水文学研究进展与展望

水文学是研究地球上水的起源、存在、分布、循环运动等变化规律,并运用这些规律为人类服务的知识体系。水文学研究经历了由经验到理论、由简单过程到复杂系统、由定性描述到定量模拟的发展历程,其学科体系演进与科学技术进步及社会发展需求紧密联系,并由此衍生出诸如生态水文学、气象水文学、冰冻圈水文学、遥感水文学、同位素水文学、城市水文学、社会水文学等多种交叉研究领域与分支学科。当今水文学研究在水文多尺度观测、陆面—水文—社会耦合模拟及多源观测—模型同化技术等领域取得显著进展,水文学研究的广度和深度不断拓展。未来水文学研究将面向陆地水文循环的变化规律及其效应,重点关注水文循环变化特征和机理、水文循环变化趋势预估及水文循环变化的自然和社会影响等前沿课题;从原有就水论水研究思路转向在自然地理综合分析框架下以水循环为纽带开展的多尺度、多过程集成研究。     

稳定同位素在湿地水文研究中的应用现状与前景

湿地水文过程对湿地形成、发育和演化起到了至关重要的作用,也是湿地保护和修复的关键。稳定同位素技术是湿地水文研究的有效工具,探讨了稳定同位素技术在湿地水资源性质与来源识别以及湿地水文循环研究等方面的应用,指出了当前应用中存在的问题,如缺乏湿地水文过程的系统性机理研究等,展望了稳定同位素在湿地水文中取样方法上的创新改进与人类干扰对湿地水文过程影响研究的应用前景。     

天山山区典型内陆河流域径流组分特征分析

通过对天山南北坡的两个典型流域降水、地下水、河流、融冰雪水δD和δ¹⁸O及水化学检测,基于同位素径流分割模型定量分析了年内径流组分特征。结果表明：（1）两条河流的径流组成中地下水为构成径流的主要成分,其次是冰川融水,融雪水及降水,但南北坡径流组分表现出较明显的差异,乌鲁木齐河流域中冰川融水的比重要大于黄水沟流域,对气候变化响应明显。（2）两条河流在不同季节径流组分也表现出较大差异,春季径流组分差异最为明显。     

中亚地区水问题研究综述

中亚地区地处内陆干旱区,水资源匮乏,是国际上水问题十分严重的地区。本文收集了自2000年以来近15年的相关文献,从文献数量、研究机构、研究方法和主要水问题等方面,综述国内外中亚地区水问题研究成果。通过对文献分析得出以下认识：① 中亚地区水问题是地理学研究热点之一,中国、德国和美国等国家的研究机构开展了大量研究工作,主要集中在水循环过程对气候变化的响应和流域水环境两个方面,中国在跨界河流管理方面的研究成果相对丰富;② 气温升高与降水增加是中亚地区气候变化的基本特征,受气温升高影响,陆地水储量与河川径流减小趋势明显,水资源日趋短缺;③ 不合理的水资源利用方式,加剧了土壤盐渍化和土地退化,加重了水环境污染,加大了流域水环境的压力;④ 复杂的地缘政治使中亚地区跨界河流管理成为当前国际社会面临的重大难题。从已经获得的成果还可以看出,基础数据获取方法、人口—资源—环境相互关系分析、气候—水文—社会—政治相互作用机制等将是未来中亚地区水问题研究发展的重要方向。     

Homogeneous region determination using linear and nonlinear techniques

Similarity between catchments in a region can be determined depending on catchment properties. This helps to understand the response behavior of the similar catchments more appropriately. Catchment classification plays a major role in the process of hydrological prediction in the case of ungauged catchments. The following categorization was carried out for 32 catchments of India. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) along with K-means clustering, was applied as linear classification; and Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) were implemented as nonlinear classification methods on catchment attributes and daily streamflow time series. The classification established on streamflow signatures was taken as the reference classification. Results obtained from PCA, SOM, and KPCA were compared with results of the reference classification. The absence of discordant catchments from the clusters of SOM, based on catchment attributes, suggests homogeneity among SOM-derived clusters. Similarity index scores are 0.48 and 0.47, 0.46 and 0.42 ?for first, second, third and fourth clusters of SOM respectively with that of the reference classification technique. Nonlinear techniques with high similarity index values outperformed standard techniques. This study demonstrated the ability of classification based on catchment attributes to classify ungauged catchments.     

Runoff separation and eco-hydrological function in the typical landscape zones combining hydrochemical and isotopic tracers: a review

The study on the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem and hydrological process in a basin has recently become the international research frontier in hydrology.Runoff separation is still an important subject and possibly cutting edge process in hydrology.This paper summarizes the progress of national and international research,and comments on the advantages and disadvantages of recent,diverse base flow separation methods.This paper also presents research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones,combining isotopic technology with hydrochemical methods.Based on the runoff separation of different water bodies,this paper probes into the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem pattern and eco-hydrological process,and makes analysis on water conservation,regulation and storage mechanism,and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones.This report also examines future trends in research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in mountainous areas.     

挠力河流域河流径流量对气候变化的敏感性分析

流域径流量对气候变化的敏感性分析是理解气候变化对流域水资源影响的重要手段。本文利用非更新式人工神经网络(ANN)模型,以年平均降雨、年最低气温和最高气温为输入参数,年平均径流量为输出变量,构建了三江平原挠力河流域的径流量预测ANN模型;并根据IPCC第四次报告的气候变化模式,设定了9种不同的气候变化情景,利用构建的ANN模型分析了流域径流量对气候变化的敏感性。结果表明:构建的人工神经网络模型能够较好的模拟径流量,可用于气候变化的敏感性分析;挠力河流域上游径流量对气候变化的敏感性要大于中游区域的,降水变化对径流量的影响大于气温对其产生的影响。     

Holocene changes in climate and land use drove shifts in the diversity of testate amoebae in a subalpine pond

Testate amoebae that inhabit peat are sensitive indicators of water table position. In this study, we used testate amoebae in sediments from a mire in the western Alps (Lac du Thyl) to: (1) reconstruct the hydrology of the site over the last 7,000 years, (2) determine how hydrological changes affected testate amoebae diversity and (3) infer past trophic state shifts. The study site is located in one of the driest valleys of the Alps and is thus very sensitive to hydrological changes. Our study revealed that the water table depth increased (dry conditions) between 5,800 and 4,000 cal year BP. This triggered establishment of a Sphagnum-type peat and acidic conditions from 5,700 to 4,000 cal year BP. These processes were independent of ongoing transformations of the terrestrial vegetation and soil in the catchment area. After 1,690 cal year BP, the depth to the water table decreased (wetter conditions) and a minerotrophic fen developed. At the same time, the diversity of testate amoebae increased, probably as a result of deforestation that supported the expansion of grassland. Climate and land use were apparently more important factors controlling the lake hydrology than were changes in vegetation and soil in the catchment. Testate amoebae diversity was linked to land cover. Changes in pH were controlled indirectly by external forcing (climate), but more directly by fluctuations in the level of the water table (internal forcing) and autogenous expansion of Sphagnum.     

SWAT模型的原理、结构及应用研究

SWAT(SoilandWaterAssessmentTool)是一个具有很强物理机制的长时段的流域分布式水文模型。它能够利用GIS和RS提供的空间数据信息,模拟复杂大流域中多种不同的水文物理过程,包括水、沙、化学物质和杀虫剂的输移与转化过程。本文着重探讨SWAT模型的水文学原理和模型的基本结构与独特的分布式运行控制方式,并将其成功应用于西北寒区(黑河莺落峡以上流域)的分布式日径流过程的模拟。     

Late Holocene paleohydrology of Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory, Canada

We have gained new insight into the dynamic late Holocene paleohydrology and paleolimnology of Kluane Lake by reconstructing lakewater δ¹⁸O using sediment cellulose as an oxygen-isotope archive. Our data suggest that the lake was regularly open hydrologically between 5000 and 1000 cal year BP, although with substantially lower water levels and with greater evaporative loss in relation to inflow than under contemporary conditions. During part of this period the lake was meromictic and may have undergone intermittent hydrologic closure, but southward drainage to the Pacific Ocean via the Alsek River system was generally maintained. Isotopic evidence confirms that Kluane Lake underwent complete hydrologic closure 430–300 cal year BP (AD 1520–1650) after a major advance of Kaskawulsh Glacier blocked southward drainage. Closure persisted as the lake overtopped the Duke River fan, initiating northward drainage to the Bering Sea via the Yukon River system. Although incision of the new outlet channel led to a rapid decline in lake level, northward discharge via the Kluane River has been maintained for the past three centuries because of abundant inflow from the Slims River. Substantial quantities of glacial meltwater and seasonal runoff continue to drain via the Slims River from Kaskawulsh Glacier and its catchment in the St. Elias Mountains. During this period Kluane River has also become an important route for migrating anadromous salmon. The modern isotope hydrology of Kluane Lake confirms that its current positive water balance is highly dependent on discharge from Slims River. Declining glacial meltwater contributions to Slims River will likely lead to lower water levels in Kluane Lake over the coming decades and possible re-establishment of intermittent or perennial hydrologic closure.     

Pore Water Pressure as a Trigger of Shallow Landslides in the Western Ghats of Kerala,India: Some Preliminary Observations from an Experimental Catchment

The Western Ghats mountain chain of Kerala, India, is prone to landslides mainly caused by anthropogenic disturbances and very high rainfall amounts. Here, some initial observations on the apparent relationship among pore water pressure fluctuations, rainfall characteristics, and landslide initiation are presented based on monitoring in an experimental catchment in the upper Tikovil River basin. On June 21 and 22, 2007, continuous rain fell for over 10 hours with a total precipitation of 147 mm, causing three shallow landslides in the catchment. Measurements using piezometers in three hollows of the catchment indicate that the rain spell resulted in the development of high pore water pressure from the beginning of the storm that persisted through the time of occurrence of shallow landslides. The pore water pressure patterns in these monitored hollows are possible representatives of the pore water pressure pattern in the hollows where the landslides initiated. This similarity of response pattern enables such data to be used for the calibration and validation of physically based slope hydrology models coupled with slope stability models.     

贡嘎山海螺沟水化学主离子特征及其控制因素

在系统采集贡嘎山海螺沟水样的基础上,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、Gibbs图、阴阳离子三角图和主成分分析法,对水化学主离子特征及其控制因素进行了分析。结果表明:Ca2+和HCO3-分别平均占阳、阴离子总量的78.63%和67.28%;源头区总溶解固体含量(TDS)与雨水的含量相当,全流域TDS平均值为128.36 mg/L;海螺沟流域水化学类型为Ca2+—HCO3-。在源头区,由于冰雪融水对径流量补给量较大,大气降水的输入作用对源头区水体化学离子的组成具有一定的影响。从全流域看,岩石的化学风化是海螺沟水化学主离子来源的主要控制因素,蒸发-结晶和大气降水的作用影响较小。而碳酸盐岩的风化则是海螺沟流域岩石风化的主要类型。     

Holocene aquatic ecosystem change in the boreal vegetation zone of northern Finland

We studied multiple variables in a sediment core from Lake Kipojärvi, northern Finland, to investigate Holocene ecosystem changes in relation to catchment characteristics and known climate variations. We focused on a forested catchment because previous paleolimnological studies conducted in Fennoscandia focused mainly on subarctic lakes within a range of shifting treeline(s). Data on aquatic macrophytes, diatoms, Cladocera, C:N ratio, organic matter (LOI) and regional vegetation (pollen), revealed a three-phase limnological development. The early Holocene, species-rich, mesotrophic lake was transformed into an oligotrophic, species-poor aquatic ecosystem by the early middle Holocene, ca. 7,500 cal years BP, earlier than has generally been reported. The transition involved considerable changes in aquatic macrophytes. Changes in the Cladocera and diatom communities appear to have been linked to aquatic macrophyte development, which in turn, was probably regulated by catchment development and hydrology, and a consequent decrease in nutrient input from the catchment. During the more humid late Holocene, surface flow from the catchment probably increased, but the lake??s nutrient status remained oligotrophic. Possible reasons for low nutrient concentration in the late Holocene include: 1) slower biogeochemical cycling due to cooler climate, 2) a new hydrologic outlet and associated shorter water-retention times, and 3) accelerated peatland development in the catchment that affected water flow patterns and nutrient cycling.     

A novel method to infer historical DDT use on Cape Cod,Massachusetts (USA), based on ΣDDT degradation and <Superscript>210</Superscript>Pb dating in lake sediment cores

Glacier shrinkage and melting of snow patches caused by the current phase of warming is having a profound impact on lake ecosystems located in glacierized environments at high altitude and/or latitude because it alters the hydrology and the physico-chemistry of the river discharges and catchment runoff. These changes, in turn, have a major impact on the biota of these lakes. In this study, we combined geochemical and diatom analyses of a sediment core retrieved from Lake Kanas (N.W. China) to assess how climate change has affected this ecosystem over the past ~ 100 years. Our results show that the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Kanas was sensitive to changes in the regional climate over that period of time. The lake has been affected by change in hydrology (e.g. influx of glacier meltwater, variations in precipitation) and change in hydrodynamics (water column stability). The variations in abundance and composition of the diatom assemblages observed in the sedimentary record have been subtle and are complex to interpret. The principal changes in the diatom community were: (1) a rise in diatom accumulation rates starting in the AD 1970s that is coeval with changes observed in temperate lakes of the Northern Hemisphere and (2) an increase in species diversity and assemblage turnover and a faster rate-of-change since ~ AD 2000. The diatom community is expected to change further with the projected melting of the Kanas glacier throughout the twenty-first century.     

基于地形特征的流域水文相似性

流域地形控制着地表径流的路径和累积水量的空间分布。地形指数ln(a/tanβ)反映了径流在流域中任一点的累积趋势以及重力使径流顺坡移动的趋势,流域地形可以用地形指数的空间分布来表示。地形指数可用作水文相似性指数,即具有相同地形指数的点对降雨具有相同的水文响应。TOPMODEL利用地形指数频率分布计算流域径流过程,可以认为:具有相同地形指数频率分布的流域具有水文相似性。分析认为长江流域上游的沿渡河流域与香溪河流域具有水文相似性,利用香溪河流域率定的模型参数计算的沿渡河流域径流过程,与实测过程拟合较好     

城镇化对湿地的影响研究进展

湿地是人类生存和发展的主要环境之一,城镇化进程严重影响了湿地生态系统。从城镇化对湿地的景观格局、水文、生物多样性影响方面综述了城镇化对湿地生态系统影响的研究进展。研究发现城镇化改变了湿地的景观格局,使湿地面积不断减少,景观破碎化,湿地异质性增大,连通性降低。城镇化改变了湿地的水文条件,使天然调蓄能力减弱,径流系数增强,洪峰流量增大,水土流失加重,河网和水系结构特征改变,水质受到严重影响。城镇化降低了湿地生物多样性,使物种丰富度和分布降低,珍稀物种因丧失生境而灭绝,生物入侵增强,进而导致种群组成和生态系统的功能发生变化。最后提出了在全球变化背景下城镇化对湿地影响研究的新方向及其保护措施建议。     

中国国际重要湿地监测的指标与方法

湿地是具有多功能的重要的生态系统和自然资源,具有巨大的经济、生态和社会价值,为有效保护、科学管理和合理利用中国的国际重要湿地,需要在全国范围内开展国际重要湿地监测工作。国际重要湿地监测采用基于遥感技术、全球定位系统、地理信息系统(3S)技术为主的大范围宏观监测和典型湿地定位连续监测相结合的方法。在一定时期内对国际重要湿地生态特征变化进行测度的过程中,监测指标和技术方法的选择是最为关键的。国际重要湿地监测指标可分为湿地生态特征监测指标和影响湿地生态特征因子的监测指标,针对不同的监测指标提出了相应的监测技术和方法。     

A review of runoff generation and soil erosion across scales in semiarid south-eastern Spain

Climate, lithology, soil and especially, intense land use/cover changes, make SE Spain very vulnerable to runoff generation and water erosion leading to loss of nutrients and organic matter and to infrequent but devastating floods, reservoir siltation and mass failures. This susceptibility has led to heavy economic investment and research efforts since the 1980s, making this region a worldwide reference for understanding the hydrology and geomorphology of semiarid ecosystems. Runoff and soil erosion have been intensively studied throughout the last decades in various natural ecosystems as well as in abandoned farmlands. Research has considered a wide range of methods and spatial and temporal scales. This paper reviews the methods and data describing runoff generation and water erosion, synthesising the key processes involved, rates, thresholds and controlling factors from a scale-dependent perspective. It also identifies the major gaps in current knowledge to provide recommendations for further research towards solutions that reduce the negative impacts of erosion. Research in SE Spain has contributed significantly to a better understanding of the effect of spatial and temporal scale on runoff and sediment yield measurements, and highlighted the important role of distinct erosion and sediment transport processes, hydrologic connectivity, spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall, the occurrence of extreme events and the impacts of land use changes. The most effective ways and challenges to predict runoff, soil erosion and sediment yield at the catchment scale are also discussed.     

基于氢氧同位素和水化学的祁连山老虎沟冰川区径流过程分析

基于2012-2013年两个消融期在祁连山老虎沟冰川区连续2 a采集的冰川融水径流、雪冰以及降水样品,分析探讨了冰川区水体介质中氢氧同位素和水化学要素(主要化学离子、pH值、TDS和电导率等)在消融期的变化过程及特征。结果表明:祁连山老虎沟雪冰融水中的氢氧同位素值(δD和δ¹⁸O)表现出明显的消融期随月份波动,先升高再降低的趋势,在7月份表现出高值,反映了冰川消融强弱程度的变化过程。冰川径流中同位素含量与冰雪融水接近,且处于当地降水线上,其主要来自冰雪融水和降雨补给。老虎沟冰川融水径流水化学主要表现为Ca-Na-HCO₃-SO₄和Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄型,其组成特征也表现出随消融过程而变化。对氢氧同位素和化学要素组成在消融期(6~9月)随时间的变化过程进行了分析,表明结合冰川区氢氧同位素和化学要素(包括化学离子、TDS、pH值和电导率等)的组成可以区分雪坑和新雪、河水的组分变化,可以反映冰川融水径流在消融期的变化过程。     

基于DEM的单位汇水面积尺度转换(英文)

Specific Catchment Area (SCA) is defined as the upstream catchment area of a unit contour. As one of the key terrain parameters, it is widely used in the modeling of hydrology, soil erosion and ecological environment. However, SCA value changes significantly at different DEM resolutions, which inevitably affect terrain analysis results. SCA can be described as the ratio of Catchment Area (CA) and DEM grid length. In this paper, the scale effect of CA is firstly investigated. With Jiuyuangou Gully, a watershed about 70 km2 in northern Shaanxi Province of China, as the test area, it is found that the impacts of DEM scale on CA are different in spatial distribution. CA value in upslope location becomes bigger with the decrease of the DEM resolution. When the location is close to downstream areas the impact of DEM scale on CA is gradually weakening. The scale effect of CA can be concluded as a mathematic trend of exponential decline. Then, a downscaling model of SCA is put forward by introducing the scale factor and the location factor. The scaling model can realize the conversion of SCA value from a coarse DEM resolution to a finer one at pixel level. Experiment results show that the downscaled SCA was well revised, and consistent with SCA at the target resolution with respect to the statistical indexes, histogram and spatial distribution. With the advantages of no empirical parameters, the scaling model could be considered as a simple and objective model for SCA scaling in a rugged drainage area.