧冷却事件,持续至今,速率达到8℃/km。总体来说,伏岭岩体经历了速率逐渐增加的冷却过程。由于黄山山体与伏岭岩体在大地构造位置、岩性特征及侵入时间上具有很大的相似性,二者的隆升时代、速率以及抬升剥蚀量是大致相当的。     

华南武功山中生代花岗岩体热史及隆升机制研究

根据全岩Rb－Sr和黑云母、钾长石、全岩K－Ar、磷灰石裂变径迹同位素年龄测定结果,结合地质构造证据,分析了华南武功山花岗岩体的冷却历史。假定岩体冷却和地温梯度降低同步,估算出武功山中生代岩体的原始侵位深度为6km。在岩浆冷却过程中,岩体冷却上升速率逐渐降低。该岩体在180．8Ma。热侵位结晶,以较快的速率冷却上升,冷却速率为10．7C／Ma。,上升速率为0．11mm／a。经过28Ma后,岩体上升至地下约3km深处,转为缓慢冷却,平均冷却速率为1．7C／Ma,平均上升速率为0．02mm／a。最后对武功山地区晚中生代构造演化过程、热演化模式及其大地构造意义进行了讨论。     

龙门山前陆盆地晚三叠世沉积通量与造山带的隆升和剥蚀

根据钻井资料、地层剖面资料,利用Surfer8.0软件编制出晚三叠世前陆盆地各组段的残留地层等厚图,得出各组段残留地层的沉积总量,并计算出各阶段沉积通量:21.4 t/(m2·Ma)、184.2 t/(m2·Ma)、278.0 t/(m2·Ma)、147.6 t/(m2·Ma)、703.5 t/(m2·Ma)、272.0 t/(m2·Ma)。然后,利用物质平衡法将沉积物回剥至龙门山造山带并进行脱压校正,计算出晚三叠世龙门山造山带剥蚀总厚度为2 514 m,各阶段造山带剥蚀速率分别为:0.009 mm/a、0.114 mm/a、0.133 mm/a、0.094 mm/a、0.423 mm/a和0.133 mm/a。最终,重塑了龙门山造山带晚三叠世的隆升历史:在距今228.0~199.6 Ma的时间内龙门山造山带地壳隆升了约4.3~4.6 km,地表隆升了1.8~2.1 km;并且隆升过程具有明显的阶段性,可划分为初始隆升(228.0~216.5 Ma)、加速隆升(216.5~211.0 Ma)、缓慢隆升(211.0~203.6 Ma)、急剧隆升(203.6~202.7 Ma)和缓慢隆升(202.7~199.6 Ma)五个阶段。     

燕山及邻区晚白垩世以来山脉隆升历史的低温热年代学证据

本文根据以裂变径迹测年为主的低温热年代学方法，认为燕山及邻区在晚白垩世进入区域性伸展构造环境以来经历了造山带伸展裂解引发的6次强烈差异升降运动，分别发生在120～105Ma、95～85Ma、60～50Ma、38Ma左右、25～20Ma和10～5Ma，造成燕山及邻区约7～8km的剥蚀量。而在相邻两次强烈差异升降运动期之间的相对构造稳定期，则形成了燕山—太行山地5期夷平面以及周缘盆地多期沉积间断。燕山与邻区盆地之间晚中新世以来的快速差异升降运动导致燕山及邻区现今盆—山构造—地貌格局。     

祁连山地区河流阶地与第四纪构造隆升

祁连山及邻区河流阶地系列是反映区域构造隆升的重要地貌标志。对祁连山地区东北部的沙沟河、西北部的洪水坝河、东南部的黄河共和段及渭河陇西段、东部的黄河兰州段河流阶地进行了阶地抬升幅度、年代对比研究,分析了祁连山及邻区第四纪构造隆升的特点及其对青藏高原隆升的响应。研究表明,1.6Ma以来祁连山及邻区至少存在5期构造活动,即1.6Ma左右的第1期构造活动;1.2~0.6Ma的第2期构造活动,包括1.2Ma、0.8Ma、0.6Ma的次一期构造活动;0.45~0.25Ma的第3期构造活动;0.2~0.08Ma的第4期构造活动,包括0.15Ma、0.1Ma次一期构造活动;0.08Ma以来的第5期构造活动。祁连山及邻区在第1、2、4、5期构造活动中表现为同步抬升,第3期不同区域抬升时间存在差异。在构造活动强度方面,1.2~0.6Ma(第2期)祁连山东部活动较强,0.45~0.25Ma(第3期)构造活动强度表现为北部强于南部,在北部表现为由西向东不断增强,0.2Ma以来在南、北方向上表现为构造活动强度沿着北东方向减弱,在东、西方向上表现为祁连山西北部的构造活动明显强于东北部。祁连山及邻区东部1.80Ma以来平均抬升速率为0.25mm/a,平均抬升了450m左右,粗略计算2.6Ma以来该区域抬升了600m左右。祁连山及邻区西部河流阶地反映的构造抬升强于东部,据此推断,第四纪以来祁连山及邻区西部抬升或超过600m。     

嘉黎断裂带两侧晚新生代差异隆升的磷灰石裂变径迹纪录

对嘉黎断裂带两侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试表明,断裂带北侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在5.6~11.7Ma之间,属中新世晚期;断裂带南侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄明显较小,6个样品中有5个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在4.0~5.9Ma之间,属上新世早期.嘉黎断裂带北侧5.6~11.7Ma期间的隆升速率为0.07~0.09mm/a.5.8Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.50mm/a,平均隆升速率1.33mm/a.断裂带南侧4.7Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.62mm/a,平均隆升速率1.68mm/a.两侧样品都反映上新世以来有较强烈的隆升作用,并且南侧比北侧隆升作用更强烈.     

Structure and geochronology of the Tongbai complex and their implications for the evolution of the Tongbai orogenic belt,central China

The Tongbai orogenic belt has an overall antiformal geometry and the hinge of the antiform is sub-horizontal and trends NW–SE. The Tongbai complex (TBC) in the core of the antiform is bounded by the S-dipping Yindian–Malong shear zone in the south, the sub-horizontal Taibaiding shear zone at the top and the N-dipping Hongyihe–Tongbai shear zone in the north. The three shear zones have dextral, top-to-NW and sinistral movement, respectively. They are parts of a single shear zone, termed the Tongbai shear zone, that has a uniform top-to-NW sense of shear. Three samples of deformed granitoid (mylonite or protomylonite) from the shear zone have U–Pb zircon ages of 145 ± 6 Ma, 142 ± 2 Ma and 131 ± 6 Ma, respectively. An L-tectonite in the TBC yielded a metamorphic age of 137 ± 8 Ma and a migmatite an age of 137 ± 1 Ma. The Tongbai shear zone is intruded by undeformed Early Cretaceous granite and dykes and deformation in the shear zone is constrained to ca. 140–135 Ma, synchronous with metamorphism and migmatization in the TBC. Early Cretaceous magma emplacement and the associated uplift modified the TBC into a gentle antiform and the uplift may have continued to ca. 102–85 Ma. Similar geometry and kinematics have been documented in the Dabie orogenic belt to the east, which suggests that the Central Orogenic Belt in China probably experienced a uniform orogen-parallel extension and top-to-NW shearing in the ductile lithosphere in the Early Cretaceous.     

Petrogenesis and metallogenic implications for the Machang,Huangdaoshan, and Tuncang plutons in eastern Anhui: an integrated age,petrologic, and geochemical study

ABSTRACT

The Tuncang–Chuzhou–Machang area (eastern Anhui province) is geologically located in the intersection between the Yangtze block and the Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt. Many Mesozoic plutons outcrop in this district that are Cu–Au prospective but inadequately studied. We report new LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb ages, petrologic, and whole rock geochemical data for three representative plutons at Machang, Huangdaoshan, and Tuncang. New dating results suggest that all the Machang (129.3 ± 1.6 Ma), Huangdaoshan (129 ± 1.7 Ma), and Tuncang (130.8 ± 1.9 Ma) plutons were emplaced in the Early Cretaceous, slightly older than other plutons in neighbourhood of the Zhangbaling uplift. The three plutons contain typical low-Mg adakitic affinities, in which the rocks contain SiO₂ >56%, Al₂O₃ ≥15%, Mg# <53, elevated Sr, Ba, Cr, Ni, Sr/Y, and La/Yb, low Y and Yb and no discernible Eu anomaly. Their petrogenesis may have been related to the delamination and partial melting of the lower crust, which is different from the Chuzhou pluton, which was interpreted to have formed by partial melting of the subducted slabs. We suggest that this petrogenetic difference may explain why the pluton at Chuzhou is Cu–Au fertile, whereas those at Machang, Huangdaoshan, and Tuncang are largely barren. It is proposed that adakitic plutons formed by partial melting of the subducted slabs have high metallogenetic potentiality in the area.     

Basin provenance and post-depositional thermal history along the continental P/T boundary of the Raniganj basin,eastern India: Constraints from apatite fission track dating

Apatite fission-track analysis has been applied to the Raniganj and Panchet formations of Raniganj basin of Gondwana Supergroup to unravel its thermal and provenance history. Apatite fission track age population from both Raniganj and Panchet formations indicate partial annealing and point to a maximum temperature of around ～100-110°C during their post depositional evolution. The sandstone of Raniganj Formation has five peak ages at 26.3, 59.3, 109.7, 173.7 and 299.9 Ma, while Panchet Formation has three peak ages at 25.4, 143.5 and 281.3 Ma. This implies that the provenance of the Raniganj Formation of late Permian and Panchet Formation of early Triassic changed obviously. According to thermotectonic evolution of the Gondwana basin, these apatites with different FT ages possibly represent different source components, although partial annealing had occurred to these apatites. Possibly all the apatites had transported from the Precambrian basement which was undergoing deformation due to Gondwana rifting initiated during Carboniferous period. Due to this, the basement was undergoing inhomogeneous thermal history which became source of sediments for Raniganj basin. Apatite FT ages of both Raniganj and Panchet formations have peak ages between 25 and 60 Ma, which perhaps recorded the cooling/uplift history during Cenozoic Alpine-Himalayan orogeny. Given a palaeo-thermal gradient of 40° C/km, it can be deduced that the Raniganj basin has uplifted about 3km at an average rate of about 0.09mm/a since 25–60 Ma.     

造山带隆起剥蚀过程与沉积记录

大别山造山带是中生代碰撞造山作用的产物,其隆起过程中形成了合肥盆地。本文对合肥盆地侏罗系碎屑岩进行了成分分析,发现砾岩中有两类榴辉岩,一类为高压变质榴辉岩,另一类为超高压变质榴辉岩。对砂岩中碎屑白云母的成分分析表明,指示高压变质作用的多硅白云母在较低层位已大量出现。重建的碎屑物注入顺序为:非超高压变质岩—高压变质岩—超高压变质岩。结合变质岩石学研究和地球物理观测资料重建的大别山造山带内部结构,可进一步重建大别山的剥蚀历史:大别山造山带最先(三尖铺组沉积初期)受到剥蚀的是非超高压变质的片岩、片麻岩及大理岩,高压变质岩折返到地表受到剥蚀不晚于中侏罗世初期(三尖铺组沉积早期),而超高压变质岩折返到地表经受剥蚀的时间稍早于中侏罗世中期(凤凰台组沉积初期)。天山是典型的陆内造山带,其隆起是新生代以来印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的一种远程效应。本文对天山发育的花岗岩磷灰石裂变径迹分析,并对南侧的塔里木盆地北部古近系及新近系沉积岩进行了碎屑岩物源分析,在新的磁性地层学格架中讨论了天山的隆起剥蚀历史。砾石组分的突然变化发生在75~35 Ma,26~17 Ma和12~8 Ma间,从中天山物源区逐渐变为南天山物源区,12 Ma后变为以南天山为主要物源区。砂岩及重矿物组分变化表明,物源在124 Ma、26(~24)Ma及15(~12)Ma时发生过变化。磷灰石裂变径迹则进一步揭示了天山的3阶段差异性隆起历史:天山的早期隆起发生在124~80 Ma间,从中天山和南天山的交界处开始并向南扩展;第二次隆起发生在大约100~60 Ma间,从中天山开始向南扩展;第三次隆起从大约50 Ma开始,并向北南两侧扩展,至大约30 Ma时扩展到北天山,约20 Ma时扩展至南天山;其后,南天山在15(~12)Ma时发生了独立的隆起事件。本文的两个研究实例表明,盆地的充填符合计算机数据结构的堆栈过程,但造山带的隆起剥蚀却会出现明显的差异性。不能简单地说造山带的剥蚀和盆地的充填具镜像对称关系,这有可能导致错误的认识,一定要具体事例具体分析。