首都圈地区跨断层形变观测与地壳应力场

通过首都圈地区11个跨断层测点的形变观测资料,将断层两盘作为不变形的刚体来分析断面相对滑动与地表两盘点位相对位移的定量关系,并以唐山地震及其余震为时间界限,将所得的断层滑动矢量分为2大时段,拟合区域2个不同时段的现今地壳上部应力状态,发现首都圈地区依据跨断层形变观测资料反演的地壳上部应力状态在唐山地震前后存在着较为明显的变化特征:1)第1时段(唐山地震及其余震期间),地壳应力状态以NNE-SSW向挤压,NWW-SEE向拉张为主要特征,反映该区构造应力场在NNE-SSW向的构造应力作用是逐渐增强的;在NWW-SEE向,其构造应力作用相对于NNE-SSW向有所减弱,表现为相对松弛状态.2)第2时段,在唐山地震及其余震之后的3个次级时段内,地壳上部应力状态以NNW-SSE向拉张为主要特征,表明在唐山地震及其余震之后,研究区的构造应力作用一直处于近SN向的松弛状态.     

大灰厂跨断层形变资料的地震信息识别

利用具有明显物理意义的断层蠕动模型在充分考虑可能存在的干扰因素影响的基础上，对大灰石台跨断层地形变资料在１９８９年大同地震前后出现的较大幅度变化进行了异常属性分析。结果表明，这个时期的异常变化尽管叠加有一定的降雨影响，但蠕动模型计算得出的地表变化理论值与实际变化有一定程度的符合，显示出在区域应力场作用下，八宝山断层局部地段在大同地震前后可能存在着与区域应力场应力增强及应力调理有关的构造活动。     

唐山大震前后北京大灰厂台和牛口峪台形变异常原因探讨

本文根据对大灰厂、牛口峪两台地质地貌条件和断层破碎带的物质组分和形变资料变化过程的分析,讨论了在唐山地震前后两次形变异常的特征和形成原因,认为主要是断层破碎带中含水量变化所致。     

则木河断裂带断层活动特征与中强震关系浅析

通过对则木河断裂带上4个跨断层形变测点资料的分析,认为则木河断裂带断层活动分为4个不同的活动时段,其不同活动时段断层张压结合;在川滇交界区域发生中强地震前则木河断裂带跨断层形变资料中能捕捉到一定的前兆信息,地震大多发生在形变异常结束后50d内。     

川滇地区近期断层运动特征分析

正跨断层形变监测在我国开始于20世纪70年代,已经开展了40多年,是一种观测精度较高、能够直接反映断层活动的形变观测手段,通过分析断层活动性质、运动速率,建立观测模型提取异常观测信息,结合构造应力背景对断层危险性进行研究,为地震预测研究提供了有效的方法。周硕愚等利用系统科学理论构建板内地壳形变系统动力学,并将系统科学引入断层形变领域,识别"场兆"、"源兆"性断层形变异常,对稳态的偏离做定量描述;施顺英等利用动     

形变观测预报地震模式的探讨

总结了用形变观测项目进行地震分析预报的经验和方法,对观测曲线的形态及异常显示、断层活动性质、地震异常识别、异常与震中的关系、异常与震级的关系、断层位移与地应力变化、预报指标进行了研究,以对今后的地震预报工作提供一定的参考。     

南口,大灰厂水平形变资料的初步分析

对南口，大灰厂水平形变监测网的全部观测资料进行了处理和分析。结果表明：在１９８８－１９８９年期间，该区构造活动速率较大；１９８９－１９９２年虽然运动趋势没有明显的改变，但断裂活动平缓。这一活动过程可能与大同地震有关。该区整体运动性质以滑脱伸展为主，力学性质为张拉笥，与地质构造活动特征相吻合。表明了所建的水平形变测网具有一定的监测能力。     

青藏块体东北缘现今构造形变与蕴震特征

利用青藏块体东北缘近30年的精密水准网、跨断层形变测量网复测资料，以及近年来GPS观测分析结果，结合地质构造与地震活动，初步研究和探讨了区域构造形变与强震蕴育的一些特征．结果表明:① 本区现今构造形变时空分布很不均匀:主要边界断裂附近构造形变相对强烈，远离则衰减．垂直差异运动强度和变形状态随时间演变，水平运动与变形呈明显的挤压走滑特征；② 印度板块的北推碰撞引起的青藏块体持续NE 向挤压运动所产生的构造应力场，是本区构造形变与地震蕴育的主控应力．构造形变及地震活动的时空分布演化，与块体活动及区域构造应力场动态演化密切相关；③ 构造块体边界地带出现的垂直形变异常隆起与高梯度形变带，以及显著地断层形变异常，是块体运动受阻、构造应力场强化而蕴育强震的一个标志，往往伴随有６级左右及以上强震活动，但地震并不一定发生在运动幅度最大的部位．断层形变异常呈现趋势积累——加速——转折变化特征的地段及附近，往往是应变能积累、强震蕴育发生的场所．      

利用唐山地震台资料研究唐山断裂活动特征

本文研究了唐山地震台内的唐山断裂形变、断层活动协调比、断层土壤气CO₂的变化特征。结果显示,唐山地震台内的唐山断裂近35年来整体上在水平方向呈微弱的右旋张性活动,垂直方向呈正断活动,但不同时段的运动状态有所不同;综合分析认为,唐山地震台形变和流体前兆观测对附近及华北因区域地壳应力场调整引起的中小地震有一定的显示,说明该台具有一定的前兆异常显示能力;随着观测资料和经验的持续积累,在该区域发生更大地震前,有望捕捉到更显著的前兆异常。     

断层活动测量仪观测序列前兆异常显示能力的研究

利用门限（ＭＦ）反馈模型建立常规动态方程的方法，对首都圈大灰厂等３个蠕变仪台站资料进行系统整理和计算。通过震例检查统计，证明断层活动测量仪观测序列的地震前兆异常显示水平较高，特别是中短期异常信息的映震能力尤为显著。认为进一步研究和开发台站的资料对地震预测预报是必要的     

Kinetic shear resistance,fluid pressures and radiation efficiency during seismic faulting

Summary During earthquake faulting, radiation efficiency and the degree stress relief are critically dependent on the kinetic shear resistance. This is often assumed to stay constant during slip, but geological evidence suggests that for moderate or large shallow earthquakes it may decrease dramatically to near-zero values once slip is initiated, either by melt formation or by transient increases in fluid pressure on the fault plane. The latter, probably more common process may arise partly through an interaction between temperature and water pressure, and partly through dilatancy recovery as shear stress is relieved. If the fault remains undrained, stress relief should be absolute with seismic efficiency reaching high values, so that stress drops give a measure of the level of tectonic shear stress in fault zones. Supporting evidence comes from the observation that apparent stress is generally about half the stress drop.     

联合采用定性和定量断层资料的应力张量反演方法及在乌鲁木齐地区的应用

地壳应力场是地球动力学研究和地震孕育环境研究的重要基础资料.求解应力场的一种重要方法是根据断层擦痕资料反演,然而擦痕往往难以观测,但断层滑动性质也与应力场有紧密的关系,这部分资料十分丰富.本研究按照应力张量在断层面上的剪应力方向与擦痕滑动方向及断层滑动性质一致为准则提出了联合采用擦痕数据和定性断层滑动数据求解应力场的网格搜索法,并给出了反演参数的一定置信度下的置信区间.采用假定的走滑型、挤压型和拉张型应力张量产生由7个擦痕数据和80个定性断层滑动数据组成的三组数据集.采用这些人工合成数据求解应力张量的实验结果表明,该方法可以更为准确地反演应力张量参数,定性断层滑动资料的参与使得应力张量的主应力方向更加接近假定的主应力方向,并且,应力张量参数的不确定性大大减小.将该方法应用于乌鲁木齐附近的定量擦痕和定性断层滑动性质数据,得到该地区较为精确的应力张量.结果表明,乌鲁木齐主压应力方向为近南北向、主张应力方向近垂直向,应力形因子为0.03.该地区占主导地位的近东西向的逆冲断层是近南北向挤压和近垂直向拉张形成的.较低的应力形因子表明乌鲁木齐地区在南北向挤压并辅以博罗科努山和博格达山的东、西向挤压的应力状态下处于隆升状态.     

八宝山断层的变形行为与降雨及地下水的关系

利用北京丰台大灰厂观测台站1970——2003年的长期综合观测资料,系统分析了降雨和地下水对北京八宝山断层变形行为的影响. 研究结果表明:当降雨量持续稳定周期性变化,则断层孔隙压也呈稳定周期性变化,断层变形行为也表现出明显的规则周期性变化;当降雨量明显偏低或偏离正常周期性变化,则断层孔隙压周期性消失,断层的变形行为方式也发生改变. 降雨通过改变断层带孔隙压力的变化而影响着八宝山断层的变形行为. 结合该断层已有研究结果,认为降雨和地下水有可能通过改变断层变形行为方式而影响着区域构造应力/应变场的调整. 这一结果将对研究地球浅部流体与固体相互作用提供直接的观测证据.      

Relation of deformation behavior with precipitation and groundwater of the Babaoshan fault in Beijing

Introduction The surface of the Earth is the main location where the fluid strongly interacts with solid, and where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere strongly interact. Obviously, fault zones as the channels of fluid (water) flow are the focus area of this strong interaction. Earth-quakes, as the products of tectonic activity, occurred near or on the fault zones, can be regarded as one of the results of this strong interaction. Bolt (1999) pointed out that if there were …     

郯庐断裂带白山-卅铺段第四纪以来的活动习性

根据构造地貌遥感解析,发现郯庐断裂带沿庐江白山到桐城卅铺一线显示1组平行断层,现场地震地质调查验证其为1组活动断层。通过断层剖面观测、样品采集及样品测试分析和宏微观构造分析,结果表明,郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺一带第四纪以来仍具有黏滑、蠕滑交替的变形活动。其中,在柯坦—卅铺一带,最年轻的水系被NE向断层组右旋扭折,其断层物质的微观观测和测龄结果表明该断裂段第四纪时的活动具有脆、塑性过渡变形特征,强烈活动时间处于早、中更新世;而白山剖面断层泥年龄测试结果则反映相应断层段在中、晚更新世曾有过较强烈的活动。断层泥超微(SEM)和显微观测结果亦表明该断裂段曾发生黏滑、蠕滑交替的构造变形事件,且表现为先黏滑后蠕滑;结合水系呈现缓慢扭折表征,近年来沿断裂有不少微震发生,表明郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺段的最新滑移方式主要表现为蠕滑,也就是说,该段积累的应力以蠕滑或微震等方式缓慢释放,据此推测未来一定时期内不易孕育强烈地震     

汶川MS8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究

汶川M_S8.0级地震的发震构造为龙门山断裂带,地震地表破裂主要分布在其中的北川－映秀断裂和江油－灌县断裂上,尤其是沿前者发育了长达240 km左右的地表破裂带.通过对龙门山断裂带震后断层擦痕的测量,得到311条断层擦痕数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法,得到研究区8个测点的构造应力张量数据,并获得了研究区构造应力场特征：区域现代构造应力场以近水平挤压为主,最大主应力方向（σ1）为76°～121°,平均倾角9°,应力结构以逆断型为主.受构造应力场及断层几何特征的影响,地表破裂呈现出分段性：映秀—北川段主要以NW盘逆冲为主,垂直位移明显;北川以北段为逆冲兼走滑,水平位移量与垂直位移量基本相当,或水平位移略大.     

Deformation and stress regimes in the Hellenic subduction zone from focal Mechanisms

Fault plane solutions for earthquakes in the central Hellenic arc are analysed to determine the deformation and stress regimes in the Hellenic subduction zone in the vicinity of Crete. Fault mechanisms for earthquakes recorded by various networks or contained in global catalogues are collected. In addition, 34 fault plane solutions are determined for events recorded by our own local temporary network on central Crete in 2000–2001. The entire data set of 264 source mechanisms is examined for types of faulting and spatial clustering of mechanisms. Eight regions with significantly varying characteristic types of faulting are identified of which the upper (Aegean) plate includes four. Three regions contain interplate seismicity along the Hellenic arc from west to east and all events below are identified to occur within the subducting African lithosphere. We perform stress tensor inversion to each of the subsets in order to determine the stress field. Results indicate a uniform N-NNE direction of relative plate motion between the Ionian Sea and Rhodes resulting in orthogonal convergence in the western forearc and oblique (40–50^∘) subduction in the eastern forearc. There, the plate boundary migrates towards the SE resulting in left-lateral strike-slip faulting that extends to onshore Eastern Crete. N110^∘E trending normal faulting in the Aegean plate at this part is in accordance with this model. Along-arc extension is observed on Western Crete. Fault plane solutions for earthquakes within the dipping African lithosphere indicate that slab pull is the dominant force within the subduction process and responsible for the roll-back of the Hellenic subduction zone.     

Stress accumulation and release on the San Andreas fault

Summary The San Andreas fault can be divided into locked and free sections. On the locked sections accumulated slip is released in great earthquakes. On the free sections slip is occurring continuously either aseismically or during smaller earthquakes. Stress drops during earthquakes can be estimated from the ratio of short to long period amplitudes and from surface strain. Surface heat flow may provide an upper bound on the absolute stress. The failure or yield stress must reach a maximum at some depth on the fault. This maximum may occur in the near-surface brittle zone or deeper in the plastic zone of the fault. The historic distribution of seismic activity provides information on the stress level. The accumulation of strain and stress on the fault can be predicted using elastic theory. It is necessary, however, to include the viscous coupling of the lithosphere to the asthenosphere in order to fully model the problem.     

Characterization of Stress Drops on Asperities Estimated from the Heterogeneous Kinematic Slip Model for Strong Motion Prediction for Inland Crustal Earthquakes in Japan

Dense strong motion observation networks provided us with valuable data for studying strong motion generation from large earthquakes. From kinematic waveform inversion of seismic data, the slip distribution on the fault surface of large earthquakes is known to be spatially heterogeneous. Because heterogeneities in the slip and stress drop distributions control the generation of near-source ground motion, it is important to characterize these heterogeneities for past earthquakes in constructing a source model for reliable prediction of strong ground motion. The stress changes during large earthquakes on the faults recently occurring in Japan are estimated from the detailed slip models obtained by the kinematic waveform inversion. The stress drops on and off asperities are summarized on the basis of the stress change distributions obtained here. In this paper, we define the asperity to be a rectangular area whose slip is 1.5 or more times larger than the average slip over the fault according to the previous study for inland crustal earthquakes. The average static stress drops on the asperities of the earthquakes studied here are in the range 6?C23?MPa, whereas those off the asperities are below 3?MPa. We compiled the stress drop on the asperities together with a data set from previous studies of other inland earthquakes in Japan and elsewhere. The static stress drop on the asperity depends on its depth, and we obtained an empirical relationship between the static stress drop and the asperity??s depth. Moreover, surface-breaking asperities seemed to have smaller stress drops than buried asperities. Simple ground motion simulations using the characterized asperity source models reveal that deep asperities generate larger ground motion than shallow asperities, because of the different stress drops of the asperities. These characteristics can be used for advanced source modeling in strong ground motion prediction for inland crustal earthquakes.     

Evolution of Stress Fields and Faulting in Seismic Zones

—Measurements indicate that stress magnitudes in the crust are normally limited by the frictional equilibrium on pre-existing, optimally oriented faults. Fault zones where these limitations are frequently reached are referred to as seismic zones. Fault zones in the crust concentrate stresses because their material properties are different from those of the host rock. Most fault zones are spatially relatively stable structures, however the associated seismicity in these zones is quite variable in space and time. Here we propose that this variability is attributable to stress-concentration zones that migrate and expand through the fault zone. We suggest that following a large earthquake and the associated stress relaxation, shear stresses of a magnitude sufficient to produce earthquakes occur only in those small parts of the seismic zone that, because of material properties and boundary conditions, encourage concentration of shear stress. During the earthquake cycle, the conditions for seismogenic fault slip migrate from these stress-concentration regions throughout the entire seismic zone. Thus, while the stress-concentration regions continue to produce small slips and small earthquakes throughout the seismic cycle, the conditions for slip and earthquakes are gradually reached in larger parts of, and eventually the whole, seismogenic layer of the seismic zone. Prior to the propagation of an earthquake fracture that gives rise to a large earthquake, the stress conditions in the zone along the whole potential rupture plane must be essentially similar. This follows because if they were not, then, on entering crustal parts where the state of stress was unfavourable to this type of faulting, the fault propagation would be arrested. The proposed necessary homogenisation of the stress field in a seismic zone as a precursor to large earthquakes implies that by monitoring the state of stress in a seismic zone, its large earthquakes may possibly be forecasted. We test the model on data from Iceland and demonstrate that it broadly explains the historical, as well as the current, patterns of seismogenic faulting in the South Iceland Seismic Zone.