基于OPT101 器件的大气能见度检测系统

针对现有大气能见度仪采用分离器件的信号噪声大、接收信号非常微弱的不足,进口产品价格昂贵的不足,基于先进的集成器件OPT101设计了一套便携式的大气能见度检测系统。系统应用集成前置放大的光电检测传感器,实现微弱光电信号的检测和前置放大,克服了传统分离器件前置放大易受噪声干扰的不足,提高了测量数据的准确度和系统的稳定性,降低了设计和调试的难度。与美国Enviro Tech能见度传感器进行了现场比测实验,实验结果显示二者变化趋势一致性较好,表明了系统设计的有效性。     

一种高Q值单频水声信号放大提取电路的设计

针对水声信号所处环境复杂、背景噪声源多的特点,提出了一种基于JFET的超低噪音放大电路,该电路选用两片低噪音的场效应管2SK170作为第一级放大器件,经过CR高通滤波连接到同相放大电路,整体电路增益可达70dB;为进一步提升接收信号信噪比,结合双T滤波器特点优化设计出一种高Q值选频电路;通过Multisim14仿真表明,设计的电路在1 Hz处的电压噪声密度仅为2.4 nV/Hz^0.5,滤波器Q值可达25.6,结合实际电路测试结果表明,设计的电路能够满足水声测量要求。     

光电辨认机电子线路的设计

放大器,脉冲幅度鉴别器和由移位寄存器组成的延时器,是光电辨认机电子线路的主要组成部分。在简要地介绍了该机整体电子线路的基础上,本文分析了前置放大器的输入耦合方式,高增益,低漂移问题,鉴别器自稳零电路和延时器电路。研究了电路参数与整机性能之间的关系。提出了这些参数的选择原则。     

一种DOC在线分析仪光电信号处理方法

目前在海洋生态环境监测领域,国内尚无快速、稳定、在线的溶解性有机碳(DOC)自动化测量方法。为此,提出了一种专门针对海水DOC在线分析的光电信号处理方法。首先,确保氧化发光产生的微弱光信号能够通过光电倍增管探测到,之后信号经过锁相放大、带通滤波等电路模块进行前期处理,并且在CPU中采用复合数字滤波算法进一步平滑降噪处理,最终该方法解决了DOC在线分析方法中微弱光电信号处理的难题。长期的海试比对试验数据表明:该方法的测量数据的平行度能够达到实验室方法的测量数据的85%,证明其具备在线分析的能力,而且该方法测量速度更快,因此具有很好的实用性。     

用微机研究光电倍增管伏安特性

光电倍增管的伏安特性系指,当投射到光阴极上的光强恒定时,阳极电流与总的工作电压之间的关系。该关系可用下式表示: (1)式中l_A为阳极电流,φ为投射到光阴极上的光强,R是阴极灵敏度,G是光电倍增管的总放大倍数。G可用下式表示:     

基于光纤光参量放大的异步双波长全光再生技术研究

本文提出了一种新型的多波长全光再生方案,利用相位时钟光纤光参量放大,并采用相邻信道偏振正交的方法,实现对由异步信源产生的双波长信号全光再生.理论分析了参量放大中的增益饱和现象用于幅度噪声抑制,以及利用相位时钟及后续色散实现对信号定时的机理.在这个基础上,对两个独立信源产生的异步双波长10 Gbit/s信号进行再生实验,实验表明该方案有效的抑制了基于多波长3R再生系统中信道间的四波混频与交叉相位调制等非线性干扰.系统在单波长和双波长情况下分别将两路信号信噪比改善了至少6.5 dB与4.5 dB.误码率测试结     

多光谱激光雷达小波去噪效果评价体系

针对基于小波理论的多光谱激光雷达消噪信号,从能量、图形、统计多角度出发,提出了由信噪比、平滑度等6项指标组成的小波消噪效果评价体系。实验证明,该体系可以为多光谱激光雷达消噪信号提供更加全面客观的效果评价,为不同信号噪声去除方法的选择提供更加可靠的依据,同时也有利于对不同算法进行有针对性的改进。     

水声传播中线性调频脉冲信号的检测方法研究

本文分析了线性调频脉冲信号的特点并用脉冲压缩方法来检测线性调频信号波形，特别是用脉冲压缩方法来检测会聚区信号，更能体现脉冲压缩具有降低噪声均值，获得较高信噪比增益，提高距离分辨率的优点．     

AUV移动探测下基于U-Net网络的本体噪声去除

在基于移动 AUV(自主水下机器人)平台的水下机动目标探测场景中,由于拖曳能力和探测孔径的限制,目标噪声极易淹没在本体噪声中。而且,本体噪声与目标噪声具有非常相似的频谱特性和倍频关系,进一步加重了目标噪声分析的难度。为降低本体噪声的影响、提高目标噪声的信噪比,开展了基于 U-Net 深度网络的水下混合噪声信号分离算法研究。通过仿真模型测试了算法在不同转速差、桨叶数差以及目标噪声信噪比条件下去除本体噪声的性能。实验结果初步表明：在目标信号信噪比不低于–10 dB 的条件下,算法可以对本体噪声进行有效去除。     

一种非平稳噪声背景下的线谱相干检测方法

舰艇目标航行时往往向水中辐射大量线状谱结构的声波信号,线谱信号检测对舰艇目标的被动探测至关重要。实际水下环境噪声常表现为时域非平稳噪声,常规离散傅里叶变换类线谱检测方法时域积分时,不可避免会引入非平稳噪声背景中出现的短时强干扰噪声,使积分结果中线谱信噪比大幅降低,线谱检测性能急剧恶化。为解决上述问题,对分段离散傅里叶变换结果进行幅度归一化,补偿分段线谱信号间相位差,提出了一种非平稳噪声背景下的线谱相干检测方法。仿真结果表明,相比常规 DFT 类线谱检测方法,所提方法能够降低时域非平稳背景噪声起伏影响,具有更优的非平稳噪声背景下线谱检测性能,并能获得对线谱信号的相干处理增益。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.