基于元胞自动机复合模型的土地利用演化模拟——以北京市海淀区为例

为了在土地利用空间格局演化模拟的基础上,为未来城市土地利用规划及管理提供更为科学合理的决策依据,本文以北京市海淀区1996年、2002年及2008年3期土地利用数据为数据源,重点采用元胞自动机复合模型CA-Markov模型与多标准评价方法相结合的手段,构建元胞转移数量规则及空间位置转化规则,并分别构造3种不同大小的元胞邻域集合,进行土地利用格局的模拟及预测。试验中2008年土地利用模拟结果与实际土地利用数据Kappa系数高达0.856 1,表明CA-Markov模型结合多标准评价方法的模拟手段可行性较高,同时元胞邻域空间大小对模拟结果的精度有明显的影响。土地利用结构数据及模拟预测结果表明城市集约化现象明显,建设用地迅速扩张,占用大量耕地、园地用地,因此迫切需要促进城市土地利用的可持续发展。     

顾及空间多尺度邻域效应和时间依赖性的城市扩展模拟

在推进新型城镇化和实施新时代国土空间规划的战略背景下,城市扩展研究逐渐成为热点问题。当前基于元胞自动机(CA)的城市扩展模拟对城市空间多尺度邻域效应解析不足,且在转换规则中对城市长时间演变过程的时间依赖性影响表达不够完善,简化了城市扩展的时空依赖性,无法真实模拟推演未来规划实施情景以服务于国土空间规划。针对上述问题,本文构建一种兼顾空间多尺度邻域效应(3DCNN)和时间依赖性(ConvLSTM)的城市扩展深度学习CA模型(下文称“Deep-CA”)。首先通过组合普通卷积和空洞卷积的3DCNN来提取城市空间多尺度邻域效应,再利用ConvLSTM神经网络将历史信息同化,考虑长时间序列的时间依赖性,从而得到城市扩展的适宜性概率。北京市1995—2015年的土地利用数据及其驱动因素数据用于验证所提CA模型的科学性与适用性,1995—2010年数据用于模型训练,模拟2015年的城市范围。同时将模拟结果精度与ANN-CA、LR-CA和ME-CA 3种传统方法进行对比。与传统CA模型相比,Deep-CA的北京市2015年模拟FoM指数提高了4%左右,且对于城市全局和局部形态模拟效果较好,斑块破碎度低...     

基于ECA-GIS模型的土地利用时空变化模拟方法

在城市土地利用认知基础上,本文将ECA-GIS模型的时空数据模型应用于城市土地利用演变模拟中,论述了ECA-GIS模型在模拟土地利用时空演变上的规则,并设计了基于ECA-GIS模型的城市土地利用演化模型,研究了ECA-GIS模型在土地利用演变上的模拟方法和过程。     

GeoSOS在城市扩展中的应用

城市扩展是一个复杂的时空转换过程,元胞自动机(CA)是一种时空离散、状态简洁,利用简单的局部规则来模拟复杂系统时空演化过程的格网动力模型,CA在城市增长、扩展和土地利用演化的模拟等方面有着巨大的优势。本文基于Geo SOS for Arc GIS平台,分别利用Logistic-CA、ANN-CA和DT-CA这3种模型对长春市主城区1995—2005年、2005—2015年的城市扩展情况进行了模拟,结果表明Logistic-CA、DT-CA两种模型更适用于研究单一土地利用类型的模拟,ANN-CA更适用于涉及多种土地利用类型转换的模拟。而后,利用综合表现最佳的DT-CA模型对长春市主城区2015—2025年的城市扩展进行预测,模拟结果可为相关部门对土地规划的宏观决策提供一定的参考和数据支持。     

吉林市城市扩展监测及模拟研究

随着我国城市化进程的加快,其引起的城市数量的增加和城市规模的扩大已经引起学术界广泛的重视,定期或不定期地获得城市扩展信息、了解城市动态变化趋势,可为城市土地资源的规划和管理提供有力的依据。本文基于元胞自动机(CA)原理,充分利用CA在土地利用空间格局演化模拟和空间局部优化方面的优势特点,结合遥感和GIS 技术建立城市空间扩展 CA 模型,对吉林市建成区的演化过程进行模拟。结果表明,开发的CA模型具有较好的模拟效果。     

基于神经网络的元胞自动机与土地利用演化模拟——以广州市白云区为例

城市发展过程中存在多种土地利用类型的相互转换,掌握其演化规律有助于制定出合理的土地利用规划。传统元胞自动机(CA)在模拟城市扩张过程时,多种土地利用类型间的转换十分复杂,往往难以获得转换规则。本文利用神经网络构建了多类型演化的CA模型;从城市演化的历史数据中进行学习,挖掘出控制土地利用方式转变的空间要素权重,利用广州市白云区2005—2007年间的土地利用历史演化数据训练神经网络后,对2009年研究区的土地利用结构进行了模拟。对比同期的真实土地利用格局,模拟结果的平均精度达到77.65%。     

基于倾斜摄影实景三维模型单体化分类与应用

目前,利用倾斜摄影测量进行城市三维建模技术已趋渐成熟,实景三维模型也越来越多的用于城市精细化管理中。本文阐述了三种不同类型城市三维模型建设方法,结合倾斜摄影实景三维模型,分析了多种模型单体化构建方法的优缺点,按照城市构成要素对单体化模型进行分类,并针对不同城市管理部门的三维模型应用需求,研究二维数据与三维模型数据融合组织方式,结合实际案例分析三维模型在城市管理、土地管控、规划审批等方面的应用。     

集成地理探测器与随机森林模型的城市人口分布格网模拟

精细尺度的城市人口分布信息是城市资源配置和综合管理的重要依据。本文以广州市越秀区、荔湾区、天河区、海珠区、白云区及黄埔区作为研究区域,基于人口统计、夜间灯光、兴趣点及土地利用等多源数据,利用地理探测器识别人口分布的影响因子,运用随机森林模型开展人口分布空间格网模拟研究。研究结果表明,与传统的相关分析相比,地理探测器能够更为准确地识别人口空间分布的重要影响因子。基于随机森林模型的人口分布格网模拟结果与街道（镇）实际人口的相关系数为0.774,平均相对误差约为30%。相比基于线性回归模型的模拟结果,随机森林模型的精度有明显提高。     

基于Skyline的三维GIS构建与研究

三维GIS是指能对区域空间内的对象进行三维描述和分析的GIS系统。随着三维GIS的发展与应用,二维GIS数据难以满足信息化的发展以及对信息数据的客观需求,三维GIS的出现弥补了二维GIS在空间上表达的不足。与二维GIS相比较,三维GIS可实现对空间信息的直观可视化表达,可进行多维度的空间分析,这使得三维GIS成为信息化建设的重要成分,是目前GIS研究和发展的主要方向。Skyline凭借其国际领先的三维可视化显示技术,可以利用遥感影像数据、数字高程数据搭建一个对现实世界进行模拟的三维大场景。Sketch Up、3DMAX都是很好的三维建模及模型渲染软件。本文总结了国内外三维GIS的研究现状,研究了基于Skyline的三维GIS构建的关键技术,包括三维场景的构建与优化、数据加载以及协同技术,以及基于Sketch Up、3DMAX的精细模型的构建、模型导入Skyline。     

三维地籍模型数据快速更新方法应用研究

三维地籍管理模式可以解决现行传统土地登记制度和地籍管理制度中土地利用状况的问题,也可以对某些特殊土地利用状况进行登记、记载,准确反映三维土地空间的合理应用情况。随着经济发展,旧城改造、道路拓宽等项目使城市面貌日新月异。为了保持城市三维地籍模型数据的现势性,须对城市三维地籍模型数据进行及时、持续的更新。通过航空摄影测量法、三维激光扫描法和野外实地测量方法对不同区域的三维地籍模型数据进行更新,使用不同的技术路线在地形数据和建(构)筑物三维几何模型制作方面进行比对,通过对三维模型精度、适用区域和效率方面进行综合评定分析,研究总结了适合城市不同类型的三维地籍模型快速更新方法。     

Integrating the system dynamic and cellular automata models to predict land use and land cover change

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is a widely researched topic in related studies. A number of models have been established to simulate LULCC patterns. However, the integration of the system dynamic (SD) and the cellular automata (CA) model have been rarely employed in LULCC simulations, although it allows for combining the advantages of each approach and therefore improving the simulation accuracy. In this study, we integrated an SD model and a CA model to predict LULCC under three future development scenarios in Northern Shanxi province of China, a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone. The results indicated that our integrated approach represented the impacts of natural and socioeconomic factors on LULCC well, and could accurately simulate the magnitude and spatial pattern of LULCC. The modeling scenarios illustrated that different development pathways would lead to various LULCC patterns. This study demonstrated the advantages of the integration approach for simulating LULCC and suggests that LULCC is affected to a large degree by natural and socioeconomic factors.     

A Dutch multi-date land use database: Identification of real and methodological changes

Land cover and land use are important information sources for environmental issues. One of the most important changes at the Earth's surface concerns land cover and land use. Knowledge about the location and type of these changes is essential for environmental modeling and management. Remote sensing data in combination with additional spatial data are recognized as an important source of information to detect these land cover and land use changes.     

基于Markov-CA的土地利用/土地覆盖变化动态模型研究

分析了基于Markov-CA的土地利用/土地覆盖变化动态模型,并利用两期TM数据进行了Markov-CA模型应用试验研究.     

元胞自动机（CA）模型在土地利用领域的研究综述

通过模型对区域土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）进行分析已经成为了当前全球的研究主要内容之一。元胞自动机（CA）模型是一种通过定义局部的简单的计算规则来模拟和表示整个系统中复杂现象的时空动态模型,其＂自下而上＂的研究思路,强大的复杂计算功能及高度动态,使得它在模拟空间复杂系统的时空动态演变方面具有很强的能力。CA模型通过与其他模型相结合,在综合考虑各种限制因素和转换规则的前提下,通过反复迭代综合空间分析与非空间分析,模拟土地利用变化情景,在国内外已经形成了较为成熟的研究模型。本文首先提出了CA模型在土地利用变化中应用的背景及其特点;然后,分析了CA模型的构成原理以及在国内外的应用进展与现状;最后,详细阐述了CA模型在土地利用变化中的发展趋势及今后研究工作中应注意的问题。     

An Assessment of Deforestation Models for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)

With the increasing concerns in developing methodologies for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) projects, there is a need to understand the characteristics of existing Land‐Use/Cover Change (LUCC) modules. This research presents a modular framework for assessing predictive accuracy of business‐as‐usual deforestation in the future by comparing two existing approaches: GEOMOD Modeling (GM) and Land Change Modeler (LCM). The comparison uses data from a case study in Chiquitanía, Bolivia. Data from 1986 and 1994 are used to simulate land‐cover of 2000; the resulting maps are compared with an observed land‐cover map of 2000. GM and LCM simulate business‐as‐usual deforestations at the pixel level. The model structures of GM's linear extrapolation and LCM's Markov Chain are compared to review quantity of LUCC; and the model structures of GM's empirical frequency, LCM's logistic regression, and LCM's multilayer perceptron are compared to review (spatial) allocation of LUCC. Relative operating characteristics, figure of merit, and multiple resolution analysis are employed to assess predictive accuracy of multiple transition modeling. By design, GM lacks the potential to model multiple transitions, and the LCM's multilayer perceptron may produce different results for each simulation due to its stochastic element. Based on the model structure and predictive accuracy comparisons, the LCM seems more suitable than the GM for a REDD application. When a project is to employ a predictive method for its spatially explicit baseline setting, then it is highly recommended to use the proposed framework to assess accuracy of the baseline as part of a project design document.     

Modelling coastal land use change by incorporating spatial autocorrelation into cellular automata models

This paper presents a spatial autoregressive (SAR) method-based cellular automata (termed SAR-CA) model to simulate coastal land use change, by incorporating spatial autocorrelation into transition rules. The model captures the spatial relationships between explained and explanatory variables and then integrates them into CA transition rules. A conventional CA model (LogCA) based on logistic regression (LR) was studied as a comparison. These two CA models were applied to simulate urban land use change of coastal regions in Ningbo of China from 2000 to 2015. Compared to the LR method, the SAR model yielded smaller accumulated residuals that showed a random distribution in fitting the CA transition rules. The better-fitting SAR model performed well in simulating urban land use change and scored an overall accuracy of 85.3%, improving on the LogCA model by 3.6%. Landscape metrics showed that the pattern generated by the SAR-CA model has less difference with the observed pattern.     

Enhancing a GIS Cellular Automata Model of Land Use Change: Bayesian Networks, Influence Diagrams and Causality

Cellular Automata (CA) models at present do not adequately take into account the relationship and interactions between variables. However, land use change is influenced by multiple variables and their relationships. The objective of this study is to develop a novel CA model within a geographic information system (GIS) that consists of Bayesian Network (BN) and Influence Diagram (ID) sub‐models. Further, the proposed model is intended to simplify the definition of parameter values, transition rules and model structure. Multiple GIS layers provide inputs and the CA defines the transition rules by running the two sub‐models. In the BN sub‐model, land use drivers are encoded with conditional probabilities extracted from historical data to represent inter‐dependencies between the drivers. Using the ID sub‐model, the decision of changing from one land use state to another is made based on utility theory. The model was applied to simulate future land use changes in the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD), Canada from 2001 to 2031. The results indicate that the model is able to detect spatio‐temporal drivers and generate various scenarios of land use change making it a useful tool for exploring complex planning scenarios.     

Simulation of landscape spatial layout evolution in rural-urban fringe areas: a case study of Ganjingzi District

In recent years, the rapid expansion of urban spaces has accelerated the mutual evolution of landscape types. Analyzing and simulating spatio-temporal dynamic features of urban landscape can help to reveal its driving mechanisms and facilitate reasonable planning of urban land resources. The purpose of this study was to design a hybrid cellular automata model to simulate dynamic change in urban landscapes. The model consists of four parts: a geospatial partition, a Markov chain (MC), a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN), and cellular automata (CA). This study employed multivariate land use data for the period 2000–2015 to conduct spatial clustering for the Ganjingzi District and to simulate landscape status evolution via a divisional composite cellular automaton model. During the period of 2000–2015, construction land and forest land areas in Ganjingzi District increased by 19.43% and 15.19%, respectively, whereas farmland, garden lands, and other land areas decreased by 43.42%, 52.14%, and 75.97%, respectively. Land use conversion potentials in different sub-regions show different characteristics in space. The overall land-change prediction accuracy for the subarea-composite model is 3% higher than that of the non-partitioned model, and misses are reduced by 3.1%. Therefore, by integrating geospatial zoning and the MLP-ANN hybrid method, the land type conversion rules of different zonings can be obtained, allowing for more effective simulations of future urban land use change. The hybrid cellular automata model developed here will provide a reference for urban planning and policy formulation.     

朝阳市土地利用/覆被变化研究

随着社会的高速发展,资源与环境问题日益显著,土地利用/覆被变化(Land Use and Land Cover Change,LUCC)的研究日益成为全球范围内的研究热点。本文基于辽宁省朝阳市6期LandsatTM影像,以ENVI 4.5和ArcGIS为图像处理平台,采用决策树分类方法,将朝阳市土地利用类型分为耕地、林地、水域、建设用地、未利用地五大类,通过对比多期朝阳市土地利用的变化情况,分析研究区土地利用/覆被动态的内在变化规律,进而综合评价朝阳市土地利用效率及各类土地利用转化情况。     

集成GIS和细胞自动机模型进行地理时空过程模拟与预测的新方法

目前商用地理信息系统（GIS）不能完整地表达地理实体的时态信息和时空关系，缺乏时空分析和时空动态模拟的能力，这已成为GIS界的一个共识，然而，未来GIS在各应用领域的深入发展以及在实现“数字地球”战略过程中，都要求发展新的时空分析和模拟方法，细胞自动机（Cellular Automaton)是一种“自下而上”的动态模拟建模框架，具有模拟地理复要系统时空演化过程的能力，首先将标准CA模型的4元组进行扩展以满足GIS环境下时空动态模型的要求，然后以城市土地利用演化这一动态过程为例，建立了土地利用演化动态模拟与预测模型（LESP），最后运用此模型对包头市城市扩展和土地可持续利用演化进行了比较成功的模拟和预测。