八宝山断层的变形行为与降雨及地下水的关系

利用北京丰台大灰厂观测台站1970——2003年的长期综合观测资料,系统分析了降雨和地下水对北京八宝山断层变形行为的影响. 研究结果表明:当降雨量持续稳定周期性变化,则断层孔隙压也呈稳定周期性变化,断层变形行为也表现出明显的规则周期性变化;当降雨量明显偏低或偏离正常周期性变化,则断层孔隙压周期性消失,断层的变形行为方式也发生改变. 降雨通过改变断层带孔隙压力的变化而影响着八宝山断层的变形行为. 结合该断层已有研究结果,认为降雨和地下水有可能通过改变断层变形行为方式而影响着区域构造应力/应变场的调整. 这一结果将对研究地球浅部流体与固体相互作用提供直接的观测证据.      

井孔水位微动态形成机理的探讨

井孔地下水位微动态是地壳附加应力作用下形成的。地壳中产生附加应力的主要因素有地球固体潮、大气压力变动、降雨与地表水体的荷载及断层活动等。井孔水位微动态形成的基本过程是:产生附加应力→含水层变形与孔隙压力变化→含水层—井孔间产生水流运动→井孔水位发生升降。本文从岩土力学与地下水动力学的观点,对于上述过程中的重要环节进行了初步的探讨     

断层带流体对断层强度和强震孕育的影响

大量研究表明,流体在断层弱化中起着非常重要的作用.在地壳浅部脆性域,自由水通过流体孔隙压力减小断层有效正压力,从而降低断层摩擦强度;在地壳深部,矿物中的微量结构水弱化岩石流变强度.另外,流体-岩石相互作用等化学过程,如长石水解反应,对断层强度的影响也非常显著.断层深部流体通过物理作用与化学作用影响着岩石的变形机制,从而影响断层力学性质与地震孕育和发生.断层内部流体孔隙压力周期性变化是断层带脆-塑性转化、裂缝张开与愈合等的直接体现,这种变化控制着断层强度与强震周期性发生现象.     

丰台地震台和房山地震台三维形变观测数据对比分析

丰台地震台和房山地震台数字化三维形变观测曲线均有年变化,但年变化相反,可能与两台站分别位于八宝山内支、外支断裂带有关,且主要由于内支断裂和外支断裂结构的不同引起,断层的不同结构及力学性质,决定了两个台站三维形变观测资料的变化规律不一致。     

断裂带地下水位的降雨动态模型及异常识别

穿越断裂带的观测井能够提供特殊的构造运动信息,其水位动态是构造活动、降雨等各种因素综合作用的结果.对由降雨引起的水位动态进行模型解译,有利于更加准确地提取断裂带的构造活动异常.根据断裂带地下水循环的基本特征进行简化,利用响应函数法描述入渗补给的滞后特征,建立了降雨-水位动态的组合水箱模型.该模型被用于分析北京八宝山断裂带大灰厂观测孔2008年上半年的水位动态,发现2008年5月存在显著的异常.这种异常可能与局部或区域的构造活动有关,也可能是断裂带结构参数变化的结果.     

大灰厂断层形变测量结果的地质解译

对大灰厂断层形变测点的36年基线、水准观测资料进行了系统研究，将观测值的变化转换为断层的水平和垂直活动量，并从断层活动方式与所受压应力方向的关系研究了华北地区邢台一唐山地震时段和大同一张北地震时段，以及在八宝山断裂(大灰厂段)上显示的地震前后断层异常活动特征及相应的应力状态。认为对跨断层形变测量资料的分析研究不仅要通过一定的数学处理和统计学分析，更应当从断层活动方式及应力状态进行地质解译，以探索孕震过程中的断层活动信息。     

北京地区的水平形变及其构造含义

本文重新处理了1976—1980年用激光测距对北京地区的一等三角网进行复测所得到的资料。在此基础上分析研究了北京地区水平形变场的特征,结合地震地质资料讨论了它在构造上的含义。文章主要用伸展构造的观点解释了北京地区几个压应变带形成的原因和可能的活动机制     

北京黄庄-高丽营断层、八宝山断层现今活动追踪研究

综合分析了控制黄庄—高丽营断层、八宝山断层活动性的形变、重力及地磁资料，认为断层的活动以永定河断层与良乡断层之间最为显著；其活动与强震的发生密切相关；断层所在地段是地震活动引起应力场变化的敏感地区。是大同及张北地震后应力转移集中的地区。转移集中的部分应力可能以断层蠕动的形式得到缓慢释放。     

THE GEOLOGICAL AND ROCK MECHANICAL DISTINCTION EVIDENCE BETWEEN STICK-SLIP AND CREEP IN HOST ROCK SEGMENTS OF FAULT

Paleo-seismic and fault activity are hard to distinguish in host rock areas compared with soft sedimentary segments of fault. However, fault frictional experiments could obtain the conditions of stable and unstable slide, as well as the microstructures of fault gouge, which offer some identification marks between stick-slip and creep of fault. We summarized geological and rock mechanical distinction evidence between stick-slip and creep in host rock segments of fault, and analyzed the physical mechanisms which controlled the behavior of stick-slip and creep. The chemical composition of fault gouge is most important to control stick-slip and creep. Gouge composed by weak minerals, such as clay mineral, has velocity weakening behavior, which causes stable slide of fault. Gouge with rock-forming minerals, such as calcite, quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, has stick-slip behavior under condition of focal depth. To the gouge with same chemical composition, the deformation mechanism controls the frictional slip. It is essential condition to stick slip for brittle fracture companied by dilatation, but creep is controlled by compaction and cataclasis as well as ductile shear with foliation and small fold. However, under fluid conditions, pressure solution which healed the fractures and caused strength recovery of fault, is the original reason of unstable slide, and also resulted in locking of fault with high pore pressure in core of fault zone. Contrast with that, rock-forming minerals altered to phyllosilicates in the gouges by fluid flow through degenerative reaction and hydrolysis reaction, which produced low friction fault and transformations to creep. The creep process progressively developed several wide shear zones including of R, Y, T, P shear plane that comprise gouge zones embedded into wide damage zones, which caused small earthquake distributed along wide fault zones with focal mechanism covered by normal fault, strike-slip fault and reverse fault. However, the stick-slip produced mirror-like slide surfaces with very narrow gouges along R shear plane and Y shear plane, which caused small earthquake distributed along narrow fault zones with single kind of focal mechanism.     

北京黄庄—高丽营断层,八宝山断层中段活动性综合研究

在黄庄－高丽营断层及八宝山断层中段布设了监测断层活动性的水淮、短边测距、重力、地磁等的共点同步观测网，分析了各观测量的时空分布及相互关系。研究认为，黄庄－高丽营断层处于应变能积累的闭锁状态；八宝山断层处于蠕动或旷动的状态；应用形变及重磁手段共点同步综合监测断层活动性，可以获得断层活动的微动态的丰富信息。     

5°拐折断层在黏滑过程中物理场演化与交替活动的实验研究

在实验室利用96通道应变记录采集系统和分布式多通道瞬态信号采集系统,观测了预切5.拐折断层的标本在变形失稳过程中应变场和声发射事件的时空演化.实验在双轴伺服加载系统上进行.在Y方向按位移控制方式加载,位移速率先后取0.5μm/s、1μm/s、0.5μm/s和0.1μm/s.观测得到:1)标本沿断层发生周期性的黏滑失稳,...     

Comprehensive Study of the Activity in the Middle Sections of Huangzhuang-Gaoliying and Babaoshan Faults

To monitor the activity of the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying and Babaoshan faults in their middle sections,a network for leveling,short-side ranging,and gravity and geomagnetic observations at the same time and at the same station was set up.By this network,the time and space distribution and the relation between different observations have been studied.It is considered that the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying fault is in a locked state for rapid strain energy accumulation,while the Babaoshan fault is in a state of creep or unrestrained motion.To do comprehensive monitoring of fault activity by making deformation,gravity,and geomagnetic observations at the same time and at the same station,it would be possible to acquire the microscopic state of fault activity and the data of earthquake preparation; such an approach is considered worth popularizing.     

八宝山断裂带形变分析与探讨

八宝山断裂带上布设有７处形变跨断怪台点,多年来,这些台点形变资料所显示的断层活动性质差异很大,有的互相矛盾,近几年又出现了大的量级变化,是构造活动的加强还是局部环境因素的干扰,众说不一,已有的研究结果认为是干扰所致,通过进一步的实地考察,将多台点资料与地质调查结果进行综合分析,认为八宝山断裂带观测到的形变变化的主要部分属断层构造活动所致,并非局部干扰所致,不同台点异常变化的不一致性是局部地质构造复     

Poroelasticity: Finite element modelling of anomalous tilt and pore pressure caused by pumping in a sedimentary half space with fault

Extraction of groundwater or hydrocarbons causes pore pressure gradients and soil deformation due to poroelastic coupling. Recent studies show that high-resolution engineering tiltmeters installed at shallow depth between 2 and 10 m resolve this deformation. Models using poroelasticity can describe the relationship between fluid extraction, pore pressure gradients and induced tilt for homogeneous and layered sedimentary half spaces. Faults intersecting a stack of sedimentary layers, for example in the Lower-Rhine-Embayment, are of fundamental impact to the groundwater flow system of an area. However, the fault’s hydromechanical effect on pump induced tilt and the pore pressure regime is still poorly investigated. We chose a comparatively simple approach to quantify anomalous pump induced tilt and pore pressure observed near a fault and close to the surface in a sedimentary subsoil. A PC-based Finite Element software is used to model poroelastic deformation, i.e. modelling vertical tilt and excess pore pressure in response to fluid extraction through a singular well. We compare numerical solutions for models with and without faults and show that a fault can modify symmetry and amplitude of the deformation field by more than a magnitude. We conclude that tilt and pore pressure measurements also at shallow depth can thus be biased by large subsurface structures like faults. Vice versa, these measurements may provide means to quantify hydromechanical effects caused by subsurface structures. However, depending on the geological setting, i.e. if pathways are established by a fault, the anomaly caused by the fault can also be small and hard to detect. Therefore, faults and geological structures like material boundaries have to be considered in poroelastic models carefully. For tilt surveys with a limited number of instruments in geologically well constrained areas these models allow the preselection of potential positions for tiltmeters where prominent field anomalies are expected.     

Distribution of fault rocks in the fracture zone of the Nojima Fault at a depth of 1140 m: Observations from the Hirabayashi NIED drill core

Abstract Characteristics of deformation and alteration of the 1140 m deep fracture zone of the Nojima Fault are described based on mesoscopic (to the naked eye) and microscopic (by both optical and scanning electron microscopes) observations of the Hirabayashi National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) drill core. Three types of fault rocks; that is, fault breccia, fault gouge and cataclasite, appear in the central part of the fault zone and two types of weakly deformed and/or altered rocks; that is, weakly deformed and altered granodiorite and altered granodiorite, are located in the outside of the central part of the fault zone (damaged zone). Cataclasite appears occasionally in the damaged zone. Six distinct, thin foliated fault gouge zones, which dip to the south-east, appear clearly in the very central part of the fracture zone. Slickenlines plunging to the north-east are observed on the surface of the newest gouge. Based on the observations of XZ thin sections, these slickenlines and the newest gouge have the same kinematics as the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe earthquake), which was dextral-reverse slip. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the freeze-dried fault gouge show that a large amount of void space is maintained locally, which might play an important role as a path for fluid migration and the existence of either heterogeneity of pore fluid pressure or strain localization.     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震对鲜水河断裂带断层活动的影响

利用1981年以来鲜水河断裂带跨断层短水准、短基线观测资料,计算多年来断层的水平扭错、水平张压以及垂直升降变化量,以此分析各测点断层随时间推移的活动习性.认为:昆仑山口西8.1级地震后,鲜水河断裂带中南段断层的走滑和张压活动分量有所改变,垂直升降活动变化则不明显.中段的沟普测点扭错活动量在逐渐减小,类似道孚6.9级地震后扭错活动逐步衰减的趋势,该测点1997年后结束了的压性活动,在2002～2005年间快速逼近"闭锁",直至2006～2007年间改变了多年的活动习性,出现张性活动趋势.同样,以左旋扭错为主的老乾宁测点在该时间段内也改变了多年的断层活动习性,出现右旋运动趋势.     

龙门山灌县—安县断裂带断层泥低磁化率的矿物、化学响应和蠕滑作用环境

断层带内的流体不仅可以通过水岩反应改变断裂岩的矿物组成和化学成分,从而导致化学性质和物理性质的变化,而且可以影响或控制断裂带的变形行为.断裂带中岩石磁学特征是由特定化学环境下磁性矿物的种类和含量所决定的,因此,从矿物学和地球化学角度探讨断裂岩的磁性变化,对揭示断层的变形行为和环境具有一定的指示作用.本文以汶川科钻WFSD-3P钻孔中龙门山灌县—安县断裂带断裂岩为研究对象,运用高分辨率磁化率测试、XRD矿物成分半定量分析、XRF元素扫描以及不同价态Fe元素含量分析等多种方法开展断层磁学变化和变形环境的研究.磁化率测试结果表明灌县—安县断裂带断层泥的磁化率值普遍低于对应的围岩磁化率平均值.结合前人研究成果表明造成该断层泥低磁化率异常的原因是在间震期的长期流体作用下,铁磁性矿物（例如磁铁矿）转变成顺磁性矿物（铁硫化物、菱铁矿或含铁的黏土矿物）.新生铁硫化物和含铁黏土矿物是在间震期缓慢形成的,而黏土矿物含量的增加弱化了断层强度,促进断层蠕滑,这说明断层泥低磁化率异常可能指示了该断裂在间震期长期缓慢活动,即为蠕滑变形.断层泥中黄铁矿的发育和高Fe²⁺和S元素、低Fe³⁺的特征显示灌县—安县断裂作用环境通常是在低温、还原环境中进行的.这些结果与低磁化率值的相关性暗示断层泥低磁化率异常可能对活动断层的低温还原环境具有指示意义.     

Three‐dimensional texture of natural pseudotachylyte: Pseudotachylyte formation mechanism in hydrous accretionary complex

Melt‐origin pseudotachylyte is the most reliable seismogenic fault rock. It is commonly believed that pseudotachylyte generation is rare in the plate subduction zone where interstitial fluids are abundant and can trigger dynamic fault‐weakening mechanisms such as thermal pressurization. Some recent studies, however, have discovered pseudotachylyte‐bearing faults in exhumed ancient accretionary complexes, indicating that frictional melting also occurrs during earthquakes in subduction zones. To clarify the pseudotachylyte generation mechanism and the variation of slip behavior in the plate subduction zone, a pseudotachylyte found in the exhumed fossil accretionary complex (the Shimanto Belt, Nobeoka, Japan) was re‐focused and microscopic and three‐dimensional observations of the pseudotachylyte‐bearing fault were performed based on optical, electron, and X‐ray microscope images. Based on the patterns contained in the fragment, the pseudotachylyte is divided into four domains, although no clear domain boundaries or layering structures are not found. Three‐dimensional observation also suggests that the pseudotachylyte were fragmented or isolated by cataclasite or carbonate breccia. The pseudotachylyte was rather injected into the surrounding carbonate breccia, which is composed of angular fragments of the host rock and a matrix of tiny crystalline carbonate. The pseudotachylyte volume was extracted from the X‐ray microscope image and the heat abundance consumed by the pseudotachylyte generation was estimated at 2.18 MJ/m², which can be supplied during a slip of approximately 0.5 m. These observations and calculations, together with the results of the previous investigations, suggest hydrofracturing and rapid carbonate precipitation that preceded or accompanied the frictional melting. Dynamic hydrofracturing during a slip can be caused by rapid fluid pressurization, and can induce abrupt decrease in fluid pressure while drastically enhancing the shear strength of the shear zone. Consequently, frictional heating would be reactivated and generate the pseudotachylyte. These deformation processes can explain pseudotachylyte generation in hydrous faults with the impermeable wall rock.     

高温高压下石英方解石断层带的摩擦滑动性状

在不同的温度、压力条件下进行了含石英和方解石断层泥标本的摩擦实验。结果表明,石英断层带的摩擦强度对压力的响应直到400℃都很明显,对温度的响应在高温(高于400℃)时才明显;方解石断层带的摩擦强度对温度很敏感,对围压的响应只在低温(200℃)时才明显;随温度升高,石英和方解石断层带均由粘滑转变为稳滑,但前者的转换界限在400℃到500℃之间,而后者在200℃到300℃之间。显微观察表明,上述差异归因于其具体变形机制的差别。      

郯庐断裂带白山-卅铺段第四纪以来的活动习性

根据构造地貌遥感解析,发现郯庐断裂带沿庐江白山到桐城卅铺一线显示1组平行断层,现场地震地质调查验证其为1组活动断层。通过断层剖面观测、样品采集及样品测试分析和宏微观构造分析,结果表明,郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺一带第四纪以来仍具有黏滑、蠕滑交替的变形活动。其中,在柯坦—卅铺一带,最年轻的水系被NE向断层组右旋扭折,其断层物质的微观观测和测龄结果表明该断裂段第四纪时的活动具有脆、塑性过渡变形特征,强烈活动时间处于早、中更新世;而白山剖面断层泥年龄测试结果则反映相应断层段在中、晚更新世曾有过较强烈的活动。断层泥超微(SEM)和显微观测结果亦表明该断裂段曾发生黏滑、蠕滑交替的构造变形事件,且表现为先黏滑后蠕滑;结合水系呈现缓慢扭折表征,近年来沿断裂有不少微震发生,表明郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺段的最新滑移方式主要表现为蠕滑,也就是说,该段积累的应力以蠕滑或微震等方式缓慢释放,据此推测未来一定时期内不易孕育强烈地震