异形矿物的超细效应研究

异形矿物的超细效应研究董发勤万朴彭同江宋功宝＊＊（西南工学院矿物材料及应用研究所，四川绵阳６２１００２）关键词异形矿物超细效应粉体性能用机械法制备超细矿物粉体的技术已经成熟，但对其细度变化所引发的一系列表面性质、表面结构、表面能及形态、颗粒力学的诸多...     

广西新型矿物材料发展方向初探

新材料是发展高新技术产业的基础。根据广西的矿产资源优势和在矿物材料方面的研究基础和技术力量，提出了加强工艺矿物学研究，大力发展广西新型矿物材料的研究开发方向，特别提出了超细改性矿物粉体材料、环保矿物材料、节能保温矿物材料、高技术陶瓷材料和合成矿物晶体材料等材料体系中的重点开发方向。     

机械力化学改性硅灰石机理研究

天然硅灰石矿物具有特殊的针状结构,白色,无毒,是橡胶、塑料的理想填料。添加硅灰石填料,可降低橡胶制品的生产成本,提高橡胶的力学性能,赋以橡胶自身所没有的特殊功能。其作用大小取决于硅灰石／橡胶界面的结合状态。硅灰石系亲水性矿物,与橡胶相容性差。界面能否形成良好的粘结,硅灰石矿物表面性能是关键。经超细粉碎、表面改性可以提高硅灰石表面活性,增强与橡胶的粘结强度。但是,当硅灰石经超细粉碎,粒度为微米级或纳米级,粉体容重为０－１５ｇｃｍ３,以表面化学改性方法加入偶联剂,经高温高速搅拌,不但破坏硅灰石的长…     

近代矿物学研究的一个新领域—机械力矿物学

从机械力化学效应着手,较为全面地介绍了机械力化学的概念和矿物在超细粉碎过程,在机械力趋动下所发生的一系列变化。这些变化可概括为表面效应、晶体结构效应和组分传输三大效应;提出建立“机械力矿物学”新概念,讨论了它的研究内容及其在材料科学和地质学中的应用与意义。     

地质标准物质的粒度测量与表征实践

样品粒度是粉体地质标准物质的一项重要特性指标。长期以来地质标准物质的粒度一直是采用筛分法或沉降法检测,最终大多以加工样品通过一定筛目(一般为-200目)的比例来表达;近年来超细标准物质研制引入了以激光粒度仪为代表的粒度检测与分析的现代方法,并可以直观的粒度分布图和简洁明晰的特征粒径等多种方法来表达粒度分布特征,大大提升了粉体地质标准物质粒度分布特性的测量及表征水平。文章在前期采用激光粒度仪测量超细标准物质粒度分布特征工作的基础上,用此法测量了当今广泛使用的典型地质标准物质的粒度分布,为这些标准物质的正确使用和取样不确定度评价提供了重要依据;同时就今后地质标准物质乃至地质分析样品的粒度检测与表征提出建议。     

大气粉尘中的矿物及其环境健康效应研究进展

大气粉尘中的矿物主要来源于土壤尘、建筑工地和局地扬尘,颗粒较小,一般呈不规则形状,表面凹凸不平。矿物粉尘具有很强的生物活性,对人体健康、生物效应有其特有的生理作用。矿物粉尘表面活性基团影响粉尘的生物效应。矿物粉尘本身或刺激吞噬细胞而产生的自由基对细胞的损伤和粉尘性疾病的形成起着至关重要的作用。大气粉尘成分、表面特性以及矿物粉尘对人体正常宿主菌群的抑制性和毒性效应研究是矿物粉尘环境健康效应研究的重要方向。     

超细粉末压片法-X射线荧光光谱测定水系沉积物和土壤中的主量元素

X射线荧光光谱分析中,粉末压片法是一种理想的绿色环保制样技术,操作简单、制样效率高,但由于受到粒度效应和矿物效应的影响,其测定误差在5%左右,因而限制了这种技术在常量元素检测方面的应用,目前主要应用于痕量元素的测定以及对分析精度要求不高的分析领域。本文运用行星式粉碎制样机,将水系沉积物和土壤标准物质在几分钟内粉碎至平均粒径4~5μm左右,建立了超细粉末压片制样X射线荧光光谱测定SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO、MgO等主量元素的方法。该方法绝大多数主量元素的测量精密度(RSD)小于2%;检出限为0.003%~0.021%,优于熔融法的检出限(0.006%~0.081%),特别是原子序数小的钠元素,检出限改善4倍。本文针对水系沉积物和土壤研制的超细粉末压片法,由于样品粉碎至几微米,最大限度地减小了粒度效应的影响;X射线衍射分析表明制备样品的矿物成分以石英为主,矿物组成简单,矿物效应可以忽略不计。同时对测量数据加入烧失量进行归一化处理,各元素归一化的测量结果与标准值基本一致,方法准确度比常规压片法获得显著提高。     

地质标准物质粒度测量与表征的现代方法

地质标准物质是地质材料分析的计量标准,在分析质量监控、仪器校准和分析方法评价中发挥着重要作用。地质标准物质大多为粉体材料,而粒度是粉体材料的一项重要特性指标。长期以来,地质标准物质的粒度一直采用过筛法检测;近年来在超细标准物质研制中引入了以激光粒度仪为代表的现代粒度分析方法,并以直观的粒度分布图和简洁的特征粒度来表达分析结果,大大提升了粉体地质标准物质粒度特性的测量及表征水平。在此工作基础上,测量了正在广泛使用的典型地质标准物质的粒度分布,获得了前所未知的粒度分布信息,为这些标准物质的正确使用和取样不确定度评价提供了有益的资料。简单地介绍了检测粉体材料颗粒特性的现代方法,讨论了地质分析与粒度分析在概念上的差异,并就今后地质标准物质乃至地质分析样品的粒度检测与表征方法提出了建议。     

矿物白度的影响因素与增白机理研究

白度是矿物的重要光学性质之一。为了深化矿物的光学性质及白色矿物功能材料的研究与应用,根据测试分析结果和叶大年的结构光性矿物学理论,系统研究了影响矿物白度的主要因素,以及矿物增白效果的差异性及其产生机理。研究结果表明:(1)晶体化学是决定不同种类透明矿物白度的最主要因素,但对于某种透明矿物来说,影响其白度的主要因素是矿物中的碳质有机质、含铁钛矿物杂质、杂质元素的价态与晶体化学环境、介质环境、矿物中的水和粒度大小等。(2)证明了透明矿物白度大小与折射率呈正相关。白度相同的不同矿物的增白效果存在很大差异性,其根本原因是由矿物折射率所决定的反射率存在很大差别。(3)提出了真白度和假白度的概念,即主要由自色产生的白度称为真白度,主要由假色产生的白度称为假白度;真白度高的矿物具有增白作用,而真白度低的矿物,即使粉末白度高,也没有增白作用。(4)在影响矿物白度的主要因素中,矿物中的碳质有机质、含铁钛矿物杂质、杂质元素的价态等杂质成分对矿物白度和增白效果起负面作用。(5)矿物中与晶体结构相关的水所产生的颜色属于自色,脱去结晶水、层间水和结构水都有利于提高矿物的真白度或增白效果,但脱去沸石水的效果正好相反;由矿物粒度大小变化产生的颜色属于假色;通过降低粉体粒度大小所提高的白度属于假白度,由此增加的白度没有增白作用。另外,矿物粉体与使用介质之间的折射率大小差别越大,增白效果越明显。     

矿物种类和粉体性质与增强性能的关系

矿物粉体作为硅橡胶增强填料尚不多见。传统的硅橡胶增强填料是气相白碳黑。它的粒度细,比表面积大,聚集态结构优良,增强效果佳［１］;但其生产能耗大,成本高,价格昂贵,限制了具有优良性能的硅橡胶制品的广泛使用。如果能通过某些物理化学处理,把价格低廉的天然矿物加工成硅橡胶增强剂,不仅能促进硅橡胶工业的发展,而且可为矿物的高增值开发利用找到一条新的途径［２］。填料的粉体性质（包括粒度、表面积、形状、晶态等）是决定其增强性能的关键因素之一。本文分析探讨了矿物粉体的种类和粉体性质与增强性能的关系。１　实验部分…     

福建硬质绢云母表面化学改性的研究

采用超细粉碎和表面化学改性方法对硬质绢云母进行改性，研究表面改性的机理，建立了一整套的改性工艺，制备出应用性能和价值得到较大提高的改性硬质绢云母超细粉。     

改性矿物微粉增强硅橡胶性能的研究

硅橡胶作为特种橡胶体系的一个重要成员,以其耐高温、耐寒、耐候及电气特性等优良品质得到国防、航天航空、电子、医疗卫生等行业的青睐［１］。然而,目前工业上主要采用价格昂贵的气相白炭黑作硅橡胶的增强剂,使硅橡胶制品成本偏高,限制了硅橡胶的普及应用,阻碍了硅...     

极细颗粒黏土渗流离子效应的试验研究

采用常规固结仪对孔隙液离子浓度对极细颗粒黏土渗流固结特性的影响进行试验研究,在相同试验条件下进行了4组孔隙液含NaCl浓度不同的膨润土试样固结性质的测试,得到了各试样的固结曲线,求得相应的固结系数,再由固结系数求得相应的渗透系数。通过对各组试样的渗透系数对比分析,结果表明,孔隙液离子浓度对土体的渗流性质有重要影响,土体的渗透系数随孔隙液离子浓度的增加而增大,存在明显的离子效应。试验结果分析认为,黏土颗粒表面的扩散双电层厚度随离子浓度变化而变化,可能是产生离子效应的主要原因。试验结果有助于分析土体渗流离子效应的起因,对改进和完善现有渗流固结计算理论有一定指导意义。     

Fine and ultrafine gold in placers of northeastern Russia

The main features of the migration and accumulation of fine and ultrafine gold during the evolution of placer-forming processes in northeastern Russia are discussed. The results of loose sediment sampling (over 2000 samples) with a screw separator and strake facilities have been taken into consideration. The approximate grades and potential resources of gold were estimated for various genetic types of placers. The most favorable conditions for the mobilization and accumulation of fine and ultrafine gold in the placers of northeastern Russia prevailed during the Paleogene to Miocene stage of the evolution of orogenic morphostructures, when the residual (illuvial and alluvial) placers were formed. During the Pliocene to Quaternary stage, the tectonic activation caused the reworking of placers by slope and fluvial processes and resulted in the formation of new hillside and alluvial placers. At this stage, the dispersal of fine gold fractions prevailed over accumulation. Under conditions of the periglacial lithogenesis of the Pliocene to Quaternary tectonic activation, the formation of new placers with fine and ultrafine gold derived from primary sources was suppressed due to the low rate of metal release in the process of physical weathering. In terms of the economic importance of placers with fine and ultrafine gold, residual, eluvial, or hillside placers, as well as alluvial stratal placers located in low-order (and partly medium-order) stream valleys, are the most attractive in northeastern Russia. The primary sources of such placers comprise gold-bearing porphry copper, gold-sulfide-quartz, and other hydrothermal deposits with similar placer-forming capability, as well as gold-quartz stockworks. The grade of fine and ultrafine gold in such placers may be as high as a few g/m³. The placers located in the constratal alluvium of graben-type valleys and the bar and floodplain placers in the areas with stockwork-like orebodies containing fine (<0.25 mm) gold are regarded as prospective objects.     

An investigation on dewatering kinetics of ultrafine coal

Ultrafine coal dewatering is of great importance to the coal industry due to its impacts on the handling and utilization characteristics of coal products. Commercially available filtration techniques are either ineffective or costly for dewatering of ultrafine coal to the desired moisture level of about 20%. Considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding the dewatering process and developing new technologies for applications in the coal industry. Most of the previous work on ultrafine coal filtration was focused on the final filter cake moisture and few studies have been conducted to investigate the filtration kinetics. The present investigation was undertaken to better understand the kinetics of vacuum filtration of ultrafine coal under various conditions. The filtrate weight was continuously monitored using a precise load cell during the entire filtration process. Operating parameters such as vacuum pressure and reagent conditioning time were examined for their impacts on filtration kinetics. Use of cationic and anionic flocculants showed significant improvement in filtration kinetics. Kinetic data obtained from the study were used to determine the fundamental parameters of filtration such as cake permeability, specific cake resistance, and filter medium resistance using the integrated form of the Darcy's law.     

共沸蒸馏法制备电气石超细粉末

分别以水和正丁醇为研磨介质，得到电气石超细粉末的液相悬浮体，利用水和正丁醇可以形成共沸物的特点，分别采用直接加热和共沸蒸馏法脱分散介质干燥悬浮体制备电气石超细粉末。透射电镜分析结果表明，直接加热脱去水或正丁醇会使电气石超细颗粒发生硬团聚，而共沸蒸馏法则可有效防止硬团聚的产生；拉曼光谱结果表明，共沸蒸馏法制备的电气石粉末表面存在O—H和C—H键，说明正丁醇在颗粒表面为化学吸附，而直接干燥法得到的电气石粉末表面则没有；X射线粉晶衍射结果表明，研磨过程降低了粉末衍射峰的强度，但直接加热干燥和共沸蒸馏干燥均未破坏电气石的晶格结构。正丁醇中的丁氧基在共沸蒸馏过程中在电气石颗粒表面可取代羟基，产生化学吸附，能有效防止液桥的产生，阻止干燥过程中超细粉末的硬团聚。     

重质碳酸钙干法超细与改性一体化工艺研究

在气流粉碎机中对重质碳酸钙进行干法超细与改性一体化工艺研究，通过控制改性剂种类，改性剂用量，给料粒度，给料速度，产品活化率达97％，吸油率16．20％，20天吸水率7．01％，白度91．5，粒度（d50)8.0um，碳酸钙的吸水和吸油率的均降低，对超细与改性一体化机理进行了讨论。     

Micro-properties of coal aggregates: Implications on hyperbaric filtration performance for coal dewatering

The recovery of ultrafine coal can be enhanced significantly by flocculating the particles prior to dewatering. It is thus crucial to be able to quantify the effects of aggregated particles on the separation efficiency, of which they are still not fully understood. This study focused on the relationship between the micro-properties (size, structure, and strength) of flocculated coal particles and the characteristics of filter cakes obtained through hyperbaric filtration. Tools such as small angle light scattering and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to determine the aggregate structure. The comparative bond strength of aggregates generated under different flocculation conditions was measured through a non-dimensional approach. The effects of these properties on specific cake resistance, saturation, and moisture content, as indicative of the filtration performance, were observed. It was found that flocs generated using a moderate amount of flocculant dosage (60–100 g of polymer/tonne of coal) for this ultrafine coal (97% < 35 μm) optimised the properties of dewatered filter cakes. Although cakes composed of larger and stronger aggregates with more flocculant were found to have higher porosity, the effects on specific cake resistance and cake saturation were detrimental, possibly due to the increasing proportion of intra-aggregate pores that were harder to dewater. The trend was less noticeable at low filtration pressures where most of the dewatering occurred within the larger capillaries of the inter-aggregate zones. In addition, the presence of polymer molecules was responsible in absorbing residual moisture that could not be removed through mechanical means. Through a series of tests using pre-formed filter cakes, the amount of moisture retained by the flocculant was quantified to be approximately 10.2 mg of water for every addition of 1 g of polymer/tonne of coal, calculated per 100 g of filter cake produced from hyperbaric filtration in this case.     

矿产资源可持续发展研究的述评

从以下几个方面对矿产资源可持续发展研究现状进行了较为全面,公正,客 分析：（１）矿产资源的合理开发;（２）矿产资源的高效利用;（３）矿产资源的可持续发展指标体系;（４）矿产资源的代陆均衡;（５）矿产资源与区域可持续发展;（６）矿产资源资产评估;（）７）矿产资源开发对瓣影响,同时对研究的努力方向提出了建议。